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Ranjit S, Lanzanò L, Libby AE, Gratton E, Levi M. Advances in fluorescence microscopy techniques to study kidney function. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 17:128-144. [PMID: 32948857 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-00337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy, in particular immunofluorescence microscopy, has been used extensively for the assessment of kidney function and pathology for both research and diagnostic purposes. The development of confocal microscopy in the 1950s enabled imaging of live cells and intravital imaging of the kidney; however, confocal microscopy is limited by its maximal spatial resolution and depth. More recent advances in fluorescence microscopy techniques have enabled increasingly detailed assessment of kidney structure and provided extraordinary insights into kidney function. For example, nanoscale precise imaging by rapid beam oscillation (nSPIRO) is a super-resolution microscopy technique that was originally developed for functional imaging of kidney microvilli and enables detection of dynamic physiological events in the kidney. A variety of techniques such as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) enable assessment of interaction between proteins. The emergence of other super-resolution techniques, including super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED), photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) and structured illumination microscopy (SIM), has enabled functional imaging of cellular and subcellular organelles at ≤50 nm resolution. The deep imaging via emission recovery (DIVER) detector allows deep, label-free and high-sensitivity imaging of second harmonics, enabling assessment of processes such as fibrosis, whereas fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) enables assessment of metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Ranjit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. .,Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Luca Lanzanò
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Physics and Astronomy "Ettore Majorana", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrew E Libby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Chang YY, Hagawa S, Hsu CH. Adaptation of thermophilic acetyltransferase to a water-mediated catalytic mechanism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10537-10540. [PMID: 32780067 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04305b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The common mechanism of N-acetyltransferases (NATs) is a water-mediated catalysis, which is not conducive to thermophilic acetyltransferases. The crystal structure of SsArd1 shows an ordered catalytic water molecule in a trap formed by the residues H88 and E127. Structure-guided mutagenesis, kinetic studies and MD simulation indicated that the turnover rates of H88A, E127A and H88A/E127A mutants were low, but that of the H88E/E127H mutant could be restored to the level of the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yung Chang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Sora Hagawa
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hua Hsu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. and Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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3
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Ranjit S, Malacrida L, Stakic M, Gratton E. Determination of the metabolic index using the fluorescence lifetime of free and bound nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide using the phasor approach. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900156. [PMID: 31194290 PMCID: PMC6842045 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence lifetime of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is commonly used in conjunction with the phasor approach as a molecular biomarker to provide information on cellular metabolism of autofluorescence imaging of cells and tissue. However, in the phasor approach, the bound and free lifetime defining the phasor metabolic trajectory is a subject of debate. The fluorescence lifetime of NADH increases when bound to an enzyme, in contrast to the short multiexponential lifetime displayed by NADH in solution. The extent of fluorescence lifetime increase depends on the enzyme to which NADH is bound. With proper preparation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) using oxalic acid (OA) as an allosteric factor, bound NADH to LDH has a lifetime of 3.4 ns and is positioned on the universal semicircle of the phasor plot, inferring a monoexponential lifetime for this species. Surprisingly, measurements in the cellular environments with different metabolic states show a linear trajectory between free NADH at about 0.37 ns and bound NADH at 3.4 ns. These observations support that in a cellular environment, a 3.4 ns value could be used for bound NADH lifetime. The phasor analysis of many cell types shows a linear combination of fractional contributions of free and bound species NADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Ranjit
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Leonel Malacrida
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Milka Stakic
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
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Rittershaus ESC, Baek SH, Krieger IV, Nelson SJ, Cheng YS, Nambi S, Baker RE, Leszyk JD, Shaffer SA, Sacchettini JC, Sassetti CM. A Lysine Acetyltransferase Contributes to the Metabolic Adaptation to Hypoxia in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1495-1505.e3. [PMID: 30318462 PMCID: PMC6309504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Upon inhibition of respiration, which occurs in hypoxic or nitric oxide-containing host microenvironments, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) adopts a non-replicating "quiescent" state and becomes relatively unresponsive to antibiotic treatment. We used comprehensive mutant fitness analysis to identify regulatory and metabolic pathways that are essential for the survival of quiescent Mtb. This genetic study identified a protein acetyltransferase (Mt-Pat/Rv0998) that promoted survival and altered the flux of carbon from oxidative to reductive tricarboxylic acid (TCA) reactions. Reductive TCA requires malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and maintains the redox state of the NAD+/NADH pool. Genetic or chemical inhibition of MDH resulted in rapid cell death in both hypoxic cultures and in murine lung. These phenotypic data, in conjunction with significant structural differences between human and mycobacterial MDH enzymes that could be exploited for drug development, suggest a new strategy for eradicating quiescent bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. C. Rittershaus
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - Seung-Hun Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul Korea
| | - Inna V. Krieger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Texas A&M University. College Station, TX. 77843 USA
| | - Samantha J. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - Yu-Shan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Texas A&M University. College Station, TX. 77843 USA
