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Lu KJ, Yang CH, Sheu JR, Chung CL, Jayakumar T, Chen CM, Hsieh CY. Overexpressing glyoxalase 1 attenuates acute hyperglycemia-exacerbated neurological deficits of ischemic stroke in mice. Transl Res 2023; 261:57-68. [PMID: 37419278 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Stress-induced hyperglycemia (SIH) is associated with poor functional recovery and high mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, intensive controlling of blood glucose by using insulin was not beneficial in patients with AIS and acute hyperglycemia. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of the overexpression of glyoxalase I (GLO1), a detoxifying enzyme of glycotoxins, on acute hyperglycemia-aggravated ischemic brain injury. In the present study, adeno-associated viral (AAV)-mediated GLO1 overexpression reduced infarct volume and edema level but did not improve neurofunctional recovery in the mice with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). AAV-GLO1 infection significantly enhanced neurofunctional recovery in the MCAO mice with acute hyperglycemia but not in the mice with normoglycemia. Methylglyoxal (MG)-modified proteins expression significantly increased in the ipsilateral cortex of the MCAO mice with acute hyperglycemia. AAV-GLO1 infection attenuated the induction of MG-modified proteins, ER stress formation, and caspase 3/7 activation in MG-treated Neuro-2A cells, and reductions in synaptic plasticity and microglial activation were mitigated in the injured cortex of the MCAO mice with acute hyperglycemia. Treatment with ketotifen, a potent GLO1 stimulator, after surgery, alleviated neurofunctional deficits and ischemic brain damage in the MCAO mice with acute hyperglycemia. Altogether, our data substantiate that, in ischemic brain injury, GLO1 overexpression can alleviate pathologic alterations caused by acute hyperglycemia. Upregulation of GLO1 may be a therapeutic strategy for alleviating SIH-aggravated poor functional outcomes in patients with AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Jung Lu
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Li Chung
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tanasekar Jayakumar
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, School of Life Science, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, India
| | - Chieh-Min Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ying Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Bartling B, Zunkel K, Al-Robaiy S, Dehghani F, Simm A. Gene doubling increases glyoxalase 1 expression in RAGE knockout mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129438. [PMID: 31526867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is a multifunctional protein. Its function as pattern recognition receptor able to interact with various extracellular ligands is well described. Genetically modified mouse models, especially the RAGE knockout (RAGE-KO) mouse, identified the amplification of the immune response as an important function of RAGE. Pro-inflammatory ligands of RAGE are also methylglyoxal-derived advanced glycation end-products, which depend in their quantity, at least in part, on the activity of the methylglyoxal-detoxifying enzyme glyoxalase-1 (Glo1). Therefore, we studied the potential interaction of RAGE and Glo1 by use of RAGE-KO mice. METHODS Various tissues (lung, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, and brain) and blood cells from RAGE-KO and wildtype mice were analyzed for Glo1 expression and activity by biochemical assays and the Glo1 gene status by PCR techniques. RESULTS We identified an about two-fold up-regulation of Glo1 expression and activity in all tissues of RAGE-KO mice. This was result of a copy number variation of the Glo1 gene on mouse chromosome 17. In liver tissue and blood cells, the Glo1 expression and activity was additionally influenced by sex with higher values for male than female animals. As the genomic region containing Glo1 also contains the full-length sequence of another gene, namely Dnahc8, both genes were duplicated in RAGE-KO mice. CONCLUSION A genetic variance in RAGE-KO mice falsely suggests an interaction of RAGE and Glo1 function. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE RAGE-independent up-regulation of Glo1 in RAGE-KO mice might be as another explanation for, at least some, effects attributed to RAGE before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babett Bartling
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Middle German Heart Center, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Katja Zunkel
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Middle German Heart Center, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Samiya Al-Robaiy
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Middle German Heart Center, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Institute of Anatomy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andreas Simm
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Middle German Heart Center, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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On the importance of the innervation of the human cervical longitudinal ligaments at vertebral level. Surg Radiol Anat 2019; 42:127-136. [PMID: 31493007 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-019-02316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In our aging society, the prevalence of degenerative spinal diseases rose drastically within the last years. However, up till now, the origin of cervical pain is incompletely understood. While animal and small cadaver studies indicate that a complex system of sensory and nociceptive nerve fibers in the anterior (ALL) and posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) at the level of the intervertebral disc might be involved, there is a lack of data exploring whether such a network exists and is equally distributed within the cervical vertebrae (VB). We, therefore, aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of the mentioned nerve networks in human tissue. METHODS We performed macroscopic (Sihler staining, Spalteholz technique, and Plastination) and microscopic (immunohistochemistry for PGP 9.5 and CGRP) studies to characterize spatial differences in sensory and nociceptive innervation patterns. Therefore, 23 human body donors were dissected from level C3-C6. RESULTS We could show that there is a focal increase in sensory and nociceptive nerve fibers at the level of C4 and C5 for both ALL and PLL, while we observed less nerve fiber density at the level of C3 and C6. An anatomical vicinity between nerve and vessels was observed. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, these findings for the first time report spatial differences in sensory and nociceptive nerve fibers in the human cervical spine at VB level. The interconnection between nerves and vessels supports the importance of the perivascular plexus. These findings might be of special interest for clinical practice as many patients suffer from pain after cervical spine surgery.
