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Littorin N, Ahl J, Uddén F, Resman F, Riesbeck K. Reduction of Streptococcus pneumoniae in upper respiratory tract cultures and a decreased incidence of related acute otitis media following introduction of childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in a Swedish county. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:407. [PMID: 27514843 PMCID: PMC4982432 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) on invasive pneumococcal disease is frequently reported, but the impact on upper respiratory tract infections in a clinical setting is less documented. Our aim in this 5-year observational study was to investigate serotype changes in a large number of Streptococcus pneumoniae upper respiratory tract isolates following sequential introduction of PCV7 and pneumococcal Haemophilus influenza protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV10) in a Swedish county. METHODS All bacterial isolates from the upper respiratory tract (nasopharynx, sinus or middle ear fluid) from patients with respiratory tract infections referred to a clinical microbiology laboratory prior to (2 years 2007-2008; n = 1566) and after introduction of PCV (3 years 2011-2013; n = 1707) were prospectively collected. Microbiological findings were compared between the two periods, and information from clinical referrals was recorded in order to explore changes in incidence of pneumococcal acute otitis media (AOM). RESULTS Pneumococcal serotypes covered by PHiD-CV10 decreased from 45 to 12 % prior to and after immunization (p < 0.001), respectively. Despite non-PHiD-CV10 serotypes increased from 49 to 80 %, a significant decline of 35 % in the absolute incidence of pneumocococal isolates (p < 0.001) was observed. Finally, the frequency of complicated AOM caused by S. pneumoniae decreased by 32 % (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS After introduction of PCV in 2009, we have observed a significantly decreased number of pneumococcal isolates in the upper respiratory tract, a shift to non-PHiD-CV10 serotypes, and a reduction of complicated AOM. Our findings may have implications for future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Littorin
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Ahl
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fabian Uddén
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Resman
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Kim L, McGee L, Tomczyk S, Beall B. Biological and Epidemiological Features of Antibiotic-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Pre- and Post-Conjugate Vaccine Eras: a United States Perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:525-52. [PMID: 27076637 PMCID: PMC4861989 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00058-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae inflicts a huge disease burden as the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia and meningitis. Soon after mainstream antibiotic usage, multiresistant pneumococcal clones emerged and disseminated worldwide. Resistant clones are generated through adaptation to antibiotic pressures imposed while naturally residing within the human upper respiratory tract. Here, a huge array of related commensal streptococcal strains transfers core genomic and accessory resistance determinants to the highly transformable pneumococcus. β-Lactam resistance is the hallmark of pneumococcal adaptability, requiring multiple independent recombination events that are traceable to nonpneumococcal origins and stably perpetuated in multiresistant clonal complexes. Pneumococcal strains with elevated MICs of β-lactams are most often resistant to additional antibiotics. Basic underlying mechanisms of most pneumococcal resistances have been identified, although new insights that increase our understanding are continually provided. Although all pneumococcal infections can be successfully treated with antibiotics, the available choices are limited for some strains. Invasive pneumococcal disease data compiled during 1998 to 2013 through the population-based Active Bacterial Core surveillance program (U.S. population base of 30,600,000) demonstrate that targeting prevalent capsular serotypes with conjugate vaccines (7-valent and 13-valent vaccines implemented in 2000 and 2010, respectively) is extremely effective in reducing resistant infections. Nonetheless, resistant non-vaccine-serotype clones continue to emerge and expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Kim
- Epidemiology Section, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lesley McGee
- Streptococcus Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sara Tomczyk
- Epidemiology Section, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bernard Beall
