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Suszynska M, Machowska M, Fraszczyk E, Michalczyk M, Philips A, Galka-Marciniak P, Kozlowski P. CMC: Cancer miRNA Census - a list of cancer-related miRNA genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:1628-1644. [PMID: 38261968 PMCID: PMC10899758 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates an important role of miRNAs in cancer; however, there is no definitive, convenient-to-use list of cancer-related miRNAs or miRNA genes that may serve as a reference for analyses of miRNAs in cancer. To this end, we created a list of 165 cancer-related miRNA genes called the Cancer miRNA Census (CMC). The list is based on a score, built on various types of functional and genetic evidence for the role of particular miