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Princepe D, Czarnobai S, Pradella TM, Caetano RA, Marquitti FMD, de Aguiar MAM, Araujo SBL. Diversity patterns and speciation processes in a two-island system with continuous migration. Evolution 2022; 76:2260-2271. [PMID: 36036483 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Geographic isolation is a central mechanism of speciation, but perfect isolation of populations is rare. Although speciation can be hindered if gene flow is large, intermediate levels of migration can enhance speciation by introducing genetic novelty in the semi-isolated populations or founding small communities of migrants. Here, we consider a two-island neutral model of speciation with continuous migration and study diversity patterns as a function of the migration probability, population size, and number of genes involved in reproductive isolation (dubbed as genome size). For small genomes, low levels of migration induce speciation on the islands that otherwise would not occur. Diversity, however, drops sharply to a single species inhabiting both islands as the migration probability increases. For large genomes, sympatric speciation occurs even when the islands are strictly isolated. Then species richness per island increases with the probability of migration, but the total number of species decreases as they become cosmopolitan. For each genome size, there is an optimal migration intensity for each population size that maximizes the number of species. We discuss the observed modes of speciation induced by migration and how they increase species richness in the insular system while promoting asymmetry between the islands and hindering endemism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Princepe
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
| | - Simone Czarnobai
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
| | - Thiago M Pradella
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo A Caetano
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
| | - Flavia M D Marquitti
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil.,Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
| | - Marcus A M de Aguiar
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
| | - Sabrina B L Araujo
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
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2
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Yamaguchi R. Intermediate dispersal hypothesis of species diversity: New insights. Ecol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yamaguchi
- Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
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Single-Island Endemism despite Repeated Dispersal in Caribbean Micrathena (Araneae: Araneidae): An Updated Phylogeographic Analysis. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Island biogeographers have long sought to elucidate the mechanisms behind biodiversity genesis. The Caribbean presents a unique stage on which to analyze the diversification process, due to the geologic diversity among the islands and the rich biotic diversity with high levels of island endemism. The colonization of such islands may reflect geologic heterogeneity through vicariant processes and/ or involve long-distance overwater dispersal. Here, we explore the phylogeography of the Caribbean and proximal mainland spiny orbweavers (Micrathena, Araneae), an American spider lineage that is the most diverse in the tropics and is found throughout the Caribbean. We specifically test whether the vicariant colonization via the contested GAARlandia landbridge (putatively emergent 33–35 mya), long-distance dispersal (LDD), or both processes best explain the modern Micrathena distribution. We reconstruct the phylogeny and test biogeographic hypotheses using a ‘target gene approach’ with three molecular markers (CO1, ITS-2, and 16S rRNA). Phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of the genus but reject the monophyly of Caribbean Micrathena. Biogeographical analyses support five independent colonizations of the region via multiple overwater dispersal events, primarily from North/Central America, although the genus is South American in origin. There is no evidence for dispersal to the Greater Antilles during the timespan of GAARlandia. Our phylogeny implies greater species richness in the Caribbean than previously known, with two putative species of M. forcipata that are each single-island endemics, as well as deep divergences between the Mexican and Floridian M. sagittata. Micrathena is an unusual lineage among arachnids, having colonized the Caribbean multiple times via overwater dispersal after the submergence of GAARlandia. On the other hand, single-island endemism and undiscovered diversity are nearly universal among all but the most dispersal-prone arachnid groups in the Caribbean.
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Biogeography of Long-Jawed Spiders Reveals Multiple Colonization of the Caribbean. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13120622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal ability can affect levels of gene flow thereby shaping species distributions and richness patterns. The intermediate dispersal model of biogeography (IDM) predicts that in island systems, species diversity of those lineages with an intermediate dispersal potential is the highest. Here, we tested this prediction on long-jawed spiders (Tetragnatha) of the Caribbean archipelago using phylogenies from a total of 318 individuals delineated into 54 putative species. Our results support a Tetragnatha monophyly (within our sampling) but reject the monophyly of the Caribbean lineages, where we found low endemism yet high diversity. The reconstructed biogeographic history detects a potential early overwater colonization of the Caribbean, refuting an ancient vicariant origin of the Caribbean Tetragnatha as well as the GAARlandia land-bridge scenario. Instead, the results imply multiple colonization events to and from the Caribbean from the mid-Eocene to late-Miocene. Among arachnids, Tetragnatha uniquely comprises both excellently and poorly dispersing species. A direct test of the IDM would require consideration of three categories of dispersers; however, long-jawed spiders do not fit one of these three a priori definitions, but rather represent a more complex combination of attributes. A taxon such as Tetragnatha, one that readily undergoes evolutionary changes in dispersal propensity, can be referred to as a ‘dynamic disperser’.
