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Blumer MJ, Surapaneni VA, Ciecierska-Holmes J, Redl S, Pechriggl EJ, Mollen FH, Dean MN. Intermediate filaments spatially organize intracellular nanostructures to produce the bright structural blue of ribbontail stingrays across ontogeny. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1393237. [PMID: 39050893 PMCID: PMC11266302 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1393237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In animals, pigments but also nanostructures determine skin coloration, and many shades are produced by combining both mechanisms. Recently, we discovered a new mechanism for blue coloration in the ribbontail stingray Taeniura lymma, a species with electric blue spots on its yellow-brown skin. Here, we characterize finescale differences in cell composition and architecture distinguishing blue from non-blue regions, the first description of elasmobranch chromatophores and the nanostructures responsible for the stingray's novel structural blue, contrasting with other known mechanisms for making nature's rarest color. In blue regions, the upper dermis comprised a layer of chromatophore units -iridophores and melanophores entwined in compact clusters framed by collagen bundles- this structural stability perhaps the root of the skin color's robustness. Stingray iridophores were notably different from other vertebrate light-reflecting cells in having numerous fingerlike processes, which surrounded nearby melanophores like fists clenching a black stone. Iridophores contained spherical iridosomes enclosing guanine nanocrystals, suspended in a 3D quasi-order, linked by a cytoskeleton of intermediate filaments. We argue that intermediate filaments form a structural scaffold with a distinct optical role, providing the iridosome spacing critical to produce the blue color. In contrast, black-pigmented melanosomes within melanophores showed space-efficient packing, consistent with their hypothesized role as broadband-absorbers for enhancing blue color saturation. The chromatophore layer's ultrastructure was similar in juvenile and adult animals, indicating that skin color and perhaps its ecological role are likely consistent through ontogeny. In non-blue areas, iridophores were replaced by pale cells, resembling iridophores in some morphological and nanoscale features, but lacking guanine crystals, suggesting that the cell types arise from a common progenitor cell. The particular cellular associations and structural interactions we demonstrate in stingray skin suggest that pigment cells induce differentiation in the progenitor cells of iridophores, and that some features driving color production may be shared with bony fishes, although the lineages diverged hundreds of millions of years ago and the iridophores themselves differ drastically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Blumer
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Venkata A. Surapaneni
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jana Ciecierska-Holmes
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Redl
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisabeth J. Pechriggl
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Mason N. Dean
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
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Anderson CM, Fink T, McKinnon JS. Ultrastructural analysis of throat dermal tissue and chromatophore components in the threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus). PeerJ 2023; 11:e16248. [PMID: 38077425 PMCID: PMC10704984 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is an important model for studying the evolution of nuptial coloration, but histological analyses of color are largely lacking. Previous analyses of one nuptial coloration trait, orange-red coloration along the body, have indicated carotenoids are the main pigment producing this color. In addition, recent gene expression studies found variation in the correlates of throat coloration between the sexes and between populations, raising the possibility of variation in the mechanisms underlying superficially similar coloration. We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the histological correlates of color in the throat dermal tissue of threespine stickleback from Western North America, within and between sexes, populations, and ecotypes. Ultrastructural analysis revealed carotenoid-containing erythrophores to be the main chromatophore component associated with orange-red coloration in both males and females across populations. In individuals where some darkening of the throat tissue was present, with no obvious orange-red coloration, erythrophores were not detected. Melanophore presence was more population-specific in expression, including being the only chromatophore component detected in a population of darker fish. We found no dermal chromatophore units within colorless throat tissue. This work confirms the importance of carotenoids and the erythrophore in producing orange-red coloration across sexes, as well as melanin within the melanophore in producing darkened coloration, but does not reveal broad histological differences among populations with similar coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Fink
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. McKinnon
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
