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Osadchuk LV, Vasiliev GV, Osadchuk AV. Associations of CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene with steroid hormone levels and anthropometrics among men: the role of the ethnic factor. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2024; 28:80-89. [PMID: 38469358 PMCID: PMC10926003 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-24-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Androgens are required for stimulation and maintenance of skeletal growth and bone homeostasis. Physiological functions of androgens are mediated through the androgen receptor (AR). The androgen receptor gene AR has a polymorphic trinucleotide CAG repeat and the length of AR CAG repeats determining the sensitivity of bone tissue to androgens is associated with skeleton formation and body proportions. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between AR CAG repeat polymorphism, circulating sex steroid hormones and the anthropometrics in males of different ethnic origins. Male volunteers of three ethnic groups (Slavs, Buryats, Yakuts) from urban Russian populations were recruited in a population-based study (n = 1078). Anthropometric indicators (height, arm span, leg length, the length of 2 and 4 digits of both hands) were measured and the following anthropometric indices were calculated: the ratio of height to leg length, the ratio of arm span to height, the ratio of lengths of second to fourth digit of the hand. Serum testosterone and estradiol were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Genotyping of the AR CAG repeats was performed using fragment analysis and capillary electrophoresis. Ethnic differences in all anthropometric and hormonal indicators have been established, with higher anthropometric indicators in Slavs than Buryats, and in most cases higher than in Yakuts. The testosterone level was higher among Slavs compared to Buryats, but did not differ from Yakuts; the estradiol level was lower among Slavs compared to Buryats, who did not differ from Yakuts. Buryats and Yakuts had a higher number of CAG repeats than Slavs (medians: Slavs, 23; Buryats, 24; Yakuts, 25). Positive correlations were found between the length of AR CAG repeats and estradiol levels in Buryats and testosterone levels in Yakuts, while longer CAG repeats were accompanied by higher estradiol levels in Buryats and testosterone levels in Slavs and Yakuts. Ethnic-specific correlations have been established between the steroid hormone levels and some anthropometric indicators in all ethnic groups. Available data suggest that the ethnic-specific associations of AR CAG repeats with anthropometrics can be mediated by sex steroid hormones as important regulators of skeletal growth and bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Osadchuk
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - G V Vasiliev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A V Osadchuk
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Androgen Receptor Gene CAG Repeat Length Varies and Affects Semen Quality in an Ethnic-Specific Fashion in Young Men from Russia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810594. [PMID: 36142533 PMCID: PMC9505661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Male infertility is a multi-factorial and multi-genetic disorder, and the prevalence of male infertility in the world is estimated at 5–35%. The search for the causes of male infertility allowed for identifying a number of genetic factors including a single X-linked gene of the androgen receptor (AR), and some of its alleles are assumed to negatively affect male fertility. Our aim was (1) to study the variability of the length of CAG repeats of the AR gene and possible associations in the AR CAG genetic variants with semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in a population-based cohort of men and (2) to estimate distributions of AR CAG repeat alleles and associations with semen parameters in different ethnic subgroups. The cohort of 1324 young male volunteers of different ethnicities (median age 23.0 years) was recruited from the general population of five cities of the Russian Federation, regardless of their fertility status. Semen quality (sperm concentration, motility and morphology), reproductive hormone levels (testosterone, estradiol, LH, FSH and inhibin B) and trinucleotide (CAG) n repeat polymorphism in exon 1 of the AR gene were evaluated. The semen samples were analyzed according to the WHO laboratory manual (WHO, 2010), serum hormones were measured by enzyme immunoassay, and the AR CAG repeat length was analyzed by direct sequencing of leukocyte DNA. The median AR CAG repeat length in men of our multi-ethnic population was 23 (range 6–39). In the entire study population, a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was found in the frequency distribution and the mean values for the CAG repeat length between the groups with normal (23.2 ± 3.3) and impaired semen quality (23.9 ± 3.2). Additionally, we demonstrated that the total sperm count, sperm concentration, progressive motility and normal morphology were lower in the category of long CAG repeats (CAG ≥ 25) compared with those in the category of short CAG repeats (CAG ≤ 19); however, hormonal parameters did not differ between the long and short CAG categories, with the exception of estradiol. Significant differences were observed in the AR CAG repeat length between the most common ethnic cohorts of Slavs (Caucasians), Buryats (Asians), and Yakuts (Asians). The Buryats and Yakuts had a higher number of CAG repeats than the Slavs (medians: Slavs—23; Buryats—24; Yakuts—25). The range of alleles differed among ethnicities, with the Slavs having the largest range (7–36 repeats, 24 alleles total), the Yakuts having the smallest range (18–32 repeats, 14 alleles total) and the Buryats having the middle range (11–39 repeats, 20 alleles total). The longer CAG repeats were associated with an impaired semen quality within the Slavic (CAG ≥ 25) and Buryat (CAG ≥ 28) groups, but this effect was not found in Yakuts. Hormonal parameters did not differ between the three CAG repeat categories in men of all ethnic groups. This is the largest Russian study of the distribution of AR CAG repeats and the search for association between length of AR CAG repeat tract and impaired spermatogenesis in men from the general population. Our results confirmed the association of longer CAG repeats with a risk of impaired semen quality, but this association can be modified by ethnic origin. Identification of the number of AR CAG repeats can be an effective tool to assess the risk of male subfertility and the control of androgen hormone therapy of reproductive diseases.
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Multi-omics research in sarcopenia: Current progress and future prospects. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 76:101576. [PMID: 35104630 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a systemic disease with progressive and generalized skeletal muscle dysfunction defined by age-related low muscle mass, high content of muscle slow fibers, and low muscle function. Muscle phenotypes and sarcopenia risk are heritable; however, the genetic architecture and molecular mechanisms underlying sarcopenia remain largely unclear. In recent years, significant progress has been made in determining susceptibility loci using genome-wide association studies. In addition, recent advances in omics techniques, including genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, offer new opportunities to identify novel targets to help us understand the pathophysiology of sarcopenia. However, each individual technology cannot capture the entire view of the biological complexity of this disorder, while integrative multi-omics analyses may be able to reveal new insights. Here, we review the latest findings of multi-omics studies for sarcopenia and provide an in-depth summary of our current understanding of sarcopenia pathogenesis. Leveraging multi-omics data could give us a holistic understanding of sarcopenia etiology that may lead to new clinical applications. This review offers guidance and recommendations for fundamental research, innovative perspectives, and preventative and therapeutic interventions for sarcopenia.
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McCullough D, Webb R, Enright KJ, Lane KE, McVeigh J, Stewart CE, Davies IG. How the love of muscle can break a heart: Impact of anabolic androgenic steroids on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, metabolic and cardiovascular health. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:389-405. [PMID: 33269425 PMCID: PMC8087567 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated 6.4% of males and 1.6% of females globally use anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), mostly for appearance and performance enhancing reasons. In combination with resistance exercise, AAS use increases muscle protein synthesis resulting in skeletal muscle hypertrophy and increased performance. Primarily through binding to the androgen receptor, AAS exert their hypertrophic effects via genomic, non-genomic and anti-catabolic mechanisms. However, chronic AAS use also has a detrimental effect on metabolism ultimately increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Much research has focused on AAS effects on blood lipids and lipoproteins, with abnormal concentrations of these associated with insulin resistance, hypertension and increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT). This clustering of interconnected abnormalities is often referred as metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore the impact of AAS use on mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and markers of MetS. AAS use markedly decreases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and increases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Chronic AAS use also appears to cause higher fasting insulin levels and impaired glucose tolerance and possibly higher levels of VAT; however, research is currently lacking on the effects of AAS use on glucose metabolism. While cessation of AAS use can restore normal lipid levels, it may lead to withdrawal symptoms such as depression and hypogonadism that can increase CVD risk. Research is currently lacking on effective treatments for withdrawal symptoms and further long-term research is warranted on the effects of AAS use on metabolic health in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deaglan McCullough
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Richard Webb
- Faculty of Science, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kevin J Enright
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katie E Lane
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jim McVeigh
- Substance Use and Associated Behaviours Group, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Claire E Stewart
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian G Davies
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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5
