1
|
Durrance-Bagale A, Rudge JW, Singh NB, Belmain SR, Howard N. Drivers of zoonotic disease risk in the Indian subcontinent: A scoping review. One Health 2021; 13:100310. [PMID: 34458546 PMCID: PMC8379342 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Literature on potential anthropogenic drivers of zoonotic disease risk in the Indian subcontinent is sparse. We conducted a scoping review to identify primary sources, published 2000-2020, to clarify what research exists and on which areas future research should focus. We summarised findings thematically by disease. Of 80 sources included, 78 (98%) were original research articles and two were conference abstracts. Study designs and methods were not always clearly described, but 74 (93%) were quantitative (including one randomised trial), five (6%) were mixed-methods, and one was qualitative. Most sources reported research from India (39%) or Bangladesh (31%), followed by Pakistan (9%), Nepal (9%), Bhutan and Sri Lanka (6% each). Topically, most focused on rabies (18; 23%), Nipah virus (16; 20%) or leptospirosis (11; 14%), while 12 (15%) did not focus on a disease but instead on knowledge in communities. People generally did not seek post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies even when vaccination programmes were available and they understood that rabies was fatal, instead often relying on traditional medicines. Similarly, people did not take precautions to protect themselves from leptospirosis infection, even when they were aware of the link with rice cultivation. Nipah was correlated with presence of bats near human habitation. Official information on diseases, modes of transmission and prevention was lacking, or shared informally between friends, relatives, and neighbours. Behaviour did not correspond to disease knowledge. This review identifies various human behaviours which may drive zoonotic disease risk in the Indian subcontinent. Increasing community knowledge and awareness alone is unlikely to be sufficient to successfully change these behaviours. Further research, using interdisciplinary and participatory methods, would improve understanding of risks and risk perceptions and thus help in co-designing context-specific, relevant interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Durrance-Bagale
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Rudge
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom
- Mahidol University, Faculty of Public Health, 420/1 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nanda Bahadur Singh
- Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Zoology, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Mid-Western University, Surkhet, Nepal
| | - Steven R. Belmain
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Howard
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumar Pant D, Tenzin T, Chand R, Kumar Sharma B, Raj Bist P. Spatio-temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in Nepal, 2007-2015. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180591. [PMID: 28746354 PMCID: PMC5528891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a major public health problem in Nepal. For the effective management and surveillance of JE, a clear understanding of its epidemiology is essential. Therefore, we conducted descriptive and spatial analyses to understand the spatio-temporal distribution of JE in human in Nepal. From 2007 to 2015, 1,823 JE cases were reported with a cumulative mean incidence of 0.735/100,000 population and a case fatality rate of 6.6%. The death rate in the up-to-24 years of age group was 74%. The JE cases were most commonly reported in the age group of 1-14 years. There is a strong seasonal pattern of JE occurrence in Nepal which peaked in August and declined by October each year, which corresponds to the monsoon season. The JE cases were reported in 63 of 75 districts (84%), expanding in the mountain and hill regions. There was a strong clustering of JE incidence in the south-western and south-eastern Terai region, which is endemic for JE. Therefore, the JE surveillance system should be improved to better understand the drivers of disease expansion in Nepal for instituting a control program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhan Kumar Pant
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Tenzin Tenzin
- National Centre for Animal Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
- * E-mail:
| | - Rakesh Chand
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Barun Kumar Sharma
- Ministry of Livestock Development, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Padam Raj Bist
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Asokan GV, Vanitha A. Disaster response under One Health in the aftermath of Nepal earthquake, 2015. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2017; 7:91-96. [PMID: 27059251 PMCID: PMC7320513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jegh.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Until now, an estimate quotes that 1100 healthcare facilities were damaged and over 100,000 livestock lost in the two earthquakes that occurred in April and May of 2015 in Nepal. Threats of infectious diseases, mostly zoonoses, could affect Nepal's economy, trade, and tourism, and reaching the targets of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Historically, outbreaks of infectious diseases, including zoonoses, were largely associated with the aftereffects of the earthquakes. It has been documented that zoonoses constitute 61% of all known infectious diseases. Therefore, the purpose of this communication was to examine the infectious disease outbreaks after earthquakes around the world and explore the risk assessment of the zoonoses threats reported in Nepal and highlight adopting One Health. Our summaries on reported zoonoses in Nepal have shown that parasitic zoonoses were predominant, but other infectious disease outbreaks can occur. The fragile public health infrastructure and inadequately trained public health personnel can accelerate the transmission of infections, mostly zoonoses, in the post impact phase of the earthquake in Nepal. Therefore, we believe that with the support of aid agencies, veterinarians and health professionals can team up to resolve the crisis under One Health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G V Asokan
- Public Health Program, College of Health Sciences, University of Bahrain, PO Box- 32038, Bahrain.