- Streptococcus Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Cabaj JL, Nettel-Aguirre A, MacDonald J, Vanderkooi OG, Kellner JD. Influence of Childhood Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Adults With Underlying Comorbidities in Calgary, Alberta (2000-2013). Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:1521-6. [PMID: 27105745 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was introduced into Alberta, Canada's routine childhood immunization programs in 2002 (7-valent [PCV7]) and 2010 (13-valent [PCV13]). We assessed the effect of these programs on the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) to determine if PCV-associated indirect protection was relatively reduced in adults with underlying comorbidities. METHODS Demographic and clinical data were collected by a prospective, population-based surveillance system in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, from January 2000 to December 2013. An indirect cohort study design was used to assess for changes in the proportion of IPD cases with underlying comorbidities. RESULTS There were 1598 overall and 1346 adult IPD cases from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2013. Overall IPD incidence decreased 33% (age 0-5 months), 86% (6-23 months), 67% (2-4 years), 26% (5-17 years), 22% (18-64 years), 36% (65-84 years), and 42% (≥85 years) from the prevaccine (January 2000-July 2002) to the post-PCV13 (July 2010-December 2013) period. Over the same timeframe, PCV7 serotype disease incidence declined to ≤1 case per 100 000 persons in all age groups. Neither the proportion of adult cases with immunocompetent comorbidities (relative risk ratio [RRR], 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], .62-1.40) nor immunocompromising comorbidities (RRR, 0.99; 95% CI, .61-1.61) differed between the pre-PCV period and post-PCV era. CONCLUSIONS Childhood PCV programs have provided considerable benefit, with substantial declines in overall and vaccine-serotype IPD in vaccinated children and in unvaccinated persons. Conjugate vaccine-associated indirect protection for adults with comorbidities was similar to that for healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Nettel-Aguirre
- Department of Community Health Sciences Department of Paediatrics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute
| | | | - Otto G Vanderkooi
- Department of Paediatrics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - James D Kellner
- Department of Community Health Sciences Department of Paediatrics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute
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Navarro-Torné A, Dias JG, Hruba F, Lopalco PL, Pastore-Celentano L, Gauci AJA. Risk factors for death from invasive pneumococcal disease, Europe, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:417-25. [PMID: 25693604 PMCID: PMC4344260 DOI: 10.3201/eid2103.140634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk varies by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype. We studied the possible association between patient age and sex, clinical presentation, Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype, antimicrobial resistance, and death in invasive pneumococcal disease cases reported by 17 European countries during 2010. The study sample comprised 2,921 patients, of whom 56.8% were men and 38.2% were >65 years of age. Meningitis occurred in 18.5% of cases. Death was reported in 264 (9.0%) cases. Older age, meningitis, and nonsusceptibility to penicillin were significantly associated with death. Non–pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) serotypes among children <5 years of age and 7-valent PCV serotypes among persons 5–64 years of age were associated with increased risk for death; among adults >65 years of age, risk did not differ by serotype. These findings highlight differences in case-fatality rates between serotypes and age; thus, continued epidemiologic surveillance across all ages is crucial to monitor the long-term effects of PCVs.
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Antibiotic susceptibility rates of invasive pneumococci before and after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in Germany. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:776-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Uraki R, Piao Z, Akeda Y, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Kiso M, Ozawa M, Oishi K, Kawaoka Y. A Bivalent Vaccine Based on a PB2-Knockout Influenza Virus Protects Mice From Secondary Pneumococcal Pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1939-48. [PMID: 26123562 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary bacterial infections after influenza can be a serious problem, especially in young children and the elderly, yet the efficacy of current vaccines is limited. Earlier work demonstrated that a replication-incompetent PB2-knockout (PB2-KO) influenza virus possessing a foreign gene in the coding region of its PB2 segment can serve as a platform for a bivalent vaccine. METHODS In the current study, we generated the PB2-KO virus expressing pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), PB2-KO-PspA virus, the replication of which is restricted to PB2-expressing cells. We then examined the protective efficacy of intranasal immunization with this virus as a bivalent vaccine in a mouse model. RESULTS High levels of influenza virus-specific and PspA-specific antibodies were induced in the serum and airways of immunized mice. The intranasally immunized mice were protected from lethal doses of influenza virus or Streptococcus pneumoniae. These mice were also completely protected from secondary pneumococcal pneumonia after influenza virus infection. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that our recombinant influenza virus serves as a novel and powerful bivalent vaccine against primary and secondary pneumococcal pneumonia as well as influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Uraki
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Zhenyu Piao
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | | | - Maki Kiso
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University