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Guilherme JPLF, V Shikhova Y, R Dondukovskaya R, A Topanova A, A Semenova E, V Astratenkova I, Ahmetov II. Androgen receptor gene microsatellite polymorphism is associated with muscle mass and strength in bodybuilders and power athlete status. Ann Hum Biol 2021; 48:142-149. [PMID: 33900145 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2021.1919204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) gene contains a polymorphic trinucleotide (CAG) microsatellite repeat sequence (short or long alleles) that has been associated with fat-free mass in untrained men, which needs to be replicated in athletic cohorts. AIM The purpose of this study was to explore the AR (CAG)n polymorphism in trained individuals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 61 professional bodybuilders (40 males, 21 females), 73 elite male sprinters and weightlifters and 186 male controls were enrolled in this study. The influence of the AR (CAG)n polymorphism on muscle mass and strength was assessed in bodybuilders, while the frequencies of AR (CAG)n alleles were compared between power athletes and non-athletes. RESULTS The polymorphism was associated with anthropometric and strength measurements in bodybuilders of both genders. Those with ≥21 CAG repeats (i.e. carriers of long alleles) exhibited greater (p < 0.05) body mass index, absolute muscle mass, arm/thigh circumference and upper/lower limb strength compared to those with <21 CAG repeats. Furthermore, carriers of ≥21 CAG repeats were more frequent among power athletes compared to controls (p = 0.0076). CONCLUSIONS Long alleles of the AR (CAG)n polymorphism were associated with greater muscle mass and strength in bodybuilders, and power athlete status.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo L F Guilherme
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yulia V Shikhova
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Rimma R Dondukovskaya
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia.,Weider College of Fitness and Bodybuilding, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Topanova
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Medical Education, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia.,Sport Technology Research Center, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia
| | - Irina V Astratenkova
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Physiology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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6
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Nóbrega MD, Cilião HL, Souza MFD, Souza MRD, Serpeloni JM, Fuganti PE, Cólus IMDS. Association of polymorphisms of PTEN, AKT1, PI3K, AR, and AMACR genes in patients with prostate cancer. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20180329. [PMID: 32484847 PMCID: PMC7271063 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphic variants in the PTEN (rs2735343), PI3K (rs2699887), AKT1 (rs2494750), AR (rs17302090), and AMACR (rs3195676) genes were evaluated as possible molecular markers of susceptibility, prognosis, and progression of prostate cancer (PCa), in a case-control study. Samples consisted of 277 patients with PCa and 277 controls from Londrina, PR, Brazil. SNPs were analyzed by real-time PCR. A family history of cancer, including PCa, as well as level of schooling were risk factors for PCa. The data were obtained via logistic regression, using odds ratios with a CI 95%. The genotypes of AKT1 and AKT1+AR demonstrated an association with protection for the disease. The combination of SNPs with the histopathological tumor data between allele variants of AMACR, AKT1+AR, and AKT1+AMACR indicated an association with protection against seminal vesicle invasion. The polymorphisms AKT1+AR and PI3K+AR were associated with protection against tumor bilaterality. The genotype combinations PTEN+AMACR and PTEN+AR were associated with the risk of extracapsular extension. Of the five genes studied, two were associated with protection for PCa, four were associated with protection for some prognostic variables, and only one was associated with risk. Thus, these SNPs are candidates for markers to discriminate men with better or worse prognosis for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monyse de Nóbrega
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Biologia Geral, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Lizotti Cilião
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Biologia Geral, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Milene Roldão de Souza
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Biologia Geral, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana Mara Serpeloni
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Biologia Geral, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Hymer WC, Nindl BC, Fragala MS. Growth Hormone(s), Testosterone, Insulin-Like Growth Factors, and Cortisol: Roles and Integration for Cellular Development and Growth With Exercise. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:33. [PMID: 32158429 PMCID: PMC7052063 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones are largely responsible for the integrated communication of several physiological systems responsible for modulating cellular growth and development. Although the specific hormonal influence must be considered within the context of the entire endocrine system and its relationship with other physiological systems, three key hormones are considered the "anabolic giants" in cellular growth and repair: testosterone, the growth hormone superfamily, and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) superfamily. In addition to these anabolic hormones, glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol must also be considered because of their profound opposing influence on human skeletal muscle anabolism in many instances. This review presents emerging research on: (1) Testosterone signaling pathways, responses, and adaptations to resistance training; (2) Growth hormone: presents new complexity with exercise stress; (3) Current perspectives on IGF-I and physiological adaptations and complexity these hormones as related to training; and (4) Glucocorticoid roles in integrated communication for anabolic/catabolic signaling. Specifically, the review describes (1) Testosterone as the primary anabolic hormone, with an anabolic influence largely dictated primarily by genomic and possible non-genomic signaling, satellite cell activation, interaction with other anabolic signaling pathways, upregulation or downregulation of the androgen receptor, and potential roles in co-activators and transcriptional activity; (2) Differential influences of growth hormones depending on the "type" of the hormone being assayed and the magnitude of the physiological stress; (3) The exquisite regulation of IGF-1 by a family of binding proteins (IGFBPs 1-6), which can either stimulate or inhibit biological action depending on binding; and (4) Circadian patterning and newly discovered variants of glucocorticoid isoforms largely dictating glucocorticoid sensitivity and catabolic, muscle sparing, or pathological influence. The downstream integrated anabolic and catabolic mechanisms of these hormones not only affect the ability of skeletal muscle to generate force; they also have implications for pharmaceutical treatments, aging, and prevalent chronic conditions such as metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Thus, advances in our understanding of hormones that impact anabolic: catabolic processes have relevance for athletes and the general population, alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: William J. Kraemer
| | - Nicholas A. Ratamess
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, United States
| | - Wesley C. Hymer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Department of Sports Medicine, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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8
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Zhang K, Yang X, Zhang M, Wang C, Fang P, Xue M, Zhao J, Gao X, Pan R, Gong P. Revisiting the relationships of 2D:4D with androgen receptor (AR) gene and current testosterone levels: Replication study and meta-analyses. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:353-370. [PMID: 31359506 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The relationships of digit ratio (2D:4D) with the length of AR (CAG)n, and testosterone levels from saliva and blood have been extensively debated over the years. This research including three studies further clarifies such controversies. To do so, we re-examined the relationships between the length of AR (CAG)n, 2D:4D, and current testosterone levels, through replication study and meta-analysis for each study. The results indicate: (a) the length of AR (CAG)n is not significantly associated with 2D:4D; (b) current testosterone levels are not significantly associated with the ratio; and (c) the length is not significantly associated with testosterone levels. Thus, AR (CAG)n and current testosterone levels are not significantly related to 2D:4D at individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejin Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Yang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengfei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunlan Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengpeng Fang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengying Xue
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaocai Gao
- Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruliang Pan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,School of Human Sciences, Centre for Evolutionary Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Pingyuan Gong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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9
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Owens SJ, Weickert TW, Purves-Tyson TD, Ji E, White C, Galletly C, Liu D, O'Donnell M, Shannon Weickert C. Sex-Specific Associations of Androgen Receptor CAG Trinucleotide Repeat Length and of Raloxifene Treatment with Testosterone Levels and Perceived Stress in Schizophrenia. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2019; 5:28-41. [PMID: 31019916 PMCID: PMC6465742 DOI: 10.1159/000495062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lower testosterone levels are associated with greater negative symptoms in men with schizophrenia. Testosterone signals via androgen receptor (AR). A functional variant in the AR gene (CAG trinucleotide repeat polymorphism) is associated with circulating testosterone and mood-related symptoms in healthy people. Raloxifene increases testosterone in healthy males and reduces symptom severity and improves cognition in schizophrenia; however, whether raloxifene increases testosterone in men with schizophrenia is unknown. We assessed the interaction of a functional AR gene variant and adjunctive raloxifene on peripheral testosterone and symptom severity in schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia (59 males and 38 females) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of adjunctive raloxifene (120 mg/day). Healthy adults (46 males and 41 females) were used for baseline comparison. Baseline circulating testosterone was decreased in male patients compared to male controls and positively correlated with CAG repeat length in male controls and female patients. Male patients with short, compared to long, CAG repeat length had higher stress scores. Raloxifene treatment increased testosterone in male patients, but was unrelated to AR CAG repeat length, suggesting that raloxifene's effects may not depend on AR activity. Sex-specific alterations of the relationship between AR CAG repeat length and testosterone suggest that altered AR activity may impact perceived stress in men with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Owens