| | - A Vanitha
- Pediatrics Department, American Mission Hospital, Manama, PO Box- 1, Bahrain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sheng Z, Gao N, Cui X, Fan D, Chen H, Wu N, Wei J, An J. Electroporation enhances protective immune response of a DNA vaccine against Japanese encephalitis in mice and pigs. Vaccine 2016; 34:5751-5757. [PMID: 27743649 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a pathogenic cause of Japanese Encephalitis (JE), which is a zoonotic disease transmitted by mosquitoes and amplified by pigs. Infection of JEV may lead to severe neurological sequelae, even death in humans and reproductive disorders in pigs. Vaccination is the only way to control JEV infection in humans. For pigs play important role in the JEV transmission cycle, developing a new veterinary vaccine is considered as a useful strategy for cutting off the transmission route of JEV. We have previously reported that DNA vaccine pCAG-JME, expressing prM-E proteins of JEV, is effective in mice through intramuscular injection (IM). However, the poor immunogenicity, due to low expression of immunogen, is the major obstacle for the development of DNA vaccine in large animals. In the present study, therefore, we immunized mice and pigs with pCAG-JME intramuscularly accompanied with electroporation (EP) stimulation, the attractive gene delivery approach. As compared with IM, EP-mediated vaccination markedly increased the expression of immunogen in the injection site and induced a dose- and time-dependent immune response. 100% survival rate was observed in groups vaccinated with doses ranged from 10 to 100μg, indicating that 10μg of DNA with EP for individual was enough for inducing effective protection in mice. Surprisingly, survival rate and end-point titers of anti-JEV antibodies were higher in mice even at lower dose of DNA (5μg) than that in mice inoculated 100μg through IM. Notably, the prM-E antigens also induced high antibody response in pig, while the neutralizing antibody titer achieved 1:320. Our results suggested that EP-mediated DNA immunization might act as an effective strategy against JEV, at least in pig, and that EP has a potential application prospect in DNA vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Sheng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Cui
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Dongying Fan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Jianchun Wei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Influence of pig farmer characteristics on improper use of veterinary drugs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:1395-400. [PMID: 27324246 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Improper use of veterinary drugs by pig farmers may affect food safety and agro-ecological environment. This study analyzed the influence of pig farmer characteristics on the improper use of veterinary drugs in rural China. A multivariate ordered logistic model was applied to examine survey data from 654 pig farmers in Jiangsu Province, China. Results showed that poorly educated, older, male farmers with over 10 years of pig production experience on small- and medium-scale farms were most likely to engage in improper veterinary drug use. Furthermore, male farmers with over 10 years of pig production experience on small-scale farms were more likely to exhibit medium-risk improper use of veterinary drugs, while farmers on medium-scale farms with the same characteristics were more likely to exhibit high-risk improper use. It is concluded that poorly educated male farmers, especially from small- and medium-scale farms, with over 10 years of pig production experience, should be the key target of government classification, regulation, and supervision.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharma BK, Manandhar S, Devleesschauwer B. Serological evidence of type 2 (North American genotype) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Nepal. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 48:663-6. [PMID: 26712360 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has spread throughout Asia, causing significant losses to commercial farmers and smallholders. However, little is known about PRRS in Nepal, a South Asian country with a gradually increasing pig industry. In 2011, a pilot project was initiated to identify the status of PRRSV in pigs of the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. Out of 98 serum samples, 31 (32 %; 95 % CI 23-42 %) were found positive by ELISA. All positive samples belonged to the type 2 (North American) genotype. Molecular evaluation by real-time PCR however did not yield positive results. At the herd level, seropositivity was associated with a history of abortion and premature birth. Veterinarians, farmers and government should be aware of this threat to the Nepalese pig industry and initiate an appropriate response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barun Kumar Sharma
