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Paul A, Kumar S, Kaoud TS, Pickett MR, Bohanon AL, Zoldan J, Dalby KN, Parekh SH. Biomechanical Dependence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2307-2315. [PMID: 35486915 PMCID: PMC9063985 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Older people have been disproportionately vulnerable to the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with an increased risk of severe complications and death compared to other age groups. A mix of underlying factors has been speculated to give rise to this differential infection outcome including changes in lung physiology, weakened immunity, and severe immune response. Our study focuses on the impact of biomechanical changes in lungs that occur as individuals age, that is, the stiffening of the lung parenchyma and increased matrix fiber density. We used hydrogels with an elastic modulus of 0.2 and 50 kPa and conventional tissue culture surfaces to investigate how infection rate changes with parenchymal tissue stiffness in lung epithelial cells challenged with SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein pseudotyped lentiviruses. Further, we employed electrospun fiber matrices to isolate the effect of matrix density. Given the recent data highlighting the importance of alternative virulent strains, we included both the native strain identified in early 2020 and an early S protein variant (D614G) that was shown to increase the viral infectivity markedly. Our results show that cells on softer and sparser scaffolds, closer resembling younger lungs, exhibit higher infection rates by the WT and D614G variant. This suggests that natural changes in lung biomechanics do not increase the propensity for SARS-CoV-2 infection and that other factors, such as a weaker immune system, may contribute to increased disease burden in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering,
Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 98 Gothenburg,
Sweden
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016,
India
- All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Tamer S. Kaoud
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Madison R. Pickett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Amanda L. Bohanon
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Janet Zoldan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Kevin N. Dalby
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Sapun H. Parekh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
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2
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Rong N, Zhang M, Wang Y, Wu H, Qi H, Fu X, Li D, Yang C, Wang Y, Fan Z. Effects of extracellular matrix rigidity on sonoporation facilitated by targeted microbubbles: Bubble attachment, bubble dynamics, and cell membrane permeabilization. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 67:105125. [PMID: 32298974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of extracellular matrix rigidity, an important physical property of microenvironments regulating cell morphology and functions, on sonoporation facilitated by targeted microbubbles, highlighting the role of microbubbles. We conducted mechanistic studies at the cellular level on physiologically relevant soft and rigid substrates. By developing a unique imaging strategy, we first resolved details of the 3D attachment configurations between targeted microbubbles and cell membrane. High-speed video microscopy then unveiled bubble dynamics driven by a single ultrasound pulse. Finally, we evaluated the cell membrane permeabilization using a small molecule model drug. Our results demonstrate that: (1) stronger targeted microbubble attachment was formed for cells cultured on the rigid substrate, while six different attachment configurations were revealed in total; (2) more violent bubble oscillation was observed for cells cultured on the rigid substrate, while one third of bubbles attached to cells on the soft substrate exhibited deformation shortly after ultrasound was turned off; (3) higher acoustic pressure was needed to permeabilize the cell membrane for cells on the soft substrate, while under the same ultrasound condition, acoustically-activated microbubbles generated larger pores as compared to cells cultured on the soft substrate. The current findings provide new insights to understand the underlying mechanisms of sonoporation in a physiologically relevant context and may be useful for the clinical translation of sonoporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Rong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Meiru Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hui Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dachao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chunmei Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhenzhen Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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3
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Amit C, Padmanabhan P, Elchuri SV, Narayanan J. Probing the effect of matrix stiffness in endocytic signalling pathway of corneal epithelium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:280-285. [PMID: 32087964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Matrix stiffness regulates the physiology of the cells and plays an important role in maintaining its homeostasis. It has been reported to regulate cell division, proliferation, migration, extracellular uptake and various other physiological processes. The alteration in matrix stiffness has also been well reported in various disease pathologies. However, in ocular system, Keratoconus (KC) is an ideal model to study the effect of matrix stiffness on endocytosis since the progression of the disease is controlled by increasing the stromal elasticity. Our study using corneal epithelial and retinal pigment epithelial cell lines showed that ocular cells do respond to matrix stiffness by altering their morphology and endocytic uptake of FITC-Dextran 20 kDa. Further, by using KC epithelium as a clinical model, we hypothesize that change in stromal elasticity may also affect the endocytosis of KC epithelium. Our results clearly showed alteration in the expression of actin binding proteins such as Phosphorylated Cofilin, Profilin, Focal adhesion kinase, and Vinculin. Apart from cytoskeletal rearrangement proteins, we also observed endocytic proteins such as Clathrin, Caveolin1 and Rab 11 to be affected by matrix stiffness. Our study thus establishes connecting role between endocytosis and matrix stiffness which could be used to understand the pathophysiology of keratoconus that it is influenced by both mechanical and biochemical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatterjee Amit