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Crespo LC, Silva I, Enguídanos A, Cardoso P, Arnedo MA. The Atlantic connection: coastal habitat favoured long distance dispersal and colonization of Azores and Madeira by Dysdera spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae). SYST BIODIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2021.1946618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luís C. Crespo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences (Arthropods), Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), University of Barcelona, Avd. Diagonal, 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Isamberto Silva
- Instituto das Florestas e Conservação da Natureza, Funchal, 9054-505, Portugal
| | - Alba Enguídanos
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences (Arthropods), Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), University of Barcelona, Avd. Diagonal, 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 17, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Miquel A. Arnedo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences (Arthropods), Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), University of Barcelona, Avd. Diagonal, 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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6
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Tao R, Sack L, Rosindell J. Biogeographic Drivers of Evolutionary Radiations. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.644328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some lineages radiate spectacularly when colonizing a region, but others do not. Large radiations are often attributed to species’ adaptation into niches, or to other drivers, such as biogeography including dispersal ability and spatial structure of the landscape. Here we aim to disentangle the factors determining radiation size, by modeling simplified scenarios without the complexity of explicit niches. We build a spatially structured neutral model free from niches and incorporating a form of protracted speciation that accounts for gene flow between populations. We find that a wide range of radiation sizes are possible in this model depending on the combination of geographic isolation and species’ dispersal ability. At extremely low rates of dispersal between patches, each patch maintains its own endemic species. Intermediate dispersal rates foster larger radiations as they allow occasional movement between patches whilst sufficiently restricting gene flow to support further speciation in allopatry. As dispersal rates increase further, a critical point is reached at which demographically identical lineages may vary greatly in radiation size due to rare and stochastic dispersal events. At the critical point in dispersal frequency, some lineages remain a single species for a comparatively long time, whilst others with identical characteristics produce the largest radiations of all via a new mechanism for rapid radiation that we term a ‘radiation cascade’. Given a single species covering many patches connected with gene flow, a radiation cascade is triggered when stochastic dispersal is unusually low for a period, leading to an initial speciation event. This speciation means there are fewer individuals per species and thus further reduced gene flow between conspecifics. Reduced gene flow in turn makes it easier for further speciation to occur. During a radiation cascade, dispersal of individuals between patches continues at the same rate as before, but due to the increasing diversity it primarily introduces novel species that will later speciate, rather than adding to gene flow of existing species. Once a radiation cascade begins, it continues rapidly until it is arrested by a new equilibrium between speciation and extinction. We speculate that such radiation cascades may occur more generally and are not only present in neutral models. This process may help to explain rapid radiation, and the extreme radiation sizes of certain lineages with dispersing ancestors. Whilst niches no doubt play a role in community assembly, our findings lead us to question whether diversification and adaptation into niches is sometimes an effect of speciation and rapid radiation, rather than its cause.
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Turk E, Kralj-Fišer S, Kuntner M. Exploring diversification drivers in golden orbweavers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9248. [PMID: 33927261 PMCID: PMC8084975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity in species diversity is driven by the dynamics of speciation and extinction, potentially influenced by organismal and environmental factors. Here, we explore macroevolutionary trends on a phylogeny of golden orbweavers (spider family Nephilidae). Our initial inference detects heterogeneity in speciation and extinction, with accelerated extinction rates in the extremely sexually size dimorphic Nephila and accelerated speciation in Herennia, a lineage defined by highly derived, arboricolous webs, and pronounced island endemism. We evaluate potential drivers of this heterogeneity that relate to organisms and their environment. Primarily, we test two continuous organismal factors for correlation with diversification in nephilids: phenotypic extremeness (female and male body length, and sexual size dimorphism as their ratio) and dispersal propensity (through range sizes as a proxy). We predict a