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Dicarbonyl Stress at the Crossroads of Healthy and Unhealthy Aging. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070749. [PMID: 31331077 PMCID: PMC6678343 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dicarbonyl stress occurs when dicarbonyl metabolites (i.e., methylglyoxal, glyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone) accumulate as a consequence of their increased production and/or decreased detoxification. This toxic condition has been associated with metabolic and age-related diseases, both of which are characterized by a pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant state. Methylglyoxal (MGO) is the most reactive dicarbonyl and the one with the highest endogenous flux. It is the precursor of the major quantitative advanced glycated products (AGEs) in physiological systems, arginine-derived hydroimidazolones, which accumulate in aging and dysfunctional tissues. The aging process is characterized by a decline in the functional properties of cells, tissues and whole organs, starting from the perturbation of crucial cellular processes, including mitochondrial function, proteostasis and stress-scavenging systems. Increasing studies are corroborating the causal relationship between MGO-derived AGEs and age-related tissue dysfunction, unveiling a previously underestimated role of dicarbonyl stress in determining healthy or unhealthy aging. This review summarizes the latest evidence supporting a causal role of dicarbonyl stress in age-related diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration.
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Das S, Smid SD. Small molecule diketone flavorants diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione promote neurotoxicity but inhibit amyloid β aggregation. Toxicol Lett 2018; 300:67-72. [PMID: 30381254 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the small molecule flavorants diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione and acetoin on neuronal cell viability and β amyloid aggregation and morphology. Two neuroblastoma cell lines, SH-SY5Y and Neuro 2a (N2a) were exposed to diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione and acetoin, while Thioflavin T fluorescence kinetics and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess effects on Aβ1-42 fibril and aggregate formation and morphology respectively. Diacetyl was intrinsically toxic to both SH-SY5Y and N2a cells, with time and concentration-dependent reductions in cell viability occurring over 24 h and 48 h incubation periods. 2.3-Pentanedione evoked a similar concentration-dependent loss of cell viability in N2a cells at 48 h, but exhibited lessened toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells over 24 h, and minimal loss of cell viability by 48 h. Diacetyl inhibited Aβ1-42 aggregation kinetics, reduced aggregate and fibril density and rendered Aβ1-42 into amorphous small aggregates. 2,3-Pentanedione also reduced overall aggregate formation, but to a lesser extent than diacetyl and retaining the presence of a meshwork of Aβ1-42 aggregates and fibrils. Acetoin was innocuous to neuronal cells and did not alter Aβ1-42 fibril density or morphology. These findings highlight the intrinsic neurotoxicity of small molecule diketone flavorants. While providing further insight into their molecular interactions with amyloidogenic proteins, the neurotoxicity of such flavorants is a significant finding and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Das
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Scott D Smid
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Hagos FT, Empey PE, Wang P, Ma X, Poloyac SM, Bayır H, Kochanek PM, Bell MJ, Clark RSB. Exploratory Application of Neuropharmacometabolomics in Severe Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury. Crit Care Med 2018; 46:1471-1479. [PMID: 29742587 PMCID: PMC6095742 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To employ metabolomics-based pathway and network analyses to evaluate the cerebrospinal fluid metabolome after severe traumatic brain injury in children and the capacity of combination therapy with probenecid and N-acetylcysteine to impact glutathione-related and other pathways and networks, relative to placebo treatment. DESIGN Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid obtained from children enrolled in an Institutional Review Board-approved, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a combination of probenecid and N-acetylcysteine after severe traumatic brain injury (Trial Registration NCT01322009). SETTING Thirty-six-bed PICU in a university-affiliated children's hospital. PATIENTS AND SUBJECTS Twelve children 2-18 years old after severe traumatic brain injury and five age-matched control subjects. INTERVENTION Probenecid (25 mg/kg) and N-acetylcysteine (140 mg/kg) or placebo administered via naso/orogastric tube. