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Chalyan VG, Meishvili NV, Pachulia IG, Anikaeva EN, Zadorozhnii DV. Lethal Aggression in Captive Monkeys. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093023010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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2
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McGuire KM, Sauther ML. Characterizing group and individual engagement in intergroup encounters between small groups of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) on St. Catherines Island, USA. Primates 2023; 64:161-176. [PMID: 36418748 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-01036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Primate species exhibit considerable variation in behavior and outcomes during intergroup encounters (IGEs). Social group characteristics, like group size, and individual traits, such as sex, rank, and reproductive status, within those groups can influence both IGE engagement and outcomes. To better understand the impact of group heterogeneity on IGEs, we must examine individual strategies to elucidate individual costs and benefits of engaging in these interactions. Here, we present a descriptive study of the IGEs between two small social groups of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) on St. Catherines Island, GA, USA. We distinguish between dyadic and multiple-individual interactions between groups to compare collective and individual agonistic engagement. All encounters occurred when the East Road group (N = 7 individuals) traveled from the center of their home range to the boundary with Windmill group's (N = 5 individuals) home range, indicating that East Road might have been actively testing this boundary for access to food resources, sleeping trees, and mating opportunities. We also found notable individual variation in participation during IGEs. The daughters of the highest-ranking females were the most-engaged in dyadic intergroup and intragroup aggression, had high "win" rates during intergroup dyadic encounters, and engaged in intergroup multiple-individual interactions at high levels. These findings indicate that they might value their home range more as "potential alphas" compared to other group members. Dominant females were the most engaged in multiple-individual interactions, suggesting that they contribute heavily to collective action that might result in a gain or loss of access to resources. Finally, these two small groups might be equally matched despite the two-individual group size disparity due to individual free-riding strategies. Future research should focus on individual strategies during IGEs to characterize the complex decisions and trade-offs that influence participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McGuire
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA.
| | - Michelle L Sauther
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
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3
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Drea CM, Davies CS. Meerkat manners: Endocrine mediation of female dominance and reproductive control in a cooperative breeder. Horm Behav 2022; 145:105245. [PMID: 35988450 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue (Hormones and Hierarchies). To gain more balanced understanding of sexual selection and mammalian sexual differentiation processes, this review addresses behavioral sex differences and hormonal mediators of intrasexual competition in the meerkat (Suricata suricatta) - a cooperative breeder unusual among vertebrates in its female aggression, degree of reproductive skew, and phenotypic divergence. Focused on the evolution, function, mechanism, and development of female dominance, the male remains a key reference point throughout. Integrated review of endocrine function does not support routine physiological suppression in subordinates of either sex, but instead a ramp up of weight, reproduction, aggression, and sex steroids, particularly androgens, in dominant females. Important and timely questions about female competition are thus addressed by shifting emphasis from mediators of reproductive suppression to mediators of reproductive control, and from organizational and activational roles of androgens in males to their roles in females. Unusually, we ask not only how inequity is maintained, but how dominance is acquired within a lifetime and across generations. Antiandrogens administered in the field to males and pregnant dominant females confirm the importance of androgen-mediated food competition. Moreover, effects of maternal endocrine milieu on offspring development reveal a heritable, androgenic route to female aggression, likely promoting reproductive priority along dominant matrilines. Integrating endocrine measures with long-term behavioral, ecological, morphological, and life-history data on normative and experimental individuals, across life stages and generations, provides better appreciation of the role of naturally circulating androgens in regulating the female phenotype, and sheds new light on the evolution of female dominance, reproductive inequity, and cooperative breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Drea
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0383, USA; Kalahari Research Trust, Kuruman River Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa.