bell-shaped relationship between factor values and speciation, with intermediate phenotypes exhibiting highest diversification rates. Analyses using SSE-class models fail to support our two predictions, suggesting that phenotypic extremeness and dispersal propensity cannot explain patterns of nephilid diversification. Furthermore, two environmental factors (tropical versus subtropical and island versus continental species distribution) indicate only marginal support for higher speciation in the tropics. Although our results may be affected by methodological limitations imposed by a relatively small phylogeny, it seems that the tested organismal and environmental factors play little to no role in nephilid diversification. In the phylogeny of golden orbweavers, the recent hypothesis of universal diversification dynamics may be the simplest explanation of macroevolutionary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Turk
- Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory, Institute of Biology, ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Simona Kralj-Fišer
- Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory, Institute of Biology, ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Kuntner
- Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory, Institute of Biology, ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory, Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Yamaguchi R, Iwasa Y, Tachiki Y. Recurrent speciation rates on islands decline with species number. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210255. [PMID: 33906401 PMCID: PMC8079997 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In an archipelagic system, species diversity is maintained and determined by the balance among speciation, extinction and migration. As the number of species increases, the average population size of each species decreases, and the extinction likelihood of any given species grows. By contrast, the role of reduced population size in geographic speciation has received comparatively less research attention. Here, to study the rate of recurrent speciation, we adopted a simple multi-species two-island model and considered symmetric interspecific competition on each island. As the number of species increases on an island, the competition intensifies, and the size of the resident population decreases. By contrast, the number of migrants is likely to exhibit a weaker than proportional relationship with the size of the source population due to rare oceanic dispersal. If this is the case, as the number of species on the recipient island increases, the impact of migration strengthens and decelerates the occurrence of further speciation events. According to our analyses, the number of species can be stabilized at a finite level, even in the absence of extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yamaguchi
- Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yoh Iwasa
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen 2-1, Sanda 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yuuya Tachiki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Machine learning approaches identify male body size as the most accurate predictor of species richness. BMC Biol 2020; 18:105. [PMID: 32854698 PMCID: PMC7453550 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00835-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major challenge in biodiversity science is to understand the factors contributing to the variability of species richness -the number of different species in a community or region - among comparable taxonomic lineages. Multiple biotic and abiotic factors have been hypothesized to have an effect on species richness and have been used as its predictors, but identifying accurate predictors is not straightforward. Spiders are a highly diverse group, with some 48,000 species in 120 families; yet nearly 75% of all species are found within just the ten most speciose families. Here we use a Random Forest machine learning algorithm to test the predictive power of different variables hypothesized to affect species richness of spider genera. RESULTS We test the predictive power of 22 variables from spiders' morphological, genetic, geographic, ecological and behavioral landscapes on species richness of 45 genera selected to represent the phylogenetic and biological breath of Araneae. Among the variables, Random Forest analyses find body size (specifically, minimum male body size) to best predict species richness. Multiple Correspondence analysis confirms this outcome through a negative relationship between male body size and species richness. Multiple Correspondence analyses furthermore establish that geographic distribution of congeneric species is positively associated with genus diversity, and that genera from phylogenetically older lineages are species poorer. Of the spider-specific traits, neither the presence of ballooning behavior, nor sexual size dimorphism, can predict species richness. CONCLUSIONS We show that machine learning analyses can be used in deciphering the factors associated with diversity patterns. Since no spider-specific biology could predict species richness, but the biologically universal body size did, we believe these conclusions are worthy of broader biological testing. Future work on other groups of organisms will establish whether the detected associations of species richness with small body size and wide geographic ranges hold more broadly.