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agricultural Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Salina Manandhar
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agricultural Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 110910, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Metelka J, Robertson C, Stephen C. Japanese Encephalitis: Estimating Future Trends in Asia. AIMS Public Health 2015; 2:601-615. [PMID: 29546126 PMCID: PMC5690430 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2015.4.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited surveillance programs and lack of diagnostic laboratory testing capacity in many low and middle income Asian countries have made it difficult to validate epidemiological patterns and anticipate future changes in disease risk. In this study, we consider the case of Japanese Encephalitis in Asia and examine how populations of human hosts and animal reservoirs are expected to change over the next three decades. Growth was modelled at the sub-national level for rural and urban areas to estimate where high-density, susceptible populations will potentially overlap with populations of the virus' amplifying host. High-risk areas based on these projections were compared to the current distribution of Japanese Encephalitis, and known immunization activities in order to identify areas of highest priority for concern. Results indicated that mapping JE risk factors at the sub-national level is an effective way to contextualize and supplement JE surveillance data. New patterns of risk factor change occurring in Southeast Asia were identified, including around major urban areas experiencing both urbanization and growth in pig populations. A hotspot analysis of pig-to-population ratio found a significant spatial cluster extending northward through Southeast Asia and interior China. Mapping forecasted changes in risk factors for JE highlights regions vulnerable to emerging zoonoses and may be an important tool for developing effecting transnational health policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Metelka
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Colin Robertson
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Craig Stephen
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Saskatoon, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang H, Liang G. Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: past, present, and future prospects. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:435-48. [PMID: 25848290 PMCID: PMC4373597 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s51168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of severe viral encephalitis that affects individuals in Asia, western Pacific countries, and northern Australia. Although 67,900 JE cases have been estimated among 24 JE epidemic countries annually, only 10,426 have been reported in 2011. With the establishment of JE surveillance and vaccine use in some countries, the JE incidence rate has decreased; however, serious outbreaks still occur. Understanding JE epidemics and identifying the circulating JE virus genotypes will improve JE prevention and control. This review summarizes the current epidemiology data in these countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Department of Viral Encephalitis, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing People's Republic of China ; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Department of Viral Encephalitis, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing People's Republic of China ; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ghimire S, Dhakal S. Japanese encephalitis: Challenges and intervention opportunities in Nepal. Vet World 2015; 8:61-5. [PMID: 27046998 PMCID: PMC4777813 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.61-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito borne zoonotic disease caused by JE virus (JEV). JE has been endemic in Terai region, the lowland plains of Nepal bordering India, since 1978. However, in recent years cases of JE has been continuously reported from high altitude zones of hills and mountains. Irrigated rice farming system, expanded pig husbandry practices, inadequate vaccine coverage, low level of public awareness and climate change favoring mosquito breeding in higher altitudes might be the probable risk factors for emergence and re-emergence of JE in Nepal. Repeated outbreak in endemic areas and geographical expansion to newer areas have created huge challenge for JE prevention and control. At present, JE is one of the major public health concern of Nepal. Expanding vaccine coverage, improving agricultural practices, generating public awareness, supporting for use of mosquito avoiding practices and regional collaboration at border against JE can be helpful in getting better control over it in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Ghimire
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|