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Erdmann EA, Forbes M, Becker M, Perez S, Hundley HA. ADR-2 regulates fertility and oocyte fate in C. elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.01.565157. [PMID: 37961348 PMCID: PMC10635048 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.01.565157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
RNA binding proteins play essential roles in coordinating germline gene expression and development in all organisms. Here, we report that loss of ADR-2, a member of the Adenosine DeAminase acting on RNA (ADAR) family of RNA binding proteins and the sole adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing enzyme in C. elegans, can improve fertility in multiple genetic backgrounds. First, we show that loss of RNA editing by ADR-2 restores normal embryo production to subfertile animals that transgenically express a vitellogenin (yolk protein) fusion to green fluorescent protein. Using this phenotype, a high-throughput screen was designed to identify RNA binding proteins that when depleted yield synthetic phenotypes with loss of adr-2. The screen uncovered a genetic interaction between ADR-2 and SQD-1, a member of the heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) family of RNA binding proteins. Microscopy, reproductive assays, and high-throughput sequencing reveal that sqd-1 is essential for the onset of oogenesis and oogenic gene expression in young adult animals, and that loss of adr-2 can counteract the effects of loss of sqd-1 on gene expression and rescue the switch from spermatogenesis to oogenesis. Together, these data demonstrate that ADR-2 can contribute to the suppression of fertility and suggest novel roles for both RNA editing-dependent and independent mechanisms in regulating embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Erdmann
- Genome, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, US 47405
| | - Melanie Forbes
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, US 47405
| | - Margaret Becker
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine-Bloomington, Bloomington IN, US 47405
| | - Sarina Perez
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, US 47405
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2
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Kara E, McCambridge A, Proffer M, Dilts C, Pumnea B, Eshak J, Smith KA, Fielder I, Doyle DA, Ortega BM, Mukatash Y, Malik N, Mohammed AR, Govani D, Niepielko MG, Gao M. Mutational analysis of the functional motifs of the DEAD-box RNA helicase Me31B/DDX6 in Drosophila germline development. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:1848-1867. [PMID: 37235728 PMCID: PMC10389067 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Me31B/DDX6 is a DEAD-box family RNA helicase playing roles in post-transcriptional RNA regulation in different cell types and species. Despite the known motifs/domains of Me31B, the in vivo functions of the motifs remain unclear. Here, we used the Drosophila germline as a model and used CRISPR to mutate the key Me31B motifs/domains: helicase domain, N-terminal domain, C-terminal domain and FDF-binding motif. Then, we performed screening characterization on the mutants and report the effects of the mutations on the Drosophila germline, on processes such as fertility, oogenesis, embryo patterning, germline mRNA regulation and Me31B protein expression. The study indicates that the Me31B motifs contribute different functions to the protein and are needed for proper germline development, providing insights into the in vivo working mechanism of the helicase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Kara
- Biology Department, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, USA
| | | | - Megan Proffer
- Biology Department, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, USA
| | - Carol Dilts
- Biology Department, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, USA
| | - Brooke Pumnea
- Biology Department, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, USA
| | - John Eshak
- Biology Department, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, USA
| | - Korey A. Smith
- Biology Department, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, USA
| | - Isaac Fielder
- Biology Department, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, USA
| | - Dominique A. Doyle
- School of Integrative Science and Technology, Kean University, Union, NJ, USA
| | - Bianca M. Ortega
- School of Integrative Science and Technology, Kean University, Union, NJ, USA
| | - Yousif Mukatash
- Biology Department, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, USA
| | - Noor Malik
- Biology Department, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, USA
| | | | - Deep Govani
- Biology Department, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, USA
| | - Matthew G. Niepielko
- School of Integrative Science and Technology, Kean University, Union, NJ, USA
- Biology Department, Kean University, Union, NJ, USA
| | - Ming Gao
- Biology Department, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, USA
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3
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Huang G, Ma Y, Xie D, Zhao C, Zhu L, Xie G, Wu P, Wang W, Zhao Z, Cai Z. Evaluation of nanoplastics toxicity in the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans by iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160646. [PMID: 36493839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is recognized as a major threat to ecosystems in the 21st century. Large plastic objects undergo biotic and abiotic degradation to generate micro- and nano-sized plastic pieces. Despite tremendous efforts to evaluate the adverse effects of microplastics, a comprehensive understanding of the toxicity of nanoplastics remains elusive, especially at the protein level. To this end, we used isobaric-tag-for-relative-and-absolute-quantitation-based quantitative proteomics to investigate the proteome dynamics of the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in response to exposure to 100 nm polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs). After 48 h of exposure to 0.1, 1, or 10 mg/L PS-NPs, 136 out of 1684 proteins were differentially expressed and 108 of these proteins were upregulated. These proteins were related to ribosome biogenesis, translation, proteolysis, kinases, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and energy metabolism. Remarkably, changes in proteome dynamics in response to exposure to PS-NPs were consistent with the phenotypic defects of C. elegans. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that disruption of proteome homeostasis is a biological consequence of PS-NPs accumulation in C. elegans, which provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicology of nanoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gefei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yiming Ma
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Dongying Xie
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Cunmin Zhao
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Guangshan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Zhongying Zhao
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong.
