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Gallo GL, López N, Loureiro ME. The Virus–Host Interplay in Junín Mammarenavirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061134. [PMID: 35746604 PMCID: PMC9228484 DOI: 10.3390/v14061134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Junín virus (JUNV) belongs to the Arenaviridae family and is the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), a severe human disease endemic to agricultural areas in Argentina. At this moment, there are no effective antiviral therapeutics to battle pathogenic arenaviruses. Cumulative reports from recent years have widely provided information on cellular factors playing key roles during JUNV infection. In this review, we summarize research on host molecular determinants that intervene in the different stages of the viral life cycle: viral entry, replication, assembly and budding. Alongside, we describe JUNV tight interplay with the innate immune system. We also review the development of different reverse genetics systems and their use as tools to study JUNV biology and its close teamwork with the host. Elucidating relevant interactions of the virus with the host cell machinery is highly necessary to better understand the mechanistic basis beyond virus multiplication, disease pathogenesis and viral subversion of the immune response. Altogether, this knowledge becomes essential for identifying potential targets for the rational design of novel antiviral treatments to combat JUNV as well as other pathogenic arenaviruses.
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Kim YJ, Venturini V, de la Torre JC. Progress in Anti-Mammarenavirus Drug Development. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071187. [PMID: 34206216 PMCID: PMC8310104 DOI: 10.3390/v13071187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammarenaviruses are prevalent pathogens distributed worldwide, and several strains cause severe cases of human infections with high morbidity and significant mortality. Currently, there is no FDA-approved antiviral drugs and vaccines against mammarenavirus and the potential treatment option is limited to an off-label use of ribavirin that shows only partial protective effect and associates with side effects. For the past few decades, extensive research has reported potential anti-mammarenaviral drugs and their mechanisms of action in host as well as vaccine candidates. This review describes current knowledge about mammarenavirus virology, progress of antiviral drug development, and technical strategies of drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (Y.-J.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Victor Venturini
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (Y.-J.K.); (V.V.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria University (UFV), Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km 1,800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (Y.-J.K.); (V.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Among the members of the Arenaviridae family, Junín virus and Lassa virus represent important human health threats generating annual outbreaks of severe human hemorrhagic fever (HF) in endemic areas of Argentina and Western Africa, respectively. Given the lack of a specific and safe chemotherapy, the search for effective antiviral compounds is a continuous demanding effort. During the last two decades, academic research studies originated important results identifying novel molecules to be considered for further in vivo characterization. This chapter summarizes experimental in vitro approaches used to determine the possible mechanism of action of these antiviral agents.
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Wang L, Bao BB, Song GQ, Chen C, Zhang XM, Lu W, Wang Z, Cai Y, Li S, Fu S, Song FH, Yang H, Wang JG. Discovery of unsymmetrical aromatic disulfides as novel inhibitors of SARS-CoV main protease: Chemical synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular docking and 3D-QSAR study. Eur J Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28624700 PMCID: PMC7115414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 had caused a high rate of mortality. Main protease (Mpro) of SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is an important target to discover pharmaceutical compounds for the therapy of this life-threatening disease. During the course of screening new anti-SARS agents, we have identified that a series of unsymmetrical aromatic disulfides inhibited SARS-CoV Mpro significantly for the first time. Herein, 40 novel unsymmetrical aromatic disulfides were synthesized chemically and their biological activities were evaluated in vitro against SARS-CoV Mpro. These novel compounds displayed excellent IC50 data in the range of 0.516–5.954 μM. Preliminary studies indicated that these disulfides are reversible and mpetitive inhibitors. A possible binding mode was generated via molecular docking simulation and a comparative field analysis (CoMFA) model was constructed to understand the structure-activity relationships. The present research therefore has provided some meaningful guidance to design and identify anti-SARS drugs with totally new chemical structures. 40 novel unsymmetrical aromatic disulfides were synthesized. The synthesized disulfide compounds are potent inhibitors of SARS main protease. Possible binding mode and structure-activity relationships of the compounds were established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bo-Bo Bao
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Guo-Qing Song
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xu-Meng Zhang
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Lu
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zefang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yan Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Sheng Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Fu-Hang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jian-Guo Wang
- State-Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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