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas W. Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tertia D. Purves-Tyson
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellen Ji
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher White
- Department of Endocrinology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dennis Liu
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maryanne O'Donnell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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10
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Voracek M, Kossmeier M, Tran US. Which Data to Meta-Analyze, and How? ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOLOGIE-JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/2151-2604/a000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Which data to analyze, and how, are fundamental questions of all empirical research. As there are always numerous flexibilities in data-analytic decisions (a “garden of forking paths”), this poses perennial problems to all empirical research. Specification-curve analysis and multiverse analysis have recently been proposed as solutions to these issues. Building on the structural analogies between primary data analysis and meta-analysis, we transform and adapt these approaches to the meta-analytic level, in tandem with combinatorial meta-analysis. We explain the rationale of this idea, suggest descriptive and inferential statistical procedures, as well as graphical displays, provide code for meta-analytic practitioners to generate and use these, and present a fully worked real example from digit ratio (2D:4D) research, totaling 1,592 meta-analytic specifications. Specification-curve and multiverse meta-analysis holds promise to resolve conflicting meta-analyses, contested evidence, controversial empirical literatures, and polarized research, and to mitigate the associated detrimental effects of these phenomena on research progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Voracek
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kossmeier
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich S. Tran
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
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11
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Grigorova M, Punab M, Kahre T, Ivandi M, Tõnisson N, Poolamets O, Vihljajev V, Žilaitienė B, Erenpreiss J, Matulevičius V, Laan M. The number of CAG and GGN triplet repeats in the Androgen Receptor
gene exert combinatorial effect on hormonal and sperm parameters in young men. Andrology 2017; 5:495-504. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Grigorova
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - M. Punab
- Andrology Unit; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
| | - T. Kahre
- Department of Genetics; United Laboratories; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
| | - M. Ivandi
- Department of Genetics; United Laboratories; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
| | - N. Tõnisson
- Department of Genetics; United Laboratories; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
| | - O. Poolamets
- Andrology Unit; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
| | - V. Vihljajev
- Andrology Unit; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
| | - B. Žilaitienė
- Medical Academy; Institute of Endocrinology; Lithuanian University of Health Sciences; Kaunas Lithuania
| | - J. Erenpreiss
- Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study center; Rīga Latvia
| | - V. Matulevičius
- Medical Academy; Institute of Endocrinology; Lithuanian University of Health Sciences; Kaunas Lithuania
| | - M. Laan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
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Ryan CP, Georgiev AV, McDade TW, Gettler LT, Eisenberg DTA, Rzhetskaya M, Agustin SS, Hayes MG, Kuzawa CW. Androgen receptor polyglutamine repeat length (AR‐CAGn) modulates the effect of testosterone on androgen‐associated somatic traits in Filipino young adult men. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:317-327. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Calen P. Ryan
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
| | | | - Thomas W. McDade
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
- Institute for Policy ResearchNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
| | - Lee T. Gettler
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana
- The Eck Institute for Global HealthUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana
| | - Dan T. A. Eisenberg
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington
- Center for Studies in Demography and EcologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington
| | - Margarita Rzhetskaya
- Division of EndocrinologyMetabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago Illinois
| | - Sonny S. Agustin