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Madkour FA, Abdellatif AM, Osman YA, Kandyel RM. Histological and ultrastructural characterization of the dorso-ventral skin of the juvenile and the adult starry puffer fish (Arothron stellatus, Anonymous 1798). BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:221. [PMID: 37875870 PMCID: PMC10598996 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The starry puffer fish (Arothron stellatus, Anonymous, 1798) is a poisonous tetradontidae fish inhabiting the Red sea. The skin constitutes an important defense against any external effects. The study aims to characterize the dorso-ventral skin of the juvenile and the adult starry puffer fish using light and scanning electron microscopies. Twenty specimens of juvenile and adult fresh fishes were used. RESULTS The scanning electron microarchitecture of the skin of the juvenile and adult fish showed delicate irregular-shaped protrusions, and well-defined bricks-like elevations on the dorsal side and interrupted folds as well as irregular-shaped protrusions on the ventral side. In adult fish, the patterned microridges of the superficial and deep epithelial cells (keratinocytes) were larger and well-defined in the dorsal skin than in the ventral side, the contrary was seen in the juvenile fish. The microridges were arranged in a fingerprint or honeycomb patterns. The openings of the mucous cells were more numerous in the dorsal skin in both age stages but more noticeable in adult. Furthermore, the sensory cells were more dominant in the juveniles than the adults. The odontic spines were only seen in adult. Histologically, few taste buds were observed in the epidermis of the dorsal skin surface of the adult fish. Both mucous and club cells were embedded in the epidermis of the juvenile and adult fish with different shapes and sizes. Melanophores were observed at the dorsal skin of both juvenile and adult fishes while fewer numbers were noticed at the ventral surfaces. Several dermal bony plates with different shapes and sizes were demonstrated in the skin of both adult and juvenile fishes. CONCLUSION The structural variations of skin of the juvenile and adult fishes may reflect the various environmental difficulties that they confront.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma A Madkour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Abdellatif
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Yassein A Osman
- Department of Fisheries, Fish Population Dynamic Lab, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt
| | - Ramadan M Kandyel
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
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Zhao N, Ge X, Jiang K, Huang J, Wei K, Sun C, Chen SX. Ultrastructure and regulation of color change in blue spots of leopard coral trout Plectropomus leopardus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:984081. [PMID: 36339398 PMCID: PMC9630599 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.984081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The leopard coral trout generally exhibited numerous round, minute blue spots covering its head (about the size of nostril) and body (except ventral side). This is a characteristic that distinguishes them from similar species. Recently, however, we found the leopard coral trout with black spots. Here, the distribution and ultrastructure of chromatophores in the blue and black spots were investigated with light and transmission electron microscopies. The results showed that in the blue spots, two types of chromatophores are present in the dermis, with the light-reflecting iridophores located in the upper layer and the aggregated light-absorbing melanophores in the lower layer. Black spots have a similar chromatophore composition, except that the melanosomes within the melanophores disperse their dendritic processes to encircle the iridophores. Interestingly, after the treatment of forskolin, a potent adenylate cyclase activator, the blue spots on the body surface turned black. On the other hand, using the skin preparations in vitro, the electrical stimulation and norepinephrine treatment returned the spots to blue color again, indicating the sympathetic nerves were involved in regulating the coloration of blue spots. Taken together, our results revealed that the blue spots of the leopard coral trout can change color to black and vice versa, resulting from the differences in the distribution of melanosomes, which enriches our understanding of the body color and color changes of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ke Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shi Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- *Correspondence: Shi Xi Chen,
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Genetic basis of orange spot formation in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:211. [PMID: 34823475 PMCID: PMC8613973 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To understand the evolutionary significance of female mate choice for colorful male ornamentation, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of such ornamentation must be understood for examining how the ornaments are associated with “male qualities” that increase the fitness or sexual attractiveness of offspring. In the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), an established model system for research on sexual selection, females prefer males possessing larger and more highly saturated orange spots as potential mates. Although previous studies have identified some chromosome regions and genes associated with orange spot formation, the regulation and involvement of these genetic elements in orange spot formation have not been elucidated. In this study, the expression patterns of genes specific to orange spots and certain color developmental stages were investigated using RNA-seq to reveal the genetic basis of orange spot formation. Results Comparing the gene expression levels of male guppy skin with orange spots (orange skin) with those without any color spots (dull skin) from the same individuals identified 1102 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 630 upregulated genes and 472 downregulated genes in the orange skin. Additionally, the gene expression levels of the whole trunk skin were compared among the three developmental stages and 2247 genes were identified as DEGs according to color development. These analyses indicated that secondary differentiation of xanthophores may affect orange spot formation. Conclusions The results suggested that orange spots might be formed by secondary differentiation, rather than de novo generation, of xanthophores, which is induced by Csf1 and thyroid hormone signaling pathways. Furthermore, we suggested candidate genes associated with the areas and saturation levels of orange spots, which are both believed to be important for female mate choice and independently regulated. This study provides insights into the genetic and cellular regulatory mechanisms underlying orange spot formation, which would help to elucidate how these processes are evolutionarily maintained as ornamental traits relevant to sexual selection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01942-2.