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tanjore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prema Padmanabhan
- Department of Cornea, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sailaja V Elchuri
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Janakiraman Narayanan
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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4
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Schwager SC, Bordeleau F, Zhang J, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA, Reinhart-King CA. Matrix stiffness regulates microvesicle-induced fibroblast activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C82-C92. [PMID: 31017799 PMCID: PMC6689748 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00418.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles released by cancer cells have recently been implicated in the differentiation of stromal cells to their activated, cancer-supporting states. Microvesicles, a subset of extracellular vesicles released from the plasma membrane of cancer cells, contain biologically active cargo, including DNA, mRNA, and miRNA, which are transferred to recipient cells and induce a phenotypic change in behavior. While it is known that microvesicles can alter recipient cell phenotype, little is known about how the physical properties of the tumor microenvironment affect fibroblast response to microvesicles. Here, we utilized cancer cell-derived microvesicles and synthetic substrates designed to mimic the stiffness of the tumor and tumor stroma to investigate the effects of microvesicles on fibroblast phenotype as a function of the mechanical properties of the microenvironment. We show that microvesicles released by highly malignant breast cancer cells cause an increase in fibroblast spreading, α-smooth muscle actin expression, proliferation, cell-generated traction force, and collagen gel compaction. Notably, our data indicate that these phenotypic changes occur only on stiff matrices mimicking the stiffness of the tumor periphery and are dependent on the cell type from which the microvesicles are shed. Overall, these results show that the effects of cancer cell-derived microvesicles on fibroblast activation are regulated by the physical properties of the microenvironment, and these data suggest that microvesicles may have a more robust effect on fibroblasts located at the tumor periphery to influence cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Schwager
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Francois Bordeleau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
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5
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Kruger TM, Bell KJ, Lansakara TI, Tivanski AV, Doorn JA, Stevens LL. Reduced Extracellular Matrix Stiffness Prompts SH-SY5Y Cell Softening and Actin Turnover To Selectively Increase Aβ(1-42) Endocytosis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1284-1293. [PMID: 30499651 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the extracellular deposition of dense amyloid beta plaques. Emerging evidence suggests that the production of these plaques is initiated by the intracellular uptake and lysosomal preconcentration of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide. All previous endocytosis studies assess Aβ uptake with cells plated on traditional tissue culture plastic; however, brain tissue is distinctly soft with a low-kPa stiffness. Use of an ultrastiff plastic/glass substrate prompts a mechanosensitive response (increased cell spreading, cell stiffness, and membrane tension) that potentially distorts a cell's endocytic behavior from that observed in vivo or in a more physiologically relevant mechanical environment. Our studies demonstrate substrate stiffness significantly modifies the behavior of undifferentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma, where cells plated on soft (∼1 kPa) substrates display a rounded morphology, decreased actin polymerization, reduced adhesion (decreased β1 integrin expression), and reduced cell stiffness compared to cells plated on tissue culture plastic. Moreover, these neuroblastoma on softer substrates display a preferential increase in the uptake of the Aβ(1-42) compared to Aβ(1-40), while both isoforms display a clear stiffness-dependent increase of uptake relative to cells plated on plastic. Considering the brain is a soft tissue that continues to soften with age, this mechanosensitive endocytosis of Aβ has significant implications for understanding age-related neurodegeneration and the mechanism behind Aβ uptake and fibril production. Overall, identifying these physical factors that contribute to the pathology of AD may offer novel avenues of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terra M. Kruger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kendra J. Bell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | | | - Alexei V. Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Doorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Lewis L. Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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6
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Unifying in vitro and in vivo IVT mRNA expression discrepancies in skeletal muscle via mechanotransduction. Biomaterials 2018; 159:189-203. [PMID: 29331806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The translational efficiency of an in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA was measured upon delivery to primary skeletal muscle cells and to a mouse model system, towards the development of a predictive in vitro assay for the screening and validation of intramuscular mRNA-based vaccines. When IVT mRNA was delivered either naked or complexed with novel aminoglycoside-based delivery vehicles, significant differences in protein expression in vitro and in vivo were observed. We hypothesized that this previously anticipated discrepancy was due to differences in the mechanism of IVT mRNA endosomal entry and release following delivery. To address this, IVT mRNA was fluorescently labeled prior to delivery, to visualize its distribution. Colocalization with endosomal markers indicated that different entry pathways were utilized in vivo and in vitro, depending on the delivery vehicle, resulting in variations in protein expression levels. Since extracellular matrix stiffness (ECM) influences mRNA entry, trafficking and release, the effect of mechanotransduction on mRNA expression was investigated in vitro upon delivery of IVT mRNA alone, and complexed with delivery vehicles to skeletal muscle cells grown on ∼10 kPa hydrogels. This in vitro hydrogel model more accurately recapitulated the results obtained in vivo upon IM injection, indicating that this approach may assist in the characterization of mRNA based vaccines.