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4
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Xiao H, Vierling MM, Kennedy RF, Boone EC, Decker LM, Sy VT, Haynes JB, Williams MA, Shiu PKT. Involvement of RNA granule proteins in meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab179. [PMID: 34568932 PMCID: PMC8482848 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In Neurospora crassa, expression from an unpaired gene is suppressed by a mechanism known as meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA (MSUD). MSUD utilizes common RNA interference (RNAi) factors to silence target mRNAs. Here, we report that Neurospora CAR-1 and CGH-1, homologs of two Caenorhabditis elegans RNA granule components, are involved in MSUD. These fungal proteins are found in the perinuclear region and P-bodies, much like their worm counterparts. They interact with components of the meiotic silencing complex (MSC), including the SMS-2 Argonaute. This is the first time MSUD has been linked to RNA granule proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xiao
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michael M Vierling
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Rana F Kennedy
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Erin C Boone
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Logan M Decker
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Victor T Sy
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jackson B Haynes
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michelle A Williams
- Present address: Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Patrick K T Shiu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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5
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Shao L, Xue R, Lu X, Liao J, Shao X, Fan X. Identify differential genes and cell subclusters from time-series scRNA-seq data using scTITANS. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:4132-4141. [PMID: 34527187 PMCID: PMC8342909 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-series single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides a breakthrough in modern biology by enabling researchers to profile and study the dynamics of genes and cells based on samples obtained from multiple time points at an individual cell resolution. However, cell asynchrony and an additional dimension of multiple time points raises challenges in the effective use of time-series scRNA-seq data for identifying genes and cell subclusters that vary over time. However, no effective tools are available. Here, we propose scTITANS (https://github.com/ZJUFanLab/scTITANS), a method that takes full advantage of individual cells from all time points at the same time by correcting cell asynchrony using pseudotime from trajectory inference analysis. By introducing a time-dependent covariate based on time-series analysis method, scTITANS performed well in identifying differentially expressed genes and cell subclusters from time-series scRNA-seq data based on several example datasets. Compared to current attempts, scTITANS is more accurate, quantitative, and capable of dealing with heterogeneity among cells and making full use of the timing information hidden in biological processes. When extended to broader research areas, scTITANS will bring new breakthroughs in studies with time-series single cell RNA sequencing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shao
- Hangzhou Normal University, Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China.,Medicine Lab, Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center for Future Digital Health, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Rui Xue
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Liao
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Shao
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Medicine Lab, Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center for Future Digital Health, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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6
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Nocua PA, Requena JM, Puerta CJ. Identification of the interactomes associated with SCD6 and RBP42 proteins in Leishmania braziliensis. J Proteomics 2020; 233:104066. [PMID: 33296709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania are protozoan parasites responsible for leishmaniasis. These parasites present a precise gene regulation that allows them to survive different environmental conditions during their digenetic life cycle. This adaptation depends on the regulation of the expression of a wide variety of genes, which occurs, mainly at the post-transcriptional level. This differential gene expression is achieved by mechanisms based mainly in RNA binding proteins that regulate the translation and/or stability of mRNA targets by interaction with cis elements principally located in the untranslated regions (UTR). In recent studies, our group identified and characterized two proteins, SCD6 and RBP42, as RNA binding proteins in Leishmania braziliensis. To find clues about the cellular processes in which these proteins are involved, this work was aimed to determine the SCD6- and RBP42-interacting proteins (interactome) in L. braziliensis promastigotes. For this purpose, after an in vivo UV cross-linking, cellular extracts were used to immunoprecipitated, by specific antibodies, protein complexes in which SCD6 or RBP42 were present. Protein mass spectrometry analysis of the immunoprecipitated proteins identified 96 proteins presumably associated with SCD6 and 173 proteins associated with RBP42. Notably, a significant proportion of the identified proteins were shared in both interactomes, indicating a possible functional relationship between SCD6 and RBP42. Remarkably, many of the proteins identified in the SCD6 and RBP42 interactomes are related to RNA metabolism and translation processes, and many of them have been described as components of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules in Leishmania and related trypanosomatids. Thus, these results support a role of SCD6 and RBP42 in the assembly and/or function