- USC‐Office of Population Studies FoundationUniversity of San CarlosCebu City Philippines
| | - M. Geoffrey Hayes
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
- Division of EndocrinologyMetabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago Illinois
- Center for Genetic MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago Illinois
| | - Christopher W. Kuzawa
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
- Institute for Policy ResearchNorthwestern UniversityEvanston Illinois
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Sung J, Song YM. Genetic effects on serum testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin in men: a Korean twin and family study. Asian J Androl 2016; 18:786-90. [PMID: 26486061 PMCID: PMC5000805 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.164923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study to evaluate the role of genetics in determining the individual difference in total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin levels. Study participants comprised 730 Korean men consisting of 142 pairs of monozygotic twins, 191 pairs of siblings, and 259 father-offspring pairs from 270 families who participated in the Healthy Twin study. Serum concentration of total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay, and free testosterone and bioavailable testosterone were calculated using Vermeulen's method. Quantitative genetic analysis based on a variance decomposition model showed that the heritability of total testosterone, free testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin were 0.56, 0.45, 0.44, and 0.69, respectively after accounting for age and body mass index. Proportions of variance explained by age and body mass index varied across different traits, from 8% for total testosterone to 31% for sex hormone-binding globulin. Bivariate analysis showed a high degree of additive genetic correlation (ρG = 0.67) and a moderate degree of individual-specific environmental correlation (ρE = 0.42) between total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin. The findings confirmed the important role of genetics in determining the individually different levels of testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin during adulthood in Korean men as found in non-Asian populations, which may suggest that common biologic control for determining testosterone level directly or indirectly through binding protein are largely shared among different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohon Sung
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
- Institute of Health Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Yun-Mi Song
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center and Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
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Casarini L, Simoni M, Brigante G. Is polycystic ovary syndrome a sexual conflict? A review. Reprod Biomed Online 2016; 32:350-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Contrò V, R. Basile J, Proia P. Sex steroid hormone receptors, their ligands, and nuclear and non-nuclear pathways. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2015.3.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Gonzales GF, Chaupis D. Higher androgen bioactivity is associated with excessive erythrocytosis and chronic mountain sickness in Andean Highlanders: a review. Andrologia 2014; 47:729-43. [PMID: 25277225 DOI: 10.1111/and.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations living at high altitudes (HA), particularly in the Peruvian Central Andes, are characterised by presenting subjects with erythrocytosis and others with excessive erythrocytosis (EE)(Hb>21 g dl(-1) ). EE is associated with chronic mountain sickness (CMS), or lack of adaptation to HA. Testosterone is an erythropoietic hormone and it may play a role on EE at HA. The objective of the present review was to summarise findings on role of serum T levels on adaptation at HA and genes acting on this process. Men at HA without EE have higher androstenedione levels and low ratio androstenedione/testosterone than men with EE, suggesting low activity of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD), and this could be a mechanism of adaptation to HA. Higher conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone to testosterone in men with EE suggests nigher 17beta-HSD activity. Men with CMS at Peruvian Central Andes have two genes SENP1, and ANP32D with higher transcriptional response to hypoxia relative to those without. SUMO-specific protease 1 (SENP1) is an erythropoiesis regulator, which is essential for the stability and activity of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α) under hypoxia. SENP1 reverses the hormone-augmented SUMOylation of androgen receptor (AR) increasing the transcription activity of AR.In conclusion, increased androgen activity is related with CMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Gonzales
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproduction, High Altitude Research Institute and Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - D Chaupis
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproduction, High Altitude Research Institute and Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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No effects of androgen receptor gene CAG and GGC repeat polymorphisms on digit ratio (2D:4D): a comprehensive meta-analysis and critical evaluation of research. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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