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The cerebrospinal fluid metabolome was analyzed in samples from traumatic brain injury patients 24 hours after the first dose of drugs or placebo and control subjects. Feature detection, retention time, alignment, annotation, and principal component analysis and statistical analysis were conducted using XCMS-online. The software "mummichog" was used for pathway and network analyses. A two-component principal component analysis revealed clustering of each of the groups, with distinct metabolomics signatures. Several novel pathways with plausible mechanistic involvement in traumatic brain injury were identified. A combination of metabolomics and pathway/network analyses showed that seven glutathione-centered pathways and two networks were enriched in the cerebrospinal fluid of traumatic brain injury patients treated with probenecid and N-acetylcysteine versus placebo-treated patients. Several additional pathways/networks consisting of components that are known substrates of probenecid-inhibitable transporters were also identified, providing additional mechanistic validation. CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-concept neuropharmacometabolomics assessment reveals alterations in known and previously unidentified metabolic pathways and supports therapeutic target engagement of the combination of probenecid and N-acetylcysteine treatment after severe traumatic brain injury in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanuel T. Hagos
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Philip E. Empey
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Samuel M. Poloyac
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Brain Care Institute, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Brain Care Institute, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Michael J. Bell
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Brain Care Institute, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Robert S. B. Clark
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Brain Care Institute, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Comparative Examination of Temporal Glyoxalase 1 Variations Following Perforant Pathway Transection, Excitotoxicity, and Controlled Cortical Impact Injury. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:412-421. [PMID: 28900826 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Following acute neuronal lesions, metabolic imbalance occurs, the rate of glycolysis increases, and methylglyoxal (MGO) forms, finally leading to metabolic dysfunction and inflammation. The glyoxalase system is the main detoxification system for MGO and is impaired following excitotoxicity and stroke. However, it is not known yet whether alterations of the glyoxalase system are also characteristic for other neuronal damage models. Neuronal damage was induced in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures by transection of perforant pathway (PPT; 5 min to 72 h) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; 50 μM for 4 h) or in vivo after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury (2 h to 14 days). Temporal and spatial changes of glyoxalase I (GLO1) were investigated by Western blot analyses and immunohistochemistry. In immunoblot, the GLO1 protein content was not significantly affected by PPT at all investigated time points. As described previously, NMDA treatment led to a GLO1 increase 24 and 48 h after the lesion, whereas PPT increased GLO1 immunoreactivity within neurons only at 48 h postinjury. Immunohistochemistry of brain tissue subjected to CCI unveiled positive GLO1 immunoreactivity in neurons and astrocytes at 1 and 3 days after injury. Two hours and 14 days after CCI, no GLO1 immunoreactivity was observed. GLO1 protein content changes are associated with excitotoxicity but seemingly not to fiber transection. Cell-specific changes in GLO1 immunoreactivity after different in vitro and in vivo lesion types might be a common phenomenon in the aftermath of neuronal lesions.