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Zhang S, Tian H, Sun Y, Li X, Wang W, Ru S. Brightened body coloration in female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) serves as an in vivo biomarker for environmental androgens: The example of 17β-trenbolone. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112698. [PMID: 34450427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In vivo testing systems for environmental androgens are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of male-specific brightened body coloration in female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to serve as an in vivo biomarker of environmental androgens using 17β-trenbolone as an example. The high bioaccumulation of 17β-trenbolone in the skin of female guppies suggests that it is a potential target tissue of environmental androgens. The coloration index, pigment cell ultrastructure, pigment levels, sexual attractiveness, and reproductive capability of female guppies were analyzed following 28 days of exposure to 20 ng/L, 200 ng/L, and 2000 ng/L 17β-trenbolone. Increases in the coloration index caused by 17β-trenbolone exposure were attributable to increased pteridine and melanin levels. Decreases in the sexual attractiveness, number of offspring, and survival rate of offspring suggested that the changes in body coloration translated into adverse outcomes. Finally, mRNA sequencing indicated that 17β-trenbolone increased pteridine levels by activating genomic effects of androgen receptor on xanthine dehydrogenase and increased melanin levels by exerting non-genomic effects targeting microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related protein 1 that were mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase and calcium signaling pathways. We have derived a robust adverse outcome pathway of environmental androgens, and our findings suggest that indicators at different biological levels related to brightened body coloration in female guppies can serve as less-invasive or noninvasive in vivo biomarkers of short-term exposure to environmental androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqiu Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Tian
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China.
| | - Yang Sun
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Xuefu Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
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Mousavi SE, Patil JG. Stages of embryonic development in the live-bearing fish, Gambusia holbrooki. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:287-320. [PMID: 34139034 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Divergent morphology and placentation of Poeciliids make them suitable model for investigating how evolutionary selection has altered and conserved the developmental mechanisms. However, there is limited description of their embryonic staging, despite representing a key evolutionary node that shares developmental strategy with placental vertebrates. Here, we describe the embryonic developmental stages of Gambusia holbrooki from zygote to parturition using freshly harvested embryos. RESULTS We defined 40 embryonic stages using a numbered (stages 0-39; zygote to parturition, respectively) and named (grouped into seven periods, ie, zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula, and parturition) staging system. Two sets of quantitative (ie, egg diameter, embryonic total length, otic vesicle closure index, heart rates, the number of caudal fin rays and elements) and qualitative (ie, three-dimensional analysis of images and key morphological criteria) data were acquired and used in combination to describe each stage. All 40 stages are separated by well-defined morphological traits, revealing developmental novelties that are influenced by narrow perivitelline space, placentation, internal gestation, and sex differentiation. CONCLUSIONS The principal diagnostic features described are quick, reliable, and easy to apply. This system will benefit researchers investigating molecular ontogeny, particularly sexual differentiation mechanisms in G. holbrooki.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ehsan Mousavi
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jawahar G Patil
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia.,Inland Fisheries Service, New Norfolk, Tasmania, Australia
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Wang C, Lu B, Li T, Liang G, Xu M, Liu X, Tao W, Zhou L, Kocher TD, Wang D. Nile Tilapia: A Model for Studying Teleost Color Patterns. J Hered 2021; 112:469-484. [PMID: 34027978 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse color patterns of cichlid fishes play an important role in mate choice and speciation. Here we develop the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as a model system for studying the developmental genetics of cichlid color patterns. We identified 4 types of pigment cells: melanophores, xanthophores, iridophores and erythrophores, and characterized their first appearance in wild-type fish. We mutated 25 genes involved in melanogenesis, pteridine metabolism, and the carotenoid absorption and cleavage pathways. Among the 25 mutated genes, 13 genes had a phenotype in both the F0 and F2 generations. None of F1 heterozygotes had phenotype. By comparing the color pattern of our mutants with that of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp), a natural mutant produced during hybridization of tilapia species, we found that the pigmentation of the body and eye is controlled by different genes. Previously studied genes like mitf, kita/kitlga, pmel, tyrb, hps4, gch2, csf1ra, pax7b, and bco2b were proved to be of great significance for color patterning in tilapia. Our results suggested that tilapia, a fish with 4 types of pigment cells and a vertically barred wild-type color pattern, together with various natural and artificially induced color gene mutants, can serve as an excellent model system for study color patterning in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Baoyue Lu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangyuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjing Tao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Thomas D Kocher