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Chamberland L, Salgado-Roa FC, Basco A, Crastz-Flores A, Binford GJ, Agnarsson I. Phylogeography of the widespread Caribbean spiny orb weaver Gasteracantha cancriformis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8976. [PMID: 32391201 PMCID: PMC7196328 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern molecular analyses are often inconsistent with pre-cladistic taxonomic hypotheses, frequently indicating higher richness than morphological taxonomy estimates. Among Caribbean spiders, widespread species are relatively few compared to the prevalence of single island endemics. The taxonomic hypothesis Gasteracantha cancriformis circumscribes a species with profuse variation in size, color and body form. Distributed throughout the Neotropics, G. cancriformis is the only morphological species of Gasteracantha in the New World in this globally distributed genus. METHODS We inferred phylogenetic relationships across Neotropical populations of Gasteracantha using three target genes. Within the Caribbean, we estimated genetic diversity, population structure, and gene flow among island populations. RESULTS Our findings revealed a single widespread species of Gasteracantha throughout the Caribbean, G. cancriformis, while suggesting two recently divergent mainland populations that may represent separate species, diverging linages, or geographically isolated demes. The concatenated and COI (Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1) phylogeny supported a Caribbean clade nested within the New World. Genetic variability was high between island populations for our COI dataset; however, gene flow was also high, especially between large, adjacent islands. We found structured genetic and morphological variation within G. cancriformis island populations; however, this variation does not reflect genealogical relationships. Rather, isolation by distance and local morphological adaptation may explain the observed variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chamberland
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Fabian C. Salgado-Roa
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Alma Basco
- University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | - Ingi Agnarsson
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
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Matthews TJ, Leidinger LKT, Sarmento Cabral J. The effect of species extinctions on island biogeographic patterns. Ecol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Matthews
- GEES (School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences) and the Birmingham Institute of Forest Research The University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
- CE3C—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Univ. dos Açores, Depto de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente Angra Portugal
| | - Ludwig K. T. Leidinger
- Ecosystem Modeling Group, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Juliano Sarmento Cabral
- Ecosystem Modeling Group, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
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12
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Čandek K, Agnarsson I, Binford GJ, Kuntner M. Caribbean golden orbweaving spiders maintain gene flow with North America. ZOOL SCR 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Klemen Čandek
- Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research National Institute of Biology Ljubljana Slovenia
- Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory Institute of Biology Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts Ljubljana Slovenia
- Department of Biology Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Ingi Agnarsson
- Department of Biology University of Vermont Burlington VT USA
- Department of Entomology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington D.C. USA
| | | | - Matjaž Kuntner
- Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research National Institute of Biology Ljubljana Slovenia
- Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory Institute of Biology Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts Ljubljana Slovenia
- Department of Entomology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington D.C. USA
- School of Life Sciences Hubei University Wuhan Hubei China
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13
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Ashby B, Shaw AK, Kokko H. An inordinate fondness for species with intermediate dispersal abilities. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Ashby
- Dept of Mathematical Sciences, Univ. of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Allison K. Shaw
- Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Univ. of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Czekanski-Moir JE, Rundell RJ. The Ecology of Nonecological Speciation and Nonadaptive Radiations. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:400-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Foth C, Rauhut OWM. Re-evaluation of the Haarlem Archaeopteryx and the radiation of maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:236. [PMID: 29197327 PMCID: PMC5712154 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Archaeopteryx is an iconic fossil that has long been pivotal for our understanding of the origin of birds. Remains of this important taxon have only been found in the Late Jurassic lithographic limestones of Bavaria, Germany. Twelve skeletal specimens are reported so far. Archaeopteryx was long the only pre-Cretaceous paravian theropod known, but recent discoveries from the Tiaojishan Formation, China, yielded a remarkable diversity of this clade, including the possibly oldest and most basal known clade of avialan, here named Anchiornithidae. However, Archaeopteryx remains the only Jurassic paravian theropod based on diagnostic material reported outside China. Results Re-examination of the incomplete Haarlem Archaeopteryx specimen did not find any diagnostic features of this genus. In contrast, the specimen markedly differs in proportions from other Archaeopteryx specimens and shares two distinct characters with anchiornithids. Phylogenetic analysis confirms it as the first anchiornithid recorded outside the Tiaojushan Formation of China, for which the new generic name Ostromia is proposed here. Conclusions In combination with a biogeographic analysis of coelurosaurian theropods and palaeogeographic and stratigraphic data, our results indicate an explosive radiation of maniraptoran coelurosaurs probably in isolation in eastern Asia in the late Middle Jurassic and a rapid, at least Laurasian dispersal of the different subclades in the Late Jurassic. Small body size and, possibly, a multiple origin of flight capabilities enhanced dispersal capabilities of paravian theropods and might thus have been crucial for their evolutionary success. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-017-1076-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Foth
- Department of Geosciences, Université de Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Current address: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver W M Rauhut
- SNSB-Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department for Earth and Environmental Sciences, and GeoBioCenter, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333, Munich, Germany.
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Agnarsson I, van Patten C, Sargeant L, Chomitz B, Dziki A, Binford GJ. A radiation of the ornate Caribbean ‘smiley-faced spiders’, with descriptions of 15 new species (Araneae: Theridiidae, Spintharus). Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingi Agnarsson
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution NWWashington, DC, USA
| | - Chloe van Patten
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Lily Sargeant
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Ben Chomitz
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Austin Dziki
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Greta J Binford
- Department of Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR, USA
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Whittaker RJ, Fernández-Palacios JM, Matthews TJ, Borregaard MK, Triantis KA. Island biogeography: Taking the long view of nature’s laboratories. Science 2017; 357:357/6354/eaam8326. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Hennequin S, Rouhan G, Salino A, Duan YF, Lepeigneux MC, Guillou M, Ansell S, Almeida TE, Zhang LB, Schneider H. Global phylogeny and biogeography of the fern genus Ctenitis (Dryopteridaceae), with a focus on the Indian Ocean region. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 112:277-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Egan CP, Callaway RM, Hart MM, Pither J, Klironomos J. Phylogenetic structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities along an elevation gradient. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:273-282. [PMID: 27909817 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi within terrestrial ecosystems, we know little about how natural AM fungal communities are structured. To date, the majority of studies examining AM fungal community diversity have focused on single habitats with similar environmental conditions, with relatively few studies having assessed the diversity of AM fungi over large-scale environmental gradients. In this study, we characterized AM fungal communities in the soil along a high-elevation gradient in the North American Rocky Mountains. We focused on phylogenetic patterns of AM fungal communities to gain insight into how AM fungal communities are naturally assembled. We found that alpine AM fungal communities had lower phylogenetic diversity relative to lower elevation communities, as well as being more heterogeneous in composition than either treeline or subalpine communities. AM fungal communities were phylogenetically clustered at all elevations sampled, suggesting that environmental filtering, either selection by host plants or fungal niches, is the primary ecological process structuring communities along the gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron P Egan
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Ragan M Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Miranda M Hart
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jason Pither
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - John Klironomos
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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20
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Agnarsson I, LeQuier SM, Kuntner M, Cheng RC, Coddington JA, Binford G. Phylogeography of a good Caribbean disperser: Argiope argentata (Araneae, Araneidae) and a new 'cryptic' species from Cuba. Zookeys 2016:25-44. [PMID: 27833425 PMCID: PMC5096361 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.625.8729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Caribbean islands harbor rich biodiversity with high levels of single island endemism. Stretches of ocean between islands represent significant barriers to gene-flow. Yet some native species are widespread, indicating dispersal across oceans, even in wingless organisms like spiders. Argiopeargentata (Fabricius, 1775) is a large, charismatic, and widespread species of orb-weaving spider ranging from the United States to Argentina and is well known to balloon. Here we explore the phylogeography of Argiopeargentata in the Caribbean as a part of the multi-lineage CarBio project, through mtDNA haplotype and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses. The history of the Argiopeargentata lineage in the Caribbean goes back 3-5 million years and is characterized by multiple dispersal events and isolation-by-distance. We find a highly genetically distinct lineage on Cuba which we describe as Argiopebutchkosp. n. While the argentata lineage seems to readily balloon shorter distances, stretches of ocean still act as filters for among-island gene-flow as evidenced by distinct haplotypes on the more isolated islands, high FST values, and strong correlation between intraspecific (but not interspecific) genetic and geographic distances. The new species described here is clearly genetically diagnosable, but morphologically cryptic, at least with reference to the genitalia that typically diagnose spider species. Our results are consistent with the intermediate dispersal model suggesting that good dispersers, such as our study species, limit the effect of oceanic barriers and thus diversification and endemism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingi Agnarsson
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Matjaž Kuntner
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA; Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory, Biological Institute ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ren-Chung Cheng
- Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory, Biological Institute ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jonathan A Coddington
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Greta Binford
- Department of Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR, USA
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21
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Gascuel F, Laroche F, Bonnet-Lebrun AS, Rodrigues ASL. The effects of archipelago spatial structure on island diversity and endemism: predictions from a spatially-structured neutral model. Evolution 2016; 70:2657-2666. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Gascuel
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; UMR 5175 Montpellier France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology; CNRS UMR 7241; Collège de France Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; CNRS UMR 7625 Paris France
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure; CNRS UMR 8197; Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris France
| | - Fabien Laroche
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; UMR 5175 Montpellier France
- AgroParistech ENGREF; Paris France