| | - Charli S Davies
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0383, USA; Kalahari Research Trust, Kuruman River Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa
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4
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Walker KK, Foerster S, Murray CM, Mjungu D, Pusey AE. Evaluating adaptive hypotheses for female-led infanticide in wild chimpanzees. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hasan S, Al-Razi H, Ahmed T, Naher H, Muzaffar SB. Observation of Infanticide in the Particolored Flying Squirrel (Hylopetes alboniger) from a Forest in Northeastern Bangladesh. MAMMAL STUDY 2021. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabit Hasan
- Bangladesh Slow Loris Research and Conservation Project, 531/2 Shahidbagh Mosque Road, Shajhanpur, Dhaka
| | - Hassan Al-Razi
- Bangladesh Slow Loris Research and Conservation Project, 531/2 Shahidbagh Mosque Road, Shajhanpur, Dhaka
| | - Tanvir Ahmed
- Bangladesh Slow Loris Research and Conservation Project, 531/2 Shahidbagh Mosque Road, Shajhanpur, Dhaka
| | - Habibon Naher
- Faculty of Life and Earth Science, Department of Zoology, Jagannath University, Dhaka 100, Bangladesh
| | - Sabir Bin Muzaffar
- Bangladesh Slow Loris Research and Conservation Project, 531/2 Shahidbagh Mosque Road, Shajhanpur, Dhaka
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Ramsay MS, Morrison B, Stead SM. Infanticide and partial cannibalism in free-ranging Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli). Primates 2020; 61:575-581. [PMID: 32424537 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-020-00828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Infanticide has been observed across many primate taxa, but the extent of its occurrence is not fully understood due to difficulty in observation and uneven reporting. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain why infanticide occurs in primates and whether it benefits some individuals within a social group. Here we report on a case of infanticide, followed by partial consumption of the infant, in a population of Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli) at Mariarano, Northwest Madagascar. We witnessed an adult male sifaka kill and consume part of an infant, a member of his own social group, as well as the mother's reaction to the infanticide. Following the infanticide, the mother of the deceased infant left the social group after repeated agonistic encounters with the other group members. We evaluate how this event relates to the predictions of four common hypotheses. Further research on Coquerel's sifaka is needed to determine the frequency of infanticide in this species, and in lemurs more generally, because infanticide is currently poorly understood in this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm S Ramsay
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Benjamin Morrison
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Samantha M Stead
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Grebe NM, Fitzpatrick C, Sharrock K, Starling A, Drea CM. Organizational and activational androgens, lemur social play, and the ontogeny of female dominance. Horm Behav 2019; 115:104554. [PMID: 31276664 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of androgens in shaping "masculine" traits in males is a core focus in behavioral endocrinology, but relatively little is known about an androgenic role in female aggression and social dominance. In mammalian models of female dominance, including the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta), links to androgens in adulthood are variable. We studied the development of ring-tailed lemurs to address the behavioral basis and ontogenetic mechanisms of female dominance. We measured behavior and serum androgen concentrations in 24 lemurs (8 males, 16 females) from infancy to early adulthood, and assessed their 'prenatal' androgen milieu using serum samples obtained from their mothers during gestation. Because logistical constraints limited the frequency of infant blood sampling, we accounted for asynchrony between behavioral and postnatal hormone measurements via imputation procedures. Imputation was unnecessary for prenatal hormone measurements. The typical sex difference in androgen concentrations in young lemurs was consistent with adult conspecifics and most other mammals; however, we found no significant sex differences in rough-and-tumble play. Female (but not male) aggression increased beginning at approximately 15 months, coincident with female puberty. In our analyses relating sexually differentiated behavior to androgens, we found no relationship with activational hormones, but several significant relationships with organizational hormones. Notably, associations of prenatal androstenedione and testosterone with behavior were differentiated, both by offspring sex and by type of behavior within offspring sexes. We discuss the importance of considering (1) missing data in behavioral endocrinology research, and (2) organizational androgens other than testosterone in studies of female dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Grebe
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | - Katherine Sharrock
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anne Starling
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christine M Drea
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; University Program in Ecology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Grogan KE, Harris RL, Boulet M, Drea CM. Genetic variation at MHC class II loci influences both olfactory signals and scent discrimination in ring-tailed lemurs. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:171. [PMID: 31438845 PMCID: PMC6704550 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diversity at the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is critical to health and fitness, such that MHC genotype may predict an individual's quality or compatibility as a competitor, ally, or mate. Moreover, because MHC products can influence the components of bodily secretions, an individual's body odors may signal its MHC composition and influence partner identification or mate choice. Here, we investigated MHC-based signaling and recipient sensitivity by testing for odor-gene covariance and behavioral discrimination of MHC diversity and pairwise dissimilarity in a strepsirrhine primate, the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta). METHODS First, we coupled genotyping of the MHC class II gene, DRB, with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of genital gland secretions to investigate if functional genetic diversity is signaled by the chemical diversity of lemur scent secretions. We also assessed if the chemical similarity between individuals correlated with their MHC-DRB similarity. Next, we assessed if lemurs discriminated this chemically encoded, genetic information in opposite-sex conspecifics. RESULTS We found that both sexes signaled overall MHC-DRB diversity and pairwise MHC-DRB similarity via genital secretions, but in a sex- and season-dependent manner. Additionally, the sexes discriminated absolute and relative MHC-DRB diversity in the genital odors of opposite-sex conspecifics, suggesting that lemur genital odors function to advertise genetic quality. CONCLUSIONS In summary, genital odors of ring-tailed lemurs provide honest information about an individual's absolute and relative MHC quality. Complementing evidence in humans and Old World monkeys, we suggest that reliance on scent signals to communicate MHC quality may be important across the primate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Grogan
- University Program in Ecology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Pennsylvania State University, 516 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Rachel L Harris
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marylène Boulet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Christine M Drea
- University Program in Ecology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, USA
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Knott CD, Scott AM, O'Connell CA, Scott KS, Laman TG, Riyandi, Susanto TW. Possible Male Infanticide in Wild Orangutans and a Re-evaluation of Infanticide Risk. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7806. [PMID: 31127126 PMCID: PMC6534599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42856-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Infanticide as a male reproductive tactic is widespread across mammals, and is particularly prevalent in catarrhine primates. While it has never been observed in wild orangutans, infanticide by non-sire males has been predicted to occur due to their extremely long inter-birth intervals, semi-solitary social structure, and the presence of female counter-tactics to infanticide. Here, we report on the disappearance of a healthy four-month-old infant, along with a serious foot injury suffered by the primiparous mother. No other cases of infant mortality have been observed at this site in 30 years of study. Using photographic measurements of the injury, and information on the behavior and bite size of potential predators, we evaluate the possible causes of this injury. The context, including the behavior of the female and the presence of a new male at the time of the injury, lead us to conclude that the most likely cause of the infant loss and maternal injury was male infanticide. We suggest that in orangutans, and other species where nulliparous females are not preferred mates, these females may be less successful at using paternity confusion as an infanticide avoidance tactic, thus increasing the likelihood of infanticide of their first-born infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl D Knott
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, 232 Bay State Road, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Amy M Scott
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, 232 Bay State Road, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Caitlin A O'Connell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Katherine S Scott
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Timothy G Laman
- Department of Ornithology, Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Riyandi
- Department of Biology, Jl. Dr. Hadari Nawawi, University of Tanjungpura, Pontianak, 7812, Indonesia
| | - Tri Wahyu Susanto
- Department of Biology, National University, Indonesia, Jakarta, 1250, Indonesia
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Abstract
Sex-biased power structures are common in human and nonhuman primate societies. “Female dominance” is a term applied to a wide range of female-biased power structures. However, the full extent of this variation remains obscure because an adequate vocabulary of power has not been adopted consistently. Female power occurs throughout primates and other animals, even in male-dominant societies, but the legacy of patriarchy persists in primatologists’ use of language and implicit assumptions about intersexual power. While explanations for the occurrence of female power can be accommodated within existing ethological theory, many hypotheses seeking to explain the evolution of female power are narrowly focused on particular taxa. Theories about primate social evolution would benefit from a synthesis of the disparate literature on power, increased emphasis on intersexual social relationships, and comparative studies that include the full behavioral diversity of primates and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Lewis
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Ankoatsifaka Research Station, Kirindy Mitea National Park, Morondava 619, Madagascar
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11