- the Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Deshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Sayed RKA, Abd-El Aziz NA, Ibrahim IA, Mokhtar DM. Structural, ultrastructural, and functional aspects of the skin of the upper lip of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:1821-1833. [PMID: 33615621 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to analyze the architecture of the skin of the upper lip region in silver carp fishes using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopies. The skin was composed of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis of the upper lip was characterized by the presence of large number of metachromatic mucous goblet cells, which showed positive reaction with Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue (AB), and toluidine blue. The electroreceptive lateral line system was organized into ampullary and tuberous organs. The scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface of the skin of upper lip was covered by microridges and characterized by the presence of taste buds and openings of lateral line system. As observed by transmission electron microscopy, the cytoplasm of the epidermal layers appeared electron-dense except for the superficial layer, where the cytoplasm was electron-lucent and contained many vacuoles and few profiles of rER. Moreover, the epidermis contained rodlet cells and stem cells. Few organelles were found within the cytoplasm of club cells. Neutrophils and eosinophilic granular cells were also demonstrated as important immune cells in the epidermis of the upper lip. Furthermore, lymphocytes and basophils could be identified with macrophage in the epidermal layer of the upper lip. Numerous telocytes were demonstrated between the collagen fibers of the dermis and bundles of myelinated nerve fibers. In conclusion, the skin of the upper lip region of silver carp displayed many sensory and immunological characteristic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy K A Sayed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Nora A Abd-El Aziz
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ismail A Ibrahim
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Mokhtar
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Scarabotti P, Govezensky T, Bolcatto P, Barrio RA. Universal model for the skin colouration patterns of neotropical catfishes of the genus Pseudoplatystoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12445. [PMID: 32709921 PMCID: PMC7381642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish skin colouration has been widely studied because it involves a variety of processes that are important to the broad field of the developmental biology. Mathematical modelling of fish skin patterning first predicted the existence of morphogens and helped to elucidate the mechanisms of pattern formation. The catfishes of the genus Pseudoplatystoma offer a good biological study model, since its species exhibit the most spectacular and amazing variations of colour patterns on the skin. They present labyrinths, closed loops (or cells), alternate spots and stripes, only spots and combinations of these. We have extended a well known mathematical model to study the skin of Pseudoplatystoma. The basic model is a two component, non-linear reaction diffusion system that presents a richness of bifurcations. The extended model assumes that there are two interacting cell/tissue layers in which morphogens diffuse and interact giving rise to the skin colouration pattern. We have found that by varying only two parameters we are able to accurately reproduce the distinct patterns found in all species of Pseudoplatystoma. The histological analysis of skin samples of two species of this genus, with different patterns, revealed differences on the disposition of the colouration cells that are consistent with our theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Scarabotti
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, UNL, CONICET, FHUC, Ruta 168 Km 0, Ciudad Universitaria, S3001XAI, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Tzipe Govezensky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CD.MX., Mexico
| | - Pablo Bolcatto
- Instituto de Matemática Aplicada del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FHUC, IMAL, Colectora Ruta Nac. 168 km 0, Paraje El Pozo, S3007ABA, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Rafael A Barrio
- Instituto de Física, U.N.A.M., Apdo. Postal 20-36, 01000, CD.MX., Mexico
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Orton RW, Kinsey CT, McBrayer LD. Mite load predicts the quality of sexual color and locomotor performance in a sexually dichromatic lizard. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3152-3163. [PMID: 32273977 PMCID: PMC7141043 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since Darwin, the maintenance of bright sexual colors has recurrently been linked to mate preference. However, the mechanisms underpinning such preferences for bright colors would not be resolved for another century. Likely, the idea of selection for colors that could decrease the chances of survival (e.g., flashy colors that can inadvertently attract predators) was perceived as counterintuitive. It is now widely accepted that these extreme colors often communicate to mates the ability to survive despite a "handicap" and act as honest signals of individual quality when they are correlated with the quality of other traits that are directly linked to individual fitness. Sexual colors in males are frequently perceived as indicators of infection resistance, in particular. Still, there remains considerable discord among studies attempting to parse the relationships between the variables associating sexual color and infection resistance, such as habitat type and body size. This discord may arise from complex interactions between these variables. Here, we ask if sexual color in male Florida scrub lizards (Sceloporus woodi) is an honest signal of resistance to chigger mite infection. To this end, we use linear modeling to explore relationships between mite load, different components of sexual color, ecological performance, body size, and habitat type. Our data show that that the brightness of sexual color in scrub lizards is negatively associated with the interaction between mite load and body size, and scrub lizards suffer decreased endurance capacity with increases in mite load. Our data also indicate that mite load, performance, and sexual color in male scrub lizards can vary between habitat types. Collectively, these results suggest that sexual color in scrub lizards is an honest indicator of individual quality and further underscore the importance of considering multiple factors when testing hypotheses related to the maintenance of sexual color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. Orton