- Irstea; UR EFNO; F-45290 Nogent-sur-Vernisson France
| | - Anne-Sophie Bonnet-Lebrun
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; UMR 5175 Montpellier France
- Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge United Kingdom
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22
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Borregaard MK, Amorim IR, Borges PAV, Cabral JS, Fernández-Palacios JM, Field R, Heaney LR, Kreft H, Matthews TJ, Olesen JM, Price J, Rigal F, Steinbauer MJ, Triantis KA, Valente L, Weigelt P, Whittaker RJ. Oceanic island biogeography through the lens of the general dynamic model: assessment and prospect. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:830-853. [PMID: 26923215 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The general dynamic model of oceanic island biogeography (GDM) has added a new dimension to theoretical island biogeography in recognizing that geological processes are key drivers of the evolutionary processes of diversification and extinction within remote islands. It provides a dynamic and essentially non-equilibrium framework generating novel predictions for emergent diversity properties of oceanic islands and archipelagos. Its publication in 2008 coincided with, and spurred on, renewed attention to the dynamics of remote islands. We review progress, both in testing the GDM's predictions and in developing and enhancing ecological-evolutionary understanding of oceanic island systems through the lens of the GDM. In particular, we focus on four main themes: (i) macroecological tests using a space-for-time rationale; (ii) extensions of theory to islands following different patterns of ontogeny; (iii) the implications of GDM dynamics for lineage diversification and trait evolution; and (iv) the potential for downscaling GDM dynamics to local-scale ecological patterns and processes within islands. We also consider the implications of the GDM for understanding patterns of non-native species diversity. We demonstrate the vitality of the field of island biogeography by identifying a range of potentially productive lines for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Borregaard
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY, Oxford, U.K.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, National Museum of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabel R Amorim
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Juliano S Cabral
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José M Fernández-Palacios
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Research Group, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38206, Spain
| | - Richard Field
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Lawrence R Heaney
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, U.S.A
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas J Matthews
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY, Oxford, U.K.,Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience - Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114.2, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Price
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, HI, 96720, U.S.A
| | - Francois Rigal
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal.,Environment and Microbiology Team, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, IPREM UMR CNRS 5254, BP 1155, 64013, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Manuel J Steinbauer
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Konstantinos A Triantis
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY, Oxford, U.K.,Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal.,Department of Ecology and Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University, GR-15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Luis Valente
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 26, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert J Whittaker
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY, Oxford, U.K.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, National Museum of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Dziki A, Binford GJ, Coddington JA, Agnarsson I. Spintharus flavidus in the Caribbean-a 30 million year biogeographical history and radiation of a 'widespread species'. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1422. [PMID: 26618089 PMCID: PMC4655100 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Caribbean island biota is characterized by high levels of endemism, the result of an interplay between colonization opportunities on islands and effective oceanic barriers among them. A relatively small percentage of the biota is represented by ‘widespread species,’ presumably taxa for which oceanic barriers are ineffective. Few studies have explored in detail the genetic structure of widespread Caribbean taxa. The cobweb spider Spintharus flavidus Hentz, 1850 (Theridiidae) is one of two described Spintharus species and is unique in being widely distributed from northern N. America to Brazil and throughout the Caribbean. As a taxonomic hypothesis, Spintharus “flavidus” predicts maintenance of gene flow among Caribbean islands, a prediction that seems contradicted by known S. flavidus biology, which suggests limited dispersal ability. As part of an extensive survey of Caribbean arachnids (project CarBio), we conducted the first molecular phylogenetic analysis of S. flavidus with the primary goal of testing the ‘widespread species’ hypothesis. Our results, while limited to three molecular loci, reject the hypothesis of a single widespread species. Instead this lineage seems to represent a radiation with at least 16 species in the Caribbean region. Nearly all are short range endemics with several distinct mainland groups and others are single island endemics. While limited taxon sampling, with a single specimen from S. America, constrains what we can infer about the biogeographical history of the lineage, clear patterns still emerge. Consistent with limited overwater dispersal, we find evidence for a single colonization of the Caribbean about 30 million years ago, coinciding with the timing of the GAARLandia landbridge hypothesis. In sum, S. “flavidus” is not a single species capable of frequent overwater dispersal, but rather a 30 my old radiation of single island endemics that provides preliminary support for a complex and contested geological hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Dziki
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont , Burlington, VT , USA
| | - Greta J Binford
- Department of Biology, Lewis and Clark College , Portland, OR , USA
| | - Jonathan A Coddington
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC , USA
| | - Ingi Agnarsson