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Harris RL, Boulet M, Grogan KE, Drea CM. Costs of injury for scent signalling in a strepsirrhine primate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9882. [PMID: 29959333 PMCID: PMC6026195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Honesty is crucial in animal communication when signallers are conveying information about their condition. Condition dependence implies a cost to signal production; yet, evidence of such cost is scarce. We examined the effects of naturally occurring injury on the quality and salience of olfactory signals in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Over a decade, we collected genital secretions from 23 (13 male, 10 female) adults across 34 unique injuries, owing primarily to intra-group fights. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we tested for differences in the chemical composition of secretions across pre-injury, injury and recovery, in animals that did and did not receive antibiotics. Lemur genital secretions were significantly dampened and altered during injury, with patterns of change varying by sex, season and antibiotics. Using behavioural bioassays (excluding odorants from antibiotic-treated animals), we showed that male 'recipients' discriminated injury status based on scent alone, directing more competitive counter marking towards odorants from injured vs. uninjured male 'signallers.' That injured animals could not maintain their normal signatures provides rare evidence of the energetic cost to signal production. That conspecifics detected olfactory-encoded 'weakness' suggests added behavioural costs: By influencing the likelihood of intra- or inter-sexual conflict, condition-dependent signals could have important implications for socio-reproductive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Harris
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marylène Boulet
- Department of Biology, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Kathleen E Grogan
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Christine M Drea
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Davies CS, Smyth KN, Greene LK, Walsh DA, Mitchell J, Clutton-Brock T, Drea CM. Exceptional endocrine profiles characterise the meerkat: sex, status, and reproductive patterns. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35492. [PMID: 27752129 PMCID: PMC5067592 DOI: 10.1038/srep35492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, reproductive endocrine concentrations are strongly differentiated by sex, with androgen biases typifying males and estrogen biases typifying females. These sex differences can be reduced in female-dominant species; however, even the most masculinised of females have less testosterone (T) than do conspecific males. To test if aggressively dominant, female meerkats (Suricata suricatta) may be hormonally masculinised, we measured serum androstenedione (A4), T and estradiol (E2) in both sexes and social classes, during both ‘baseline’ and reproductive events. Relative to resident males, dominant females had greater A4, equivalent T and greater E2 concentrations. Males, whose endocrine values did not vary by social status, experienced increased T during reproductive forays, linking T to sexual behaviour, but not social status. Moreover, substantial E2 concentrations in male meerkats may facilitate their role as helpers. In females, dominance status and pregnancy magnified the unusual concentrations of measured sex steroids. Lastly, faecal androgen metabolites replicated the findings derived from serum, highlighting the female bias in total androgens. Female meerkats are thus strongly hormonally masculinised, possibly via A4’s bioavailability for conversion to T. These raised androgen concentrations may explain female aggressiveness in this species and give dominant breeders a heritable mechanism for their daughters’ competitive edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charli S Davies
- Kalahari Research Trust, Kuruman River Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kendra N Smyth
- Kalahari Research Trust, Kuruman River Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,University Program in Ecology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lydia K Greene
- Kalahari Research Trust, Kuruman River Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,University Program in Ecology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Debbie A Walsh
- Kalahari Research Trust, Kuruman River Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jessica Mitchell
- Kalahari Research Trust, Kuruman River Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Tim Clutton-Brock
- Kalahari Research Trust, Kuruman River Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa.,Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine M Drea
- Kalahari Research Trust, Kuruman River Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,University Program in Ecology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, USA
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Kittler K, Dietzel S. Female infanticide and female-directed lethal targeted aggression in a group
of ring-tailed lemurs (<i>Lemur catta</i>). Primate Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.5194/pb-3-41-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. We report on extremely rare events of lethal aggression in a semi-captive group of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) during the birth season 2014. This aggression was targeted against the two highest-ranking females. It led to their eviction from the group and following a final aggressive interaction four days later to their deaths caused by almost all the females and probably even two males of their former group. These events of targeted aggression erupted initially following an infanticide by the highest-ranking female directed at the offspring of a subordinate. Even for ring-tailed lemurs this is a very special case of changeover of power between two different matrilines in a group. In accordance with other studies we suggest that these events of targeted aggression were based on the growing group size and were acts of female reproductive competition during birth season. With the intensity of the events we add new aspects to the existing knowledge of aggressive interactions in ring-tailed lemurs.
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Curren L, Linden D, Heinen V, McGuire M, Holekamp K. The functions of male–male aggression in a female-dominated mammalian society. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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