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
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Deconvoluting Wavelengths Leading to Fluorescent Light Induced Inflammation and Cellular Stress in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sci Rep 2020; 10:3321. [PMID: 32094353 PMCID: PMC7039929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent light (FL) has been shown to induce a cellular immune and inflammatory response that is conserved over 450 MY of evolutionary divergence and among vertebrates having drastically different lifestyles such as Mus musculus, Danio rerio, Oryzias latipes and Xiphophorus maculatus. This surprising finding of an inflammation and immune response to FL not only holds for direct light receiving organs (skin) but is also observed within internal organs (brain and liver). Light responsive genetic circuitry initiated by the IL1B regulator induces a highly conserved acute phase response in each organ assessed for all of biological models surveyed to date; however, the specific light wavelengths triggering this response have yet to be determined so investigation of mechanisms and/or light specific molecule(s) leading to this response are difficult to assess. To understand how specific light wavelengths are received in both external and internal organs, zebrafish were exposed to specific 50 nm light wavebands spanning the visible spectrum from 300–600 nm and the genetic responses to each waveband exposure were assessed. Surprisingly, the induced cellular stress response previously observed following FL exposure is not triggered by the lower “damaging” wavelengths of light (UVB and UVA from 300–400 nm) but instead is maximally induced by higher wavelengths ranging from 450–500 nm in skin to 500–600 nm in both brain and liver).
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13
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Kottler VA, Feron R, Nanda I, Klopp C, Du K, Kneitz S, Helmprobst F, Lamatsch DK, Lopez-Roques C, Lluch J, Journot L, Parrinello H, Guiguen Y, Schartl M. Independent Origin of XY and ZW Sex Determination Mechanisms in Mosquitofish Sister Species. Genetics 2020; 214:193-209. [PMID: 31704715 PMCID: PMC6944411 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish are known for the outstanding variety of their sex determination mechanisms and sex chromosome systems. The western (Gambusia affinis) and eastern mosquitofish (G. holbrooki) are sister species for which different sex determination mechanisms have been described: ZZ/ZW for G. affinis and XX/XY for G. holbrooki Here, we carried out restriction-site associated DNA (RAD-) and pool sequencing (Pool-seq) to characterize the sex chromosomes of both species. We found that the ZW chromosomes of G. affinis females and the XY chromosomes of G. holbrooki males correspond to different linkage groups, and thus evolved independently from separate autosomes. In interspecific hybrids, the Y chromosome is dominant over the W chromosome, and X is dominant over Z. In G. holbrooki, we identified a candidate region for the Y-linked melanic pigmentation locus, a rare male phenotype that constitutes a potentially sexually antagonistic trait and is associated with other such characteristics, e.g., large body size and aggressive behavior. We developed a SNP-based marker in the Y-linked allele of GIPC PDZ domain containing family member 1 (gipc1), which was linked to melanism in all tested G. holbrooki populations. This locus represents an example for a color locus that is located in close proximity to a putative sex determiner, and most likely substantially contributed to the evolution of the Y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena A Kottler
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Romain Feron
- INRA, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomics, 35000 Rennes, France
- University of Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Indrajit Nanda
- Institute for Human Genetics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Christophe Klopp
- Sigenae, Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées de Toulouse, INRA, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Kang Du
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074, Germany
| | | | - Dunja K Lamatsch
- University of Innsbruck, Research Department for Limnology, Mondsee, 5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | | | - Jerôme Lluch
- INRA, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Journot
- Montpellier GenomiX (MGX), University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 France
| | - Hugues Parrinello
- Montpellier GenomiX (MGX), University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 France
| | - Yann Guiguen
- INRA, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomics, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074, Germany
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074, Germany
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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14