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Pieroh P, Wagner DC, Ghadban C, Birkenmeier G, Dehghani F. Ethyl pyruvate does not require microglia for mediating neuroprotection after excitotoxic injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:798-807. [PMID: 28836378 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Ethyl pyruvate (EP) mediates protective effects after neuronal injury. Besides a direct conservation of damaged neurons, the modulation of indigenous glial cells has been suggested as one important mechanism for EP-related neuroprotection. However, the specific contribution of glial cells is still unknown. METHODS Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) were excitotoxically lesioned by 50 μmol/L N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA, for 4 hours) or left untreated. In an additional OHSC subset, microglia was depleted using the bisphosphonate clodronate (100 μg/mL) before lesion. After removal of NMDA, EP containing culture medium (0.84 μmol/L, 8.4 μmol/L, 42 μmol/L, 84 μmol/L, 168 μmol/L) was added and incubated for 72 hours. OHSC were stained with propidium iodide to visualize degenerating neurons and isolectin IB4 -FITC to identify microglia. Effects of EP at concentrations of 0.84, 8.4, and 84 μmol/L (0-48 hours) were analyzed in the astrocytic scratch wound assay. RESULTS EP significantly reduced neurodegeneration following induced excitotoxicity except for 168 μmol/L. For 84 μmol/L, a reduction in the microglia cells was observed. Microglia depletion did not affect neuronal survival after EP treatment. EP decelerated astrocytic wound closure at 48 hours after injury. CONCLUSION EP-mediated neuroprotection seems to be mediated by astrocytes and/or neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Pieroh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Chalid Ghadban
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gerd Birkenmeier
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Mastrocola R. AGEs and neurodegeneration: the Nrf2/glyoxalase-1 interaction. Oncotarget 2017; 8:5645-5646. [PMID: 28055954 PMCID: PMC5351560 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Mastrocola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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10
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Mastrocola R, Nigro D, Cento AS, Chiazza F, Collino M, Aragno M. High-fructose intake as risk factor for neurodegeneration: Key role for carboxy methyllysine accumulation in mice hippocampal neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 89:65-75. [PMID: 26851500 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies indicate the involvement of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the rising consumption of fructose in industrialized countries has been related to cognitive impairment, but the impact of fructose-derived AGEs on hippocampus has never been investigated. The present study aimed to evaluate in the hippocampus of C57Bl/6 mice fed a standard (SD) or a 60% fructose (HFRT) diet for 12 weeks the production of the most studied AGEs, carboxy methyllysine (CML), focusing on the role of the glutathione-dependent enzyme glyoxalase (Glo-1), the main AGEs-detoxifying system, in relation to early signs of neuronal impairment. HFRT diet evoked CML accumulation in the cell body of pyramidal neurons, followed by RAGE/NFkB signaling activation. A widespread reactive gliosis and altered mitochondrial respiratory complexes activity have been evidenced in HFRT hippocampi, paralleled by oxidative stress increase due to impaired activity of Nrf2 signaling. In addition, a translocation of Glo-1 from axons toward cell body of pyramidal neurons has been observed in HFRT mice, in relation to CML accumulation. Despite increased expression of dimeric Glo-1, its enzymatic activity was not upregulated in HFRT hippocampi, due to reduced glutathione availability, thus failing to prevent CML accumulation. The prevention of CML production by administration of the specific inhibitor pyridoxamine was able to prevent all the fructose-induced hippocampal alterations. In conclusion, a high-fructose consumption, through CML accumulation and Glo-1 impairment, induces in the hippocampus the same molecular and metabolic alterations observed in early phases of neurodegenerative diseases, and can thus represent a risk factor for their onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Mastrocola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Debora Nigro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia S Cento
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fausto Chiazza
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Aragno
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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The temporal and spatial dynamics of glyoxalase I following excitoxicity and brain ischaemia. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:534-7. [PMID: 24646274 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MG (methylglyoxal) is an inevitable metabolite derived from glycolysis leading to protein modification, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. The ubiquitous glyoxalase system detoxifies MG under GSH consumption by mean of Glo1 (glyoxalase I) as the rate-limiting enzyme. Neurons are highly vulnerable to MG, whereas astrocytes seem less susceptible due to their highly expressed glyoxalases. In neurodegenerative diseases, MG and Glo1 were found to be pivotal players in chronic CNS (central nervous system) diseases. Comparable results obtained upon MG treatment and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor activation provided evidence of a possible link. Additional evidence was presented by alterations in Glo1 expression upon stimulation of excitotoxicity as an event in the aftermath of brain ischaemia. Glo1 expression was remarkably changed following ischaemia, and beneficial effects were found after exogenous application of Tat (transactivator of transcription)-Glo1. In summary, there are strong indications that Glo1 seems to be a suitable target to modulate the consequences of acute neuronal injury.
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12
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Glutathione-Dependent Detoxification Processes in Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:2570-82. [PMID: 25428182 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes have a pivotal role in brain as partners of neurons in homeostatic and metabolic processes. Astrocytes also protect other types of brain cells against the toxicity of reactive oxygen species and are considered as first line of defence against the toxic potential of xenobiotics. A key component in many of the astrocytic detoxification processes is the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) which serves as electron donor in the GSH peroxidase-catalyzed reduction of peroxides. In addition, GSH is substrate in the detoxification of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds by GSH-S-transferases which generate GSH conjugates that are efficiently exported from the cells by multidrug resistance proteins. Moreover, GSH reacts with the reactive endogenous carbonyls methylglyoxal and formaldehyde to intermediates which are substrates of detoxifying enzymes. In this article we will review the current knowledge on the GSH metabolism of astrocytes with a special emphasis on GSH-dependent detoxification processes.
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