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Bode M, Kalbe E, Liepelt-Scarfone I. Cognition and Activity of Daily Living Function in people with Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024:10.1007/s00702-024-02796-w. [PMID: 38976044 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-024-02796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) function is a multifaceted construct that reflects functionality in different daily life situations. The loss of ADL function due to cognitive impairment is the core feature for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). In contrast to Alzheimer's disease, ADL impairment in PD can be compromised by various factors, including motor and non-motor aspects. This narrative review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the association of cognition and ADL function in people with PD and introduces the concept of "cognitive ADL" impairment for those problems in everyday life that are associated with cognitive deterioration as their primary cause. Assessment of cognitive ADL impairment is challenging because self-ratings, informant-ratings, and performance-based assessments seldomly differentiate between "cognitive" and "motor" aspects of ADL. ADL function in PD is related to multiple cognitive domains, with attention, executive function, and memory being particularly relevant. Cognitive ADL impairment is characterized by behavioral anomalies such as trial-and-error behavior or task step omissions, and is associated with lower engagement in everyday behaviors, as suggested by physical activity levels and prolonged sedentary behavior. First evidence shows that physical and multi-domain interventions may improve ADL function, in general, but the evidence is confounded by motor aspects. Large multicenter randomized controlled trials with cognitive ADL function as primary outcome are needed to investigate which pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions can effectively prevent or delay deterioration of cognitive ADL function, and ultimately the progression and conversion to PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle Bode
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Kalbe
- Medical Psychology | Neuropsychology and Gender Studies & Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Intervention (CeNDI), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Inga Liepelt-Scarfone
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
- IB-Hochschule, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Rider JV, Manalang KLC, Longhurst JK. Freezing of Gait Is Associated with Daily Activity Limitations among Individuals with Parkinson's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Occup Ther Health Care 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38343304 DOI: 10.1080/07380577.2024.2314181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between freezing of gait and daily activities among individuals with mild cognitive impairment due to Parkinson's disease by determining differences in caregiver-reported daily activity performance between individuals with and without freezing of gait. Cross-sectional baseline data from a longitudinal cohort study were used with 24 participants. Caregivers completed the Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (ADLQ). Using a Mann-Whitney U test, findings indicated that participants with freezing of gait reported overall higher functional impairment levels on the ADLQ (p=.001), including the household, travel, self-care, employment and recreation, and communication subscores, indicating more perceived impairment. Findings show freezing of gait is associated with daily activity limitations in the home and the community among individuals with mild cognitive impairment due to Parkinson's disease. Clinicians should consider assessing freezing of gait, as early detection can inform the selection of interventions and strategies to minimize its impact on the performance of daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Rider
- School of Occupational Therapy, Touro University NV, Henderson, NV, USA
| | | | - Jason K Longhurst
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Becker S, Solbrig S, Michaelis K, Faust B, Brockmann K, Liepelt-Scarfone I. Divergence Between Informant and Self-Ratings of Activities of Daily Living Impairments in Parkinson’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:838674. [PMID: 35222002 PMCID: PMC8874137 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.838674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo examine the agreement between self- and informant-reported activities of daily living (ADL) deficits in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) patients, and to examine factors influencing ADL ratings.BackgroundIn PD, the loss of functional independence is an important outcome of disease progression. The valid assessment of ADL function in PD is essential, but it is unclear to what extent informants’ and patients’ perceptions of their daily functions concur, and how other factors may influence both ratings.MethodsData of 150 PD patients who underwent cognitive and motor testing, as well as their informants were analyzed. The 10-item Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ), completed separately by patients (FAQ-S) and their informants (FAQ-I), assessed ADL function. Weighted κ statistics summarized level of agreement, and a discrepancy score (FAQ-I – FAQ-S) quantified agreement. Correlation analyses between FAQ total scores, patient and informant characteristics, and cognitive scores were conducted, with post hoc regressions to determine the associations between both FAQ scores and cognition, independent of patient characteristics.ResultsThe sample included 87 patients with normal cognition, 50 with mild cognitive impairment, and 13 with dementia. Overall, there was fair to moderate agreement between patients and informants on individual FAQ items (0.27 ≤ κ ≤ 0.61, p < 0.004), with greater discrepancies with increasing cognitive impairment. Patients’ age, motor severity, non-motor burden, and depression also affected both ratings (0.27 ≤ r ≤ 0.50, p < 0.001), with motor severity showing the greatest influence on both ratings. Both the FAQ-I and FAQ-S were correlated with almost all cognitive domains. Post hoc regression analyses controlling for patient characteristics showed that the attention domain was a significant predictor of both the FAQ-S and FAQ-I scores, and memory was also a significant predictor of the FAQ-I score. Only 29.3% of patients agreed perfectly with informants on the FAQ total score, with informants most commonly rating ADL impairments as more severe than patients.ConclusionsPatient and informant ratings of ADL function using FAQ items showed moderate agreement, with only few items reaching substantial agreement. Ratings of both were associated with patient cognitive status, but also other characteristics. In addition to patient and informant reports, objective measures are needed to accurately classify ADL deficits in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Becker