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Patterson LB, Parichy DM. Zebrafish Pigment Pattern Formation: Insights into the Development and Evolution of Adult Form. Annu Rev Genet 2019; 53:505-530. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112618-043741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate pigment patterns are diverse and fascinating adult traits that allow animals to recognize conspecifics, attract mates, and avoid predators. Pigment patterns in fish are among the most amenable traits for studying the cellular basis of adult form, as the cells that produce diverse patterns are readily visible in the skin during development. The genetic basis of pigment pattern development has been most studied in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Zebrafish adults have alternating dark and light horizontal stripes, resulting from the precise arrangement of three main classes of pigment cells: black melanophores, yellow xanthophores, and iridescent iridophores. The coordination of adult pigment cell lineage specification and differentiation with specific cellular interactions and morphogenetic behaviors is necessary for stripe development. Besides providing a nice example of pattern formation responsible for an adult trait of zebrafish, stripe-forming mechanisms also provide a conceptual framework for posing testable hypotheses about pattern diversification more broadly. Here, we summarize what is known about lineages and molecular interactions required for pattern formation in zebrafish, we review some of what is known about pattern diversification in Danio, and we speculate on how patterns in more distant teleosts may have evolved to produce a stunningly diverse array of patterns in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M. Parichy
- Department of Biology and Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
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15
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Wojan EM, Carreiro NC, Clendenen DA, Neldner HM, Castillo C, Bertram SM, Kolluru GR. The effects of commonly used anaesthetics on colour measurements across body regions in the poeciliid fish, Girardinus metallicus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 95:1320-1330. [PMID: 31515796 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of common anaesthetics on the hue, saturation and brightness measurements of the poeciliid fish Girardinus metallicus were investigated in two experiments. For both experiments the coloration of four body regions was measured from digital images of the same males obtained under three conditions: (1) control (in a water-filled chamber); (2) anaesthetised with MS-222; and (3) anaesthetised with eugenol (clove oil). In experiment 1 anaesthetised fish were photographed out of water. In experiment 2 all photographs were taken in a water-filled chamber. Anaesthetics altered coloration in both experiments. In the more methodologically consistent experiment 2 we found significantly different hue, increased saturation and decreased brightness in anaesthetic v. control conditions, consistent with darkening caused by the anaesthetics. The body regions differed in coloration consistent with countershading but did not differentially change in response to anaesthesia. These findings suggest that photographing fish in a water-filled chamber without anaesthetic is preferable for obtaining digital images for colour analysis and that multiple body regions of fish should be measured when assessing coloration patterns meaningful in behavioural contexts, to account for the gradients caused by countershading. We are encouraged that some researchers employ such methods already and caution against using anaesthetics except when absolutely necessary for immobilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Wojan
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Nalana C Carreiro
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - David A Clendenen
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Heather M Neldner
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Crystal Castillo
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Susan M Bertram
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gita R Kolluru
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
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16
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Sarasamma S, Lai YH, Liang ST, Liu K, Hsiao CD. The Power of Fish Models to Elucidate Skin Cancer Pathogenesis and Impact the Discovery of New Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3929. [PMID: 30544544 PMCID: PMC6321611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models play important roles in investigating the pathobiology of cancer, identifying relevant pathways, and developing novel therapeutic tools. Despite rapid progress in the understanding of disease mechanisms and technological advancement in drug discovery, negative trial outcomes are the most frequent incidences during a Phase III trial. Skin cancer is a potential life-threatening disease in humans and might be medically futile when tumors metastasize. This explains the low success rate of melanoma therapy amongst other malignancies. In the past decades, a number of skin cancer models in fish that showed a parallel development to the disease in humans have provided important insights into the fundamental biology of skin cancer and future treatment methods. With the diversity and breadth of advanced molecular genetic tools available in fish biology, fish skin cancer models will continue to be refined and expanded to keep pace with the rapid development of skin cancer research. This review begins with a brief introduction of molecular characteristics of skin cancers, followed by an overview of teleost models that have been used in the last decades in melanoma research. Next, we will detail the importance of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) animal model and other emerging fish models including platyfish (Xiphophorus sp.), and medaka (Oryzias latipes) in future cutaneous malignancy studies. The last part of this review provides the recent development and genome editing applications of skin cancer models in zebrafish and the progress in small molecule screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeja Sarasamma
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Heng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Tzu Liang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China.