| | - Subhalaxmi Nambi
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - Richard E. Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - John D. Leszyk
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - Scott A. Shaffer
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - James C. Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Texas A&M University. College Station, TX. 77843 USA
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
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Takahashi-Íñiguez T, Aburto-Rodríguez N, Vilchis-González AL, Flores ME. Function, kinetic properties, crystallization, and regulation of microbial malate dehydrogenase *. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 17:247-261. [PMCID: PMC4829630 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is an enzyme widely distributed among living organisms and is a key protein in the central oxidative pathway. It catalyzes the interconversion between malate and oxaloacetate using NAD+ or NADP+ as a cofactor. Surprisingly, this enzyme has been extensively studied in eukaryotes but there are few reports about this enzyme in prokaryotes. It is necessary to review the relevant information to gain a better understanding of the function of this enzyme. Our review of the data generated from studies in bacteria shows much diversity in their molecular properties, including weight, oligomeric states, cofactor and substrate binding affinities, as well as differences in the direction of the enzymatic reaction. Furthermore, due to the importance of its function, the transcription and activity of this enzyme are rigorously regulated. Crystal structures of MDH from different bacterial sources led to the identification of the regions involved in substrate and cofactor binding and the residues important for the dimer-dimer interface. This structural information allows one to make direct modifications to improve the enzyme catalysis by increasing its activity, cofactor binding capacity, substrate specificity, and thermostability. A comparative analysis of the phylogenetic reconstruction of MDH reveals interesting facts about its evolutionary history, dividing this superfamily of proteins into two principle clades and establishing relationships between MDHs from different cellular compartments from archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes.
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Ma B, Ban X, Huang B, He J, Tian J, Zeng H, Chen Y, Wang Y. Interference and Mechanism of Dill Seed Essential Oil and Contribution of Carvone and Limonene in Preventing Sclerotinia Rot of Rapeseed. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131733. [PMID: 26133771 PMCID: PMC4489822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) seed essential oil against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and its mechanism of action. The antifungal activities of the two main constituents, namely carvone and limonene, were also measured. Mycelial growth and sclerotial germination were thoroughly inhibited by dill seed essential oil at the 1.00 μL/mL under contact condition and 0.125μL/mL air under vapor condition. Carvone also contributed more than limonene in inhibiting the growth of S. sclerotiorum. Carvone and limonene synergistically inhibited the growth of the fungus. In vivo experiments, the essential oil remarkably suppressed S. sclerotiorum, and considerable morphological alterations were observed in the hyphae and sclerotia. Inhibition of ergosterol synthesis, malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase activities, and external medium acidification were investigated to elucidate the antifungal mechanism of the essential oil. The seed essential oil of A. graveolens can be extensively used in agriculture for preventing the oilseed crops fungal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Ma
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoquan Ban
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Bo Huang
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jingsheng He
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jun Tian
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zeng
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Youwei Wang
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Ferraris DM, Spallek R, Oehlmann W, Singh M, Rizzi M. Structures of citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase of M
ycobacterium tuberculosis. Proteins 2015; 83:389-94. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide M. Ferraris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2; 28100 Novara Italy
| | - Ralf Spallek
- Lionex Diagnostics and Therapeutic GmbH; D-38126 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Wulf Oehlmann
- Lionex Diagnostics and Therapeutic GmbH; D-38126 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Lionex Diagnostics and Therapeutic GmbH; D-38126 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Menico Rizzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2; 28100 Novara Italy
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Kalimeri M, Girard E, Madern D, Sterpone F. Interface matters: the stiffness route to stability of a thermophilic tetrameric malate dehydrogenase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113895. [PMID: 25437494 PMCID: PMC4250060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we investigate by computational means the behavior of two orthologous bacterial proteins, a mesophilic and a thermophilic tetrameric malate dehydrogenase (MalDH), at different temperatures. Namely, we quantify how protein mechanical rigidity at different length- and time-scales correlates to protein thermophilicity as commonly believed. In particular by using a clustering analysis strategy to explore the conformational space of the folded proteins, we show that at ambient conditions and at the molecular length-scale the thermophilic variant is indeed more rigid that the mesophilic one. This rigidification is the result of more efficient inter-domain interactions, the strength of which is further quantified via ad hoc free energy calculations. When considered isolated, the thermophilic domain is indeed more flexible than the respective mesophilic one. Upon oligomerization, the induced stiffening of the thermophilic protein propagates from the interface to the active site where the loop, controlling the access to the catalytic pocket, anchors down via an extended network of ion-pairs. On the contrary in the mesophilic tetramer the loop is highly mobile. Simulations at high temperature, could not re-activate the mobility of the loop in the thermophile. This finding opens questions on the similarities of the binding processes for these two homologues at their optimal working temperature and suggests for the thermophilic variant a possible cooperative role of cofactor/substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kalimeri
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR9080, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eric Girard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique Madern
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail: (FS); (DM)
| | - Fabio Sterpone
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR9080, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (FS); (DM)
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