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Susanne Solbrig
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Michaelis
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bettina Faust
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Inga Liepelt-Scarfone
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Studienzentrum Stuttgart, IB Hochschule für Gesundheit und Soziales, Stuttgart, Germany
- *Correspondence: Inga Liepelt-Scarfone,
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Sato J, Mitsutake N, Kitsuregawa M, Ishikawa T, Goda K. Predicting demand for long-term care using Japanese healthcare insurance claims data. Environ Health Prev Med 2022; 27:42. [PMID: 36310062 PMCID: PMC9640742 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.22-00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Driven by the rapid aging of the population, Japan introduced public long-term care insurance to reinforce healthcare services for the elderly in 2000. Precisely predicting future demand for long-term care services helps authorities to plan and manage their healthcare resources and citizens to prevent their health status deterioration. METHODS This paper presents our novel study for developing an effective model to predict individual-level future long-term care demand using previous healthcare insurance claims data. We designed two discriminative models and subsequently trained and validated the models using three learning algorithms with medical and long-term care insurance claims and enrollment records, which were provided by 170 regional public insurers in Gifu, Japan. RESULTS The prediction model based on multiclass classification and gradient-boosting decision tree achieved practically high accuracy (weighted average of Precision, 0.872; Recall, 0.878; and F-measure, 0.873) for up to 12 months after the previous claims. The top important feature variables were indicators of current health status (e.g., current eligibility levels and age), risk factors to worsen future healthcare status (e.g., dementia), and preventive care services for improving future healthcare status (e.g., training and rehabilitation). CONCLUSIONS The intensive validation tests have indicated that the developed prediction method holds high robustness, even though it yields relatively lower accuracy for specific patient groups with health conditions that are hard to distinguish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Sato
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masaru Kitsuregawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishikawa
- Institute for Health Economics and Policy, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Goda
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Becker S, Pauly C, Lawton M, Hipp G, Bowring F, Sulzer P, Hu M, Krüger R, Gasser T, Liepelt-Scarfone I. Quantifying activities of daily living impairment in Parkinson's disease using the Functional Activities Questionnaire. Neurol Sci 2021; 43:1047-1054. [PMID: 34109514 PMCID: PMC8789696 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive-driven activity of daily living (ADL) impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasingly discussed as prodromal marker for dementia. Diagnostic properties of assessments for this specific ADL impairment are sparsely investigated in PD. The ability of the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) for differentiating between PD patients with normal cognition and with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), according to informant and self-reports, was examined. Global cognitive function in groups with and without mild ADL impairment was compared according to different cut-offs. METHODS Multicenter data of 589 patients of an international cohort (CENTRE-PD) were analyzed. Analyses were run separately for informant-rated and self-rated FAQ. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to define the optimal FAQ cut-off for PD-MCI (≥ 1), and groups were additionally split according to reported FAQ cut-offs for PD-MCI in the literature (≥ 3, ≥ 5). Binary logistic regressions examined the effect of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score in PD patients with and without mild ADL impairment. RESULTS Two hundred and twenty-five (38.2%) patients were classified as PD-MCI. For all three cut-off values, sensitivity was moderate to low (< 0.55), but specificity was moderately high (> 0.54) with a tendency of higher values for self-reported deficits. For the self-report, the cut-off ≥ 3 showed a significant effect of the MoCA (B = - 0.31, p = 0.003), where FAQ ≥ 3 patients had worse cognition. No effect for group differences based on informant ratings was detected. CONCLUSION Our data argue that self-reported ADL impairments assessed by the FAQ show a relation to the severity of cognitive impairment in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Becker
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claire Pauly
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Parkinson's Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Lawton
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Geraldine Hipp
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Parkinson's Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Francesca Bowring
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patricia Sulzer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michele Hu
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Parkinson's Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Inga Liepelt-Scarfone
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany. .,Studienzentrum Stuttgart, IB Hochschule, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Raj SE, Mackintosh S, Fryer C, Stanley M. Home-Based Occupational Therapy for Adults With Dementia and Their Informal Caregivers: A Systematic Review. Am J Occup Ther 2021; 75:7501205060p1-7501205060p27. [PMID: 33399054 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2020.040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE People with dementia require tailored interventions to support participation and performance in their desired occupations, and informal caregivers need interventions that reduce caregiving burden to enable them to continue with their roles. OBJECTIVE This systematic review investigated whether home-based occupational therapy interventions for adults with dementia and their informal caregivers optimized care recipients' performance of daily occupations and reduced caregiving burden and improved caregivers' sense of competence. DATA SOURCES Eight databases were searched from 1946 to November 2019 using MeSH terms, keywords, and subject headings as appropriate for each database. Inclusion criteria were quantitative studies investigating the effects of home-based therapy provided by a qualified occupational therapist for adults with dementia and their informal caregivers. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA COLLECTION Study selection, data collection, and methodological quality assessments using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme criteria tool were performed independently by two reviewers. Data analysis involved a two-stage process. FINDINGS From 1,229 articles identified through searches, 970 titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility after removal of duplicates. Twenty studies reported in 22 articles were included. Moderate evidence supported interventions provided jointly for adults with dementia and their informal caregivers using a combination of intervention strategies. Included studies demonstrated high risk of bias, particularly in blinding of outcome assessments. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Combining individualized interventions framed in client-centeredness can enhance occupational performance for adults with dementia, reduce caregiving burden, and improve informal caregivers' sense of competence. Further research on leisure and home management occupations is warranted. WHAT THIS ARTICLE ADDS The findings provide evidence supporting the effectiveness of home-based occupational therapy for people with dementia and their informal caregivers for consideration by funders of services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha E Raj
- Sujatha E. Raj, BOT, MSc(OT), is PhD Candidate, UniSA Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia;
| | - Shylie Mackintosh
- Shylie Mackintosh, PhD, MSc, BAppSc(Physio), is Associate Professor and Dean of Allied Health Programs, UniSA Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline Fryer
- Caroline Fryer, PhD, Grad Dip (Clin Epi), BAppSc(Physio), is Senior Lecturer, Physiotherapy Program, UniSA Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mandy Stanley
- Mandy Stanley, PhD, MSc(OT), BAppSc(OT), is Associate Professor, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Becker S, Boettinger O, Sulzer P, Hobert MA, Brockmann K, Maetzler W, Berg D, Liepelt-Scarfone I. Everyday Function in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:197-209. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-200256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) impairment can begin in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and is the core criteria for diagnosing dementia in both Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases. The Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) has high discriminative power for dementia and MCI in older age populations, but is influenced by demographic factors. It is currently unclear whether the FAQ is suitable for assessing cognitive-associated IADL in non-demented PD patients, as motor disorders may affect ratings. Objective: To compare IADL profiles in MCI patients with PD (PD-MCI) and AD (AD-MCI) and to verify the discriminative ability of the FAQ for MCI in patients with (PD-MCI) and without (AD-MCI) additional motor impairment. Methods: Data of 42 patients each of PD-MCI, AD-MCI, PD cognitively normal (PD-CN), and healthy controls (HC), matched according to age, gender, education, and global cognitive impairment were analyzed. ANCOVA and binary regressions were used to examine the relationship between the FAQ scores and groups. FAQ cut-offs for PD-MCI (versus PD-NC) and AD-MCI (versus HC) were separately identified using receiver operating characteristic analyses. Results: FAQ total score did not differentiate between MCI groups. PD-MCI subjects had greater difficulties with tax records and traveling while AD-MCI individuals were more impaired in managing finances and remembering appointments. Classification accuracy of the FAQ was good for diagnosing AD-MCI (69%, cut-off ≥1) compared to HC, and sufficient for differentiating PD-MCI (38.1%, cut-off ≥3) from PD-CN. Conclusion: The FAQ task profiles and classification accuracy differed between MCI related to PD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Becker
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Boettinger
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patricia Sulzer
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus A. Hobert
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Inga Liepelt-Scarfone
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
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Choi P, Wei T, Motl RW, Agiovlasitis S. Risk factors associated with history of falls in adults with intellectual disability. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 106:103748. [PMID: 32911340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with intellectual disability (ID) have a higher risk for falls than the general population. AIM The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for falls in adults with ID using objective measurements. METHODS Eighty adults with ID (men 36 women 44 age 43 ± 13 years) provided data on falls history, health problems or limitations in daily life, physical activity (PA), and physical performance. We conducted independent-samples t-tests, and Chi-square (χ2) tests to examine the difference between fallers and non-fallers. Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to identify the independent effects of risk factors for falls in adults with ID. RESULTS Fallers had significantly lower SPPB, mobility, and moderate PA than non-fallers (p < .05). Fallers were more likely to be older, need support with activities of daily living (ADLs), and have arthritis or rheumatism, walking problem, and limitations to participating in PA than non-fallers (p < .05). Among these variables, only needing support with ADLs remained a significant independent predictor of falls in a multivariate model. CONCLUSION Support need for ADLs can predict falls in individuals with ID. Caregivers may need to closely monitor adults with ID who need support for ADLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poram Choi
- Mississippi State University, Department of Kinesiology, McCarthy Gym, MS, 39762, United States.
| | - Tianlan Wei
- Mississippi State University, Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology and Foundation, 175 Presidents Circle, MS, 39762, United States.
| | - Robert W Motl
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions Bldg. Room 360X, 1716 9th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, United States.
| | - Stamatis Agiovlasitis
- Mississippi State University, Department of Kinesiology, McCarthy Gym, MS, 39762, United States.
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Redden W, Bheemisetty S. Lewy Body Spectrum Disorders: from Dementia with Lewy Bodies to Parkinson’s Disease Dementia. CURRENT GERIATRICS REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13670-016-0190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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