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Happonen L, Collin M. Immunomodulating Enzymes from Streptococcus pyogenes-In Pathogenesis, as Biotechnological Tools, and as Biological Drugs. Microorganisms 2024; 12:200. [PMID: 38258026 PMCID: PMC10818452 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group A Streptococcus, is an exclusively human pathogen that causes a wide variety of diseases ranging from mild throat and skin infections to severe invasive disease. The pathogenesis of S. pyogenes infection has been extensively studied, but the pathophysiology, especially of the more severe infections, is still somewhat elusive. One key feature of S. pyogenes is the expression of secreted, surface-associated, and intracellular enzymes that directly or indirectly affect both the innate and adaptive host immune systems. Undoubtedly, S. pyogenes is one of the major bacterial sources for immunomodulating enzymes. Major targets for these enzymes are immunoglobulins that are destroyed or modified through proteolysis or glycan hydrolysis. Furthermore, several enzymes degrade components of the complement system and a group of DNAses degrade host DNA in neutrophil extracellular traps. Additional types of enzymes interfere with cellular inflammatory and innate immunity responses. In this review, we attempt to give a broad overview of the functions of these enzymes and their roles in pathogenesis. For those enzymes where experimentally determined structures exist, the structural aspects of the enzymatic activity are further discussed. Lastly, we also discuss the emerging use of some of the enzymes as biotechnological tools as well as biological drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Happonen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Collin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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Nandakumar KS, Collin M, Happonen KE, Lundström SL, Croxford AM, Xu B, Zubarev RA, Rowley MJ, Blom AM, Kjellman C, Holmdahl R. Streptococcal Endo-β- N-Acetylglucosaminidase Suppresses Antibody-Mediated Inflammation In Vivo. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1623. [PMID: 30061892 PMCID: PMC6054937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EndoS) is a family 18 glycosyl hydrolase secreted by Streptococcus pyogenes. Recombinant EndoS hydrolyzes the β-1,4-di-N-acetylchitobiose core of the N-linked complex type glycan on the asparagine 297 of the γ-chains of IgG. Here, we report that EndoS and IgG hydrolyzed by EndoS induced suppression of local immune complex (IC)-mediated arthritis. A small amount (1 µg given i.v. to a mouse) of EndoS was sufficient to inhibit IgG-mediated arthritis in mice. The presence of EndoS disturbed larger IC lattice formation both in vitro and in vivo, as visualized with anti-C3b staining. Neither complement binding in vitro nor antigen-antibody binding per se were affected. Thus, EndoS could potentially be used for treating patients with IC-mediated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Collin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kaisa E Happonen
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Susanna L Lundström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Allyson M Croxford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Bingze Xu
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A Zubarev
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Merrill J Rowley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna M Blom
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Rikard Holmdahl
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Yu X, Akbarzadeh R, Pieper M, Scholzen T, Gehrig S, Schultz C, Zillikens D, König P, Petersen F. Neutrophil Adhesion Is a Prerequisite for Antibody-Mediated Proteolytic Tissue Damage in Experimental Models of Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1990-1998. [PMID: 29559343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although uncontrolled proteolytic activity mediated by activated neutrophils is a major reason for tissue damage, therapeutic approaches using protease inhibitors are inefficient. Here, we investigated the role of the immune complex-induced neutrophil adhesion and protease release in tissue damage. We show both in vitro and in vivo that immune complex-mediated neutrophil adhesion to the target tissue depends on β2 integrins. Without affecting elastase or reactive oxygen species release, blocking of adhesion drastically inhibited tissue damage in an experimental model of autoantibody-mediated skin blistering disease. By using a cell-bound fluorescent resonance energy transfer-based elastase sensor, we detected elastase enzyme activity on the surface of adherent cells resistant to protease inhibitors. Inhibitor resistance was lost by CD18 blockade or deficiency in vitro and in vivo. Immune complex-induced neutrophil adhesion created an enclosed protected space between the cell and its target structure where proteinases and reactive oxygen species can execute their tissue-damaging effect. Because immune complex-induced neutrophil adhesion represents an indispensable step for tissue damage of many diseases, our findings may facilitate the development of strategies for the treatment of such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Yu
- Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Xiamen-Borstel Joint Laboratory of Autoimmunity, The Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Reza Akbarzadeh
- Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mario Pieper
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Scholzen
- Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gehrig
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Detlef Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter König
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frank Petersen
- Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL).
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Nandakumar KS. Targeting IgG in Arthritis: Disease Pathways and Therapeutic Avenues. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E677. [PMID: 29495570 PMCID: PMC5877538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a polygenic and multifactorial syndrome. Many complex immunological and genetic interactions are involved in the final outcome of the clinical disease. Autoantibodies (rheumatoid factors, anti-citrullinated peptide/protein antibodies) are present in RA patients' sera for a long time before the onset of clinical disease. Prior to arthritis onset, in the autoantibody response, epitope spreading, avidity maturation, and changes towards a pro-inflammatory Fc glycosylation phenotype occurs. Genetic association of epitope specific autoantibody responses and the induction of inflammation dependent and independent changes in the cartilage by pathogenic autoantibodies emphasize the crucial contribution of antibody-initiated inflammation in RA development. Targeting IgG by glyco-engineering, bacterial enzymes to specifically cleave IgG/alter N-linked Fc-glycans at Asn 297 or blocking the downstream effector pathways offers new avenues to develop novel therapeutics for arthritis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Collin M, Björck L. Toward Clinical use of the IgG Specific Enzymes IdeS and EndoS against Antibody-Mediated Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1535:339-351. [PMID: 27914091 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6673-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endoglycosidase EndoS and the protease IdeS from the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes are immunomodulating enzymes hydrolyzing human IgG. IdeS cleaves IgG in the lower hinge region, while EndoS hydrolyzes the conserved N-linked glycan in the Fc region. Both enzymes are remarkably specific for human IgG that after hydrolysis loses most of its effector functions, such as binding to leukocytes and complement activation, all contributing to bacterial evasion of adaptive immunity. However, taken out of their infectious context, we and others have shown that IdeS and EndoS can alleviate autoimmune disease in a number of animal models of antibody-mediated disorders. In this chapter, we will briefly describe the discovery and characterization of these unique enzymes, present the findings from a number of animal models of autoimmunity where the enzymes have been tested, and outline the ongoing clinical testing of IdeS. Furthermore, we will discuss the rationale for further development of IdeS and EndoS into novel pharmaceuticals against diseases where IgG antibodies contribute to the pathology, including, but not restricted to, chronic and acute autoimmunity, transplant rejection, and antidrug antibody reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Collin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Biomedical Center B14, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Lars Björck
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Biomedical Center B14, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
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Witte M, Koga H, Hashimoto T, Ludwig RJ, Bieber K. Discovering potential drug-targets for personalized treatment of autoimmune disorders - what we learn from epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:985-98. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1148686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Witte
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Koga
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Institute of Cutaneous Cell Biology, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Ralf J. Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Bieber
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Kasperkiewicz M, Sadik CD, Bieber K, Ibrahim SM, Manz RA, Schmidt E, Zillikens D, Ludwig RJ. Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Options. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:24-33. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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