| | - Kazunori Oishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project (JST), Saitama, Japan Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Early impact of PCV7/PCV13 sequential introduction to the national pediatric immunization plan, on adult invasive pneumococcal disease: A nationwide surveillance study. Vaccine 2015; 33:1135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Changes in the incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia and its serotypes over 10 years in one hospital in South Korea. Vaccine 2014; 32:6403-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Piao Z, Akeda Y, Takeuchi D, Ishii KJ, Ubukata K, Briles DE, Tomono K, Oishi K. Protective properties of a fusion pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) vaccine against pneumococcal challenge by five different PspA clades in mice. Vaccine 2014; 32:5607-13. [PMID: 25132335 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An increase in the appearance of nonvaccine serotypes in both children and adults with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine represents a limitation of this vaccine. In this study, we generated three recombinant pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) proteins comprising PspA families 1 and 2, and we examined the reactivity of antisera raised in mice immunized with a PspA fusion protein in combination with CpG oligonucleotides plus aluminum hydroxide gel. The protective effects of immunization with PspA fusion proteins against pneumococcal challenge by strains with five different PspA clades were also examined in mice. Flow cytometry demonstrated that PspA3+2-induced antiserum showed the greatest binding of PspA-specific IgG to all five challenge strains with different clades. PspA2+4- or PspA2+5-induced antiserum showed the lowest binding of PspA-specific IgG to clade 3. Immunization with PspA3+2 afforded significant protection against pneumococcal challenge by five strains with different clades in mice, but immunization with PspA2+4 or PspA2+5 failed to protect mice from pneumococcal challenge by strains with clades 1 and 3. The binding of PspA-specific IgG in antisera raised by three PspA fusion proteins was examined in 68 clinical isolates from adult patients with IPD. Immunization of mice with PspA3+2-induced antiserum with a high binding capacity for clinical isolates expressing clades 1-4, but not clade 5. Our results suggest that the PspA3+2 vaccine has an advantage over the PspA2+4 or PspA2+5 vaccine in terms of a broad range of cross-reactivity with clinical isolates and cross-protection against pneumococcal challenge in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Piao
- Laboratory for Clinical Research on Infectious Disease, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan; Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Laboratory for Clinical Research on Infectious Disease, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Dan Takeuchi
- Laboratory for Clinical Research on Infectious Disease, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Kimiko Ubukata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - David E Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Kazunori Tomono
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazunori Oishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan.
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Horácio AN, Lopes JP, Ramirez M, Melo-Cristino J. Non-invasive pneumococcal pneumonia in Portugal--serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103092. [PMID: 25075961 PMCID: PMC4116175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited information on the serotypes causing non-invasive pneumococcal pneumonia (NIPP). Our aim was to characterize pneumococci causing NIPP in adults to determine recent changes in serotype prevalence, the potential coverage of pneumococcal vaccines and changes in antimicrobial resistance. Serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of a sample of 1300 isolates recovered from adult patients (≥18 yrs) between 1999 and 2011 (13 years) were determined. Serotype 3 was the most frequent cause of NIPP accounting for 18% of the isolates. The other most common serotypes were 11A (7%), 19F (7%), 19A (5%), 14 (4%), 22F (4%), 23F (4%) and 9N (4%). Between 1999 and 2011, there were significant changes in the proportion of isolates expressing vaccine serotypes, with a steady decline of the serotypes included in the 7-valent conjugate vaccine from 31% (1999–2003) to 11% (2011) (P<0.001). Taking together the most recent study years (2009–2011), the potential coverage of the 13-valent conjugate vaccine was 44% and of the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine was 66%. While erythromycin resistance increased from 8% in 1999–2003 to 18% in 2011 (P<0.001), no significant trend was identified for penicillin non-susceptibility, which had an average value of 18.5%. The serotype distribution found in this study for NIPP was very different from the one previously described for IPD, with only two serotypes in common to the ones responsible for half of each presentation in 2009–2011 – serotypes 3 and 19A. In spite of these differences, the overall prevalence of resistant isolates was similar in NIPP and in IPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia N. Horácio
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana P. Lopes
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mário Ramirez
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - José Melo-Cristino
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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