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
- Taiwan Center for Biomedical Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
- Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
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17
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Dick C, Arendt J, Reznick DN, Hayashi CY. The developmental and genetic trajectory of coloration in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Evol Dev 2018; 20:207-218. [PMID: 30191662 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Examining the association between trait variation and development is crucial for understanding the evolution of phenotypic differences. Male guppy ornamental caudal fin coloration is one trait that shows a striking degree of variation within and between guppy populations. Males initially have no caudal fin coloration, then gradually develop it as they reach sexual maturity. For males, there is a trade-off between female preference for caudal fin coloration and increased visibility to predators. This trade-off may reach unique endpoints in males from different predation regimes. Caudal fin coloration includes black melanin, orange/yellow pteridines or carotenoids, and shimmering iridescence. This study examined the phenotypic trajectory and genetics associated with color development. We found that black coloration always developed first, followed by orange/yellow, then iridescence. The ordering and timing of color appearance was the same regardless of predation regime. The increased expression of melanin synthesis genes correlated well with the visual appearance of black coloration, but there was no correlation between carotenoids or pteridine synthesis gene expression and the appearance of orange/yellow. The lack of orange/yellow coloration in earlier male caudal fin developmental stages may be due to reduced expression of genes underlying the development of orange/yellow xanthophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Dick
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Jeff Arendt
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - David N Reznick
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Cheryl Y Hayashi
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York
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18
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Kranz AM, Cole GL, Singh P, Endler JA. Colour pattern component phenotypic divergence can be predicted by the light environment. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1459-1476. [PMID: 29947081 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sensory drive hypothesis predicts that across different light environments sexually selected colour patterns will change to increase an animal's visual communication efficiency within different habitats. This is because individuals with more efficient signal components are likely to have more successful matings and hence produce more offspring. However, how colour pattern signals change over multiple generations under different light environmental conditions has not been tested experimentally. Here, we manipulated colour pattern signal efficiency by providing different ambient light environments over multiple generations to examine whether male colour pattern components change within large replicated populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). We report that colour patches change within populations over time and are phenotypically different among our three different light environments. Visual modelling suggests that the majority of these changes can be understood by considering the chroma, hue and luminance of each colour patch as seen by female guppies under each light environment. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that different environmental conditions during signal reception can directly or indirectly drive the phenotypic diversification of visual signals within species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrea M Kranz
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic, 3216, Australia
| | - Gemma L Cole
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic, 3216, Australia
| | - Priti Singh
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic, 3216, Australia
| | - John A Endler
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic, 3216, Australia
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19
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Václav R, Kolníková Z. Effects of food and thermal regimes on body condition indices and skin colouration in corn snakes. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Sköld HN, Aspengren S, Cheney KL, Wallin M. Fish Chromatophores—From Molecular Motors to Animal Behavior. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 321:171-219. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Djurdjevič I, Kreft ME, Sušnik Bajec S. Comparison of pigment cell ultrastructure and organisation in the dermis of marble trout and brown trout, and first description of erythrophore ultrastructure in salmonids. J Anat 2015; 227:583-95. [PMID: 26467239 PMCID: PMC4609195 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin pigmentation in animals is an important trait with many functions. The present study focused on two closely related salmonid species, marble trout (Salmo marmoratus) and brown trout (S. trutta), which display an uncommon labyrinthine (marble-like) and spot skin pattern, respectively. To determine the role of chromatophore type in the different formation of skin pigment patterns in the two species, the distribution and ultrastructure of chromatophores was examined with light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The presence of three types of chromatophores in trout skin was confirmed: melanophores; xanthophores; and iridophores. In addition, using correlative microscopy, erythrophore ultrastructure in salmonids was described for the first time. Two types of erythrophores are distinguished, both located exclusively in the skin of brown trout: type 1 in black