of mRNA-protein complexes, participating in the fate (decay/accumulation/translation) of L. braziliensis transcripts. SIGNIFICANCE: Parasites of the Leishmania genus present a particular regulation of gene expression, operating mainly at the post-transcriptional level, surely aimed to modulate quickly both mRNA and protein levels to survive the sudden environmental changes that occur during a parasite's life cycle as it moves from one host to another. This regulation of gene expression processes would be governed by the interaction of mRNA with RNA binding proteins. Nevertheless, the entirety of protein networks involved in these regulatory processes is far from being understood. In this regard, our work is contributing to stablish protein networks in which the L. braziliensis SCD6 and RBP42 proteins are involved; these proteins, in previous works, have been described as RNA binding proteins and found to participate in gene regulation in different cells and organisms. Additionally, our data point out a possible functional relationship between SCD6 and RBP42 proteins as constituents of mRNA granules, like processing bodies or stress granules, which are essential structures in the regulation of gene expression. This knowledge could provide a new approach for the development of therapeutic targets to control Leishmania infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Nocua
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José M Requena
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Concepción J Puerta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
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7
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Chen W, Hu Y, Lang CF, Brown JS, Schwabach S, Song X, Zhang Y, Munro E, Bennett K, Zhang D, Lee HC. The Dynamics of P Granule Liquid Droplets Are Regulated by the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline RNA Helicase GLH-1 via Its ATP Hydrolysis Cycle. Genetics 2020; 215:421-434. [PMID: 32245789 PMCID: PMC7268986 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
P granules are phase-separated liquid droplets that play important roles in the maintenance of germ cell fate in Caenorhabditis elegans Both the localization and formation of P granules are highly dynamic, but mechanisms that regulate such processes remain poorly understood. Here, we show evidence that the VASA-like germline RNA helicase GLH-1 couples distinct steps of its ATPase hydrolysis cycle to control the formation and disassembly of P granules. In addition, we found that the phenylalanine-glycine-glycine repeats in GLH-1 promote its localization at the perinucleus. Proteomic analyses of the GLH-1 complex with a GLH-1 mutation that interferes with P granule disassembly revealed transient interactions of GLH-1 with several Argonautes and RNA-binding proteins. Finally, we found that defects in recruiting the P granule component PRG-1 to perinuclear foci in the adult germline correlate with the fertility defects observed in various GLH-1 mutants. Together, our results highlight the versatile roles of an RNA helicase in controlling the formation of liquid droplets in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Yabing Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China 430074
| | - Charles F Lang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Jordan S Brown
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Sierra Schwabach
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Xiaoyan Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China 450052
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China 430074
| | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Karen Bennett
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Donglei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China 430074
| | - Heng-Chi Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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8
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Roy D, Rajyaguru PI. Suppressor of clathrin deficiency (Scd6)-An emerging RGG-motif translation repressor. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2018; 9:e1479. [DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debadrita Roy
- Department of Biochemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
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9
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Stubenvoll MD, Medley JC, Irwin M, Song MH. ATX-2, the C. elegans Ortholog of Human Ataxin-2, Regulates Centrosome Size and Microtubule Dynamics. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006370. [PMID: 27689799 PMCID: PMC5045193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are critical sites for orchestrating microtubule dynamics, and exhibit dynamic changes in size during the cell cycle. As cells progress to mitosis, centrosomes recruit more microtubules (MT) to form mitotic bipolar spindles that ensure proper chromosome segregation. We report a new role for ATX-2, a C. elegans ortholog of Human Ataxin-2, in regulating centrosome size and MT dynamics. ATX-2, an RNA-binding protein, forms a complex with SZY-20 in an RNA-independent fashion. Depleting ATX-2 results in embryonic lethality and cytokinesis failure, and restores centrosome duplication to zyg-1 mutants. In this pathway, SZY-20 promotes ATX-2 abundance, which inversely correlates with centrosome size. Centrosomes depleted of ATX-2 exhibit elevated levels of centrosome factors (ZYG-1, SPD-5, γ-Tubulin), increasing MT nucleating activity but impeding MT growth. We show that ATX-2 influences MT behavior through γ-Tubulin at the centrosome. Our data suggest that RNA-binding proteins play an active role in controlling MT dynamics and provide insight into the control of proper centrosome size and MT dynamics. The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton undergoes dynamic rearrangements during the cell cycle. As the primary microtubule-organizing center, centrosomes orchestrate MT dynamics and play a key role in establishing bipolar spindles in mitosis. Errors in centrosome assembly lead to missegregation of genomic content and aneuploidy. Thus, stringent regulation of centrosome assembly is of vital importance for the fidelity of cell division and survival. Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model, we study the role of the RNA-binding protein, ATX-2, a C. elegans homolog of Human Ataxin-2 in early cell division. A number of RNAs and RNA-binding proteins are shown to be associated with centrosomes and MTs, and influence the assembly of mitotic spindles. In C. elegans, the RNA-binding role of SZY-20 is implicated in regulating centrosome size. We show that ATX-2 functions together with SZY-20 in centrosome size and MT behavior. SZY-20 promotes ATX-2 protein levels, and the amount of ATX-2 influences centrosome size and subsequent MT dynamics. Our work provides evidence that RNA-binding proteins have an active role in controlling MT dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Stubenvoll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Medley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Miranda Irwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mi Hye Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Gnazzo MM, Uhlemann EME, Villarreal AR, Shirayama M, Dominguez EG, Skop AR. The RNA-binding protein ATX-2 regulates cytokinesis through PAR-5 and ZEN-4. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3052-3064. [PMID: 27559134 PMCID: PMC5063614 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-04-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that mediate the temporal and spatial recruitment of cell division factors to the spindle midzone and midbody remain unclear. Cell division is regulated by the conserved RNA-binding protein, ATX-2/Ataxin-2, which facilitates the targeting of ZEN-4 to the spindle midzone by mediating PAR-5. The spindle midzone harbors both microtubules and proteins necessary for furrow formation and the completion of cytokinesis. However, the mechanisms that mediate the temporal and spatial recruitment of cell division factors to the spindle midzone and midbody remain unclear. Here we describe a mechanism governed by the conserved RNA-binding protein ATX-2/Ataxin-2, which targets and maintains ZEN-4 at the spindle midzone. ATX-2 does this by regulating the amount of PAR-5 at mitotic structures, particularly the spindle, centrosomes, and midbody. Preventing ATX-2 function leads to elevated levels of PAR-5, enhanced chromatin and centrosome localization of PAR-5–GFP, and ultimately a reduction of ZEN-4–GFP at the spindle midzone. Codepletion of ATX-2 and PAR-5 rescued the localization of ZEN-4 at the spindle midzone, indicating that ATX-2 mediates the localization of ZEN-4 upstream of PAR-5. We provide the first direct evidence that ATX-2 is necessary for cytokinesis and suggest a model in which ATX-2 facilitates the targeting of ZEN-4 to the spindle midzone by mediating the posttranscriptional regulation of PAR-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Gnazzo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Eva-Maria E Uhlemann
- Laboratory of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Alex R Villarreal
- Laboratory of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Masaki Shirayama
- Program in Molecular Medicine, RNA Therapeutics Institute, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Eddie G Dominguez
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Ahna R Skop
- Laboratory of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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11
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Dallaire A, Simard MJ. The implication of microRNAs and endo-siRNAs in animal germline and early development. Dev Biol 2016; 416:18-25. [PMID: 27287880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Germ cells provide maternal mRNAs that are stored in the oocyte, and later translated at a specific time of development. In this context, gene regulation depends mainly on post-transcriptional mechanisms that contribute to keep maternal transcripts in a stable and translationally silent state. In recent years, small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs have emerged as key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. microRNAs control the translation efficiency and/or stability of targeted mRNAs. microRNAs are present in animal germ cells and maternally inherited microRNAs are abundant in early embryos. However, it is not known how microRNAs control the stability and translation of maternal transcripts. In this review, we will discuss the implication of germline microRNAs in regulating animal oogenesis and early embryogenesis as well as compare their roles with endo-siRNAs, small RNA species that share key molecular components with the microRNA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dallaire
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre (Hôtel-Dieu de Québec), Quebec City, Québec, Canada G1R 2J6; Laval University Cancer Research Centre, Quebec City, Québec, Canada G1R 2J6
| | - Martin J Simard
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre (Hôtel-Dieu de Québec), Quebec City, Québec, Canada G1R 2J6; Laval University Cancer Research Centre, Quebec City, Québec, Canada G1R 2J6.
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12
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Abstract
PABPs [poly(A)-binding proteins] bind to the poly(A) tail of eukaryotic mRNAs and are conserved in species ranging from yeast to human. The prototypical cytoplasmic member, PABP1, is a multifunctional RNA-binding protein with roles in global and mRNA-specific translation and stability, consistent with a function as a central regulator of mRNA fate in the cytoplasm. More limited insight into the molecular functions of other family members is available. However, the consequences of disrupting PABP function in whole organisms is less clear, particularly in vertebrates, and even more so in mammals. In the present review, we discuss current and emerging knowledge with respect to the functions of PABP family members in whole animal studies which, although incomplete, already underlines their biological importance and highlights the need for further intensive research in this area.
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