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont , Burlington, VT , USA ; Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC , USA
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24
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Oneal E, Knowles LL. Paternity analyses in wild-caught and laboratory-reared Caribbean cricket females reveal the influence of mating environment on post-copulatory sexual selection. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:2300-7. [PMID: 26348983 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyandry is ubiquitous in insects and provides the conditions necessary for male- and female-driven forms of post-copulatory sexual selection to arise. Populations of Amphiacusta sanctaecrucis exhibit significant divergence in portions of the male genitalia that are inserted directly into the female reproductive tract, suggesting that males may exercise some post-copulatory control over fertilization success. We examine the potential for male-male and male-female post-copulatory interactions to influence paternity in wild-caught females of A. sanctaecrucis and contrast our findings with those obtained from females reared in a high-density laboratory environment. We find that female A. sanctaecrucis exercise control by mating multiple times (females mount males), but that male-male post-copulatory interactions may influence paternity success. Moreover, post-copulatory interactions that affect reproductive success of males are not independent of mating environment: clutches of wild-caught females exhibit higher sire diversity and lower paternity skew than clutches of laboratory-reared females. There was no strong evidence for last male precedence in either case. Most attempts at disentangling the contributions of male-male and male-female interactions towards post-copulatory sexual selection have been undertaken in a laboratory setting and may not capture the full context in which they take place--such as the relationship between premating and post-mating interactions. Our results reinforce the importance of designing studies that can capture the multifaceted nature of sexual selection for elucidating the role of post-copulatory sexual selection in driving the evolution of male and female reproductive traits, especially when different components (e.g. precopulatory and post-copulatory interactions) do not exert independent effects on reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Oneal
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - L L Knowles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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25
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Agnarsson I, Jencik BB, Veve GM, Hanitriniaina S, Agostini D, Goh SP, Pruitt J, Kuntner M. Systematics of the Madagascar Anelosimus spiders: remarkable local richness and endemism, and dual colonization from the Americas. Zookeys 2015; 509:13-52. [PMID: 26175602 PMCID: PMC4493342 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.509.8897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the alarming rates of deforestation and forest fragmentation, Madagascar still harbors extraordinary biodiversity. However, in many arthropod groups, such as spiders, this biodiversity remains mostly unexplored and undescribed. The first subsocial Madagascan species of the theridiid spider genus Anelosimus were described in 2005 when six new species were found to coexist in the Périnet forest fragment within Andasibe-Mantadia NP. However, this discovery was based only on a few specimens and the extent of this Madagascan radiation has remained unknown. We here report on a thorough survey of >350 colonies from Périnet, and three pilot surveys into additional Madagascar forests (Ambohitantely, Ranamofana, and Montagne d'Ambre). The morphological, molecular and natural history data from these surveys facilitated a revised taxonomy and phylogenetic hypothesis of Madagascan Anelosimus. This subsocial clade currently comprises six previously known (Anelosimusandasibe Agnarsson & Kuntner, 2005, Anelosimusmay Agnarsson, 2005, Anelosimusnazariani Agnarsson & Kuntner, 2005, Anelosimussallee Agnarsson & Kuntner, 2005, Anelosimussalut Agnarsson & Kuntner, 2005, Anelosimusvondrona Agnarsson & Kuntner, 2005) and 10 new species: Anelosimusata sp. n., Anelosimusbuffoni sp. n., Anelosimusdarwini sp. n., Anelosimushookeri sp. n., Anelosimushuxleyi sp. n., Anelosimuslamarcki sp. n., Anelosimusmoramora sp. n., Anelosimustita sp. n., Anelosimustorfi sp. n., Anelosimuswallacei sp. n.. With the exception of Anelosimusmay and Anelosimusvondrona, all other species appear to be single forest endemics. While additional sampling is necessary, these data imply a much higher local richness and endemism in Madagascan forests than in any other comparable area globally. The phylogenetic results establish a sister clade relationship between the subsocial Anelosimus in Madagascar and the American 'eximius group', and between the solitary Anelosimusdecaryi on Madagascar and a solitary American clade. These findings imply duplicate colonizations from America, an otherwise rare biogeographical pattern, calling for more detailed investigation of Anelosimus biogeography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingi Agnarsson
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brian B. Jencik
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Giselle M. Veve
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Diego Agostini
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Seok Ping Goh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Pruitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matjaž Kuntner
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE), College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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26
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Xu X, Liu F, Cheng RC, Chen J, Xu X, Zhang Z, Ono H, Pham DS, Norma-Rashid Y, Arnedo MA, Kuntner M, Li D. Extant primitively segmented spiders have recently diversified from an ancient lineage. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142486. [PMID: 25948684 PMCID: PMC4455790 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Living fossils are lineages that have retained plesiomorphic traits through long time periods. It is expected that such lineages have both originated and diversified long ago. Such expectations have recently been challenged in some textbook examples of living fossils, notably in extant cycads and coelacanths. Using a phylogenetic approach, we tested the patterns of the origin and diversification of liphistiid spiders, a clade of spiders considered to be living fossils due to their retention of arachnid plesiomorphies and their exclusive grouping in Mesothelae, an ancient clade sister to all modern spiders. Facilitated by original sampling throughout their Asian range, we here provide the phylogenetic framework necessary for reconstructing liphistiid biogeographic history. All phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of Liphistiidae and of eight genera. As the fossil evidence supports a Carboniferous Euramerican origin of Mesothelae, our dating analyses postulate a long eastward over-land dispersal towards the Asian origin of Liphistiidae during the Palaeogene (39-58 Ma). Contrary to expectations, diversification within extant liphistiid genera is relatively recent, in the Neogene and Late Palaeogene (4-24 Ma). While no over-water dispersal events are needed to explain their evolutionary history, the history of liphistiid spiders has the potential to play prominently in vicariant biogeographic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE), College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxiang Liu