spot skin sections similar to xanthophores; and type 2 with a unique ultrastructure, located only in red spot skin sections. Morphologically, the difference between the light and dark pigmentation of trout skin depends primarily on the position and density of melanophores, in the dark region covering other chromatophores, and in the light region with the iridophores and xanthophores usually exposed. With larger amounts of melanophores, absence of xanthophores and presence of erythrophores type 1 and type L iridophores in the black spot compared with the light regions and the presence of erythrophores type 2 in the red spot, a higher level of pigment cell organisation in the skin of brown trout compared with that of marble trout was demonstrated. Even though the skin regions with chromatophores were well defined, not all the chromatophores were in direct contact, either homophilically or heterophilically, with each other. In addition to short-range interactions, an important role of the cellular environment and long-range interactions between chromatophores in promoting adult pigment pattern formation of trout are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Djurdjevič
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaDomžale, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Sušnik Bajec
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaDomžale, Slovenia
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22
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Ali SA, Naaz I. Understanding the ultrastructural aspects of berberine-induced skin-darkening activity in the toad, Bufo melanostictus, melanophores. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2015; 3:210-219. [PMID: 30023201 PMCID: PMC6014273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberine is an active compound of Berberis vulgaris (Daruhaldi) with known multiple pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering, and anticancer effects. The present work aimed to study the ultrastructural effects of berberine to determine its skin-darkening potential using Bufo melanostictus melanophores, which has not been done to date. Light and electron microscopic analysis of isolated dorsal skin melanophores of B. melanostictus has been done after treatment with various concentrations of berberine, along with specific antagonists and agonists of β-adrenoceptors in order to explore the mechanism of action of berberine-induced skin darkening. The results showed that the number of melanophores with melanin-loaded dendrites increased in the subepidermal layer significantly in berberine-treated skin pieces in a dose-dependent manner leading to skin darkening. Highly electron-dense melanosomes of Stage IV increased considerably due to the enhanced process of melanization. These effects were found to be antagonized by propranolol, and were also found to be highly potentiated by isoprenaline, which is a specific β-adrenoceptor agonist. The findings show that berberine possesses a skin-darkening potential and could be used as a safe melanogenic agent for the treatment of hypopigmentation disorders or vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharique A Ali
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Saifia Science College, Bhopal, MP 462001, India
| | - Ishrat Naaz
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Saifia Science College, Bhopal, MP 462001, India
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23
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Kottler VA, Künstner A, Koch I, Flötenmeyer M, Langenecker T, Hoffmann M, Sharma E, Weigel D, Dreyer C. Adenylate cyclase 5
is required for melanophore and male pattern development in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata
). Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:545-58. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Axel Künstner
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
| | - Iris Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
| | | | | | | | - Eshita Sharma
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
| | - Christine Dreyer
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena A. Kottler
- Department of Molecular Biology; Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
| | - Axel Künstner
- Department of Molecular Biology; Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
- Guest Group Evolutionary Genomics; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology; Plön Germany
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology; University of Lübeck; Lübeck Germany
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken; University Clinic Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
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25
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Parichy DM, Spiewak JE. Origins of adult pigmentation: diversity in pigment stem cell lineages and implications for pattern evolution. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 28:31-50. [PMID: 25421288 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Teleosts comprise about half of all vertebrate species and exhibit an extraordinary diversity of adult pigment patterns that function in shoaling, camouflage, and mate choice and have played important roles in speciation. Here, we review studies that have identified several distinct neural crest lineages, with distinct genetic requirements, that give rise to adult pigment cells in fishes. These lineages include post-embryonic, peripheral nerve-associated stem cells that generate black melanophores and iridescent iridophores, cells derived directly from embryonic neural crest cells that generate yellow-orange xanthophores, and bipotent stem cells that generate both melanophores and xanthophores. This complexity in adult chromatophore lineages has implications for our understanding of adult traits, melanoma, and the evolutionary diversification of pigment cell lineages and patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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