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7
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Wang Y, Gong T, Zhang ZR, Fu Y. Matrix Stiffness Differentially Regulates Cellular Uptake Behavior of Nanoparticles in Two Breast Cancer Cell Lines. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:25915-25928. [PMID: 28718278 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix stiffness regulates cell behavior in various biological contexts. In breast tumors, the deposition of extracellular matrix correlates with increasing matrix stiffness and poor survival. Nanoparticulate carriers represent a promising therapeutic vehicle for disease diagnosis and efficient anticancer drug delivery. However, how matrix stiffness influences cellular uptake of nanoparticles remains largely unexplored. Here, we selected photopolymerized polyacrylamide gels with varying stiffnesses as model substrates and studied the impact of matrix stiffness on cell morphology and nanoparticle uptake efficiency in two representative breast cancer cell lines with varying invasiveness, that is, MCF-7 with low invasiveness and MDA-MB-231 with high invasiveness. In our study, both cell lines showed similar morphological changes with changing stiffness. MCF-7 cells adhered on compliant substrates (1 kPa) showed a roundlike morphology with the lowest cell uptake efficiency among four stiffnesses under investigation at each given time point, whereas for MDA-MB-231 cells, the uptake efficiency showed no significant differences across varying stiffnesses. The percentages of MCF-7 cell proliferation on a 1 kPa substrate were significantly decreased at 48 and 72 h as compared to those on stiff substrates and coverslips. When treated with pluronic/d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate mixed micelle-loaded paclitaxel, cells on stiff substrates of 7, 20, and 25 kPa showed higher cell apoptosis rates as compared to those of cells on 1 kPa substrates. To sum up, our work presents an example of how physical cues impact specific cellular behavior and function, which may further contribute to engineering nanoparticulate delivery systems for more efficient delivery in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, China
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8
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Mennens SFB, van den Dries K, Cambi A. Role for Mechanotransduction in Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Immunobiology. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 62:209-242. [PMID: 28455711 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is not only controlled by biochemical signals but also through mechanical forces that act on cells. Yet, while it has long been known that biochemical signals have profound effects on cell biology, the importance of mechanical forces has only been recognized much more recently. The types of mechanical stress that cells experience include stretch, compression, and shear stress, which are mainly induced by the extracellular matrix, cell-cell contacts, and fluid flow. Importantly, macroscale tissue deformation through stretch or compression also affects cellular function.Immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells are present in almost all peripheral tissues, and monocytes populate the vasculature throughout the body. These cells are unique in the sense that they are subject to a large variety of different mechanical environments, and it is therefore not surprising that key immune effector functions are altered by mechanical stimuli. In this chapter, we describe the different types of mechanical signals that cells encounter within the body and review the current knowledge on the role of mechanical signals in regulating macrophage, monocyte, and dendritic cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja F B Mennens
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Koen van den Dries
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Fiore M, Forli S, Manetti F. Targeting Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Activated Protein Kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2, MK2): Medicinal Chemistry Efforts To Lead Small Molecule Inhibitors to Clinical Trials. J Med Chem 2015; 59:3609-34. [PMID: 26502061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The p38/MAPK-activated kinase 2 (MK2) pathway is involved in a series of pathological conditions (inflammation diseases and metastasis) and in the resistance mechanism to antitumor agents. None of the p38 inhibitors entered advanced clinical trials because of their unwanted systemic side effects. For this reason, MK2 was identified as an alternative target to block the pathway but avoiding the side effects of p38 inhibition. However, ATP-competitive MK2 inhibitors suffered from low solubility, poor cell permeability, and scarce kinase selectivity. Fortunately, non-ATP-competitive inhibitors of MK2 have been already discovered that allowed circumventing the selectivity issue. These compounds showed the additional advantage to be effective at lower concentrations in comparison to the ATP-competitive inhibitors. Therefore, although the significant difficulties encountered during the development of these inhibitors, MK2 is still considered as an attractive target to treat inflammation and related diseases to prevent tumor metastasis and to increase tumor sensitivity to chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fiore
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena , via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena , via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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Macrí-Pellizzeri L, Pelacho B, Sancho A, Iglesias-García O, Simón-Yarza AM, Soriano-Navarro M, González-Granero S, García-Verdugo JM, De-Juan-Pardo EM, Prosper F. Substrate Stiffness and Composition Specifically Direct Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1633-41. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Macrí-Pellizzeri
- Laboratory of Cell Therapy, Division of Oncology, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pelacho
- Laboratory of Cell Therapy, Division of Oncology, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Sancho
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Unit, CEIT and Tecnun, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Olalla Iglesias-García
- Laboratory of Cell Therapy, Division of Oncology, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana María Simón-Yarza
- Laboratory of Cell Therapy, Division of Oncology, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mario Soriano-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Susana González-Granero
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad mixta de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neurorregeneración, IIS Hospital La Fe - UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena M. De-Juan-Pardo
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Unit, CEIT and Tecnun, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Laboratory of Cell Therapy, Division of Oncology, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Hematology and Cell Therapy, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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