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE), College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Chung Cheng
- Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory, Biological Institute ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jian Chen
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE), College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hirotsugu Ono
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305-0005, Japan
| | - Dinh Sac Pham
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR), Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Y Norma-Rashid
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Miquel A Arnedo
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Departament de Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Matjaž Kuntner
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE), College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory, Biological Institute ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, Slovenia Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daiqin Li
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE), College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Lee VMJ, Kuntner M, Li D. Ballooning behavior in the golden orbweb spider Nephila pilipes (Araneae: Nephilidae). Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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Warren BH, Simberloff D, Ricklefs RE, Aguilée R, Condamine FL, Gravel D, Morlon H, Mouquet N, Rosindell J, Casquet J, Conti E, Cornuault J, Fernández-Palacios JM, Hengl T, Norder SJ, Rijsdijk KF, Sanmartín I, Strasberg D, Triantis KA, Valente LM, Whittaker RJ, Gillespie RG, Emerson BC, Thébaud C. Islands as model systems in ecology and evolution: prospects fifty years after MacArthur-Wilson. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:200-17. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben H. Warren
- Institute of Systematic Botany; University of Zurich; Zollikerstrasse 107 8008 Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996 USA
- UMR PVBMT; Université de La Réunion-CIRAD; 7 chemin de l'IRAT Ligne Paradis 97410 Saint Pierre Réunion France
| | - Daniel Simberloff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Robert E. Ricklefs
- Department of Biology; University of Missouri at St. Louis; 8001 Natural Bridge Road St. Louis MO 63121 USA
| | - Robin Aguilée
- Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique; UMR 5174 CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-ENFA; 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - Fabien L. Condamine
- CNRS; UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (Ecole Polytechnique); Route de Saclay 91128 Palaiseau France
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de Biologie; Université du Québec à Rimouski 300; Allée des Ursulines; Rimouski QC G5L 3A1 Canada
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS); UMR CNRS 8197; 46 rue d'Ulm 75005 Paris France
| | - Nicolas Mouquet
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; UMR 5554; CNRS; Univ. Montpellier 2; CC 065 Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - James Rosindell
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London; Silwood Park Campus Ascot Berkshire SL5 7PY UK
| | - Juliane Casquet
- Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique; UMR 5174 CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-ENFA; 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - Elena Conti
- Institute of Systematic Botany; University of Zurich; Zollikerstrasse 107 8008 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Josselin Cornuault
- Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique; UMR 5174 CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-ENFA; 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - José María Fernández-Palacios
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Group; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC); Universidad de La Laguna; Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Tomislav Hengl
- ISRIC-World Soil Information; 6700 AJ Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Sietze J. Norder
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics; Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth F. Rijsdijk
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics; Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Isabel Sanmartín
- Real Jardín Botánico; RJB-CSIC; Plaza de Murillo 2 28014 Madrid Spain
| | - Dominique Strasberg
- UMR PVBMT; Université de La Réunion-CIRAD; 7 chemin de l'IRAT Ligne Paradis 97410 Saint Pierre Réunion France
| | - Kostas A. Triantis
- Department of Ecology and Taxonomy; Faculty of Biology; National and Kapodistrian University; Athens 15784 Greece
- Oxford University Centre for the Environment; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QY UK
| | - Luis M. Valente
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology; Institute of Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Robert J. Whittaker
- Oxford University Centre for the Environment; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QY UK
| | - Rosemary G. Gillespie
- Division of Organisms and Environment; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Brent C. Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group; Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC); C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna 38206 Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Christophe Thébaud
- Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique; UMR 5174 CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-ENFA; 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
- CESAB / FRB; Domaine du Petit Arbois; Av Louis Philibert Aix-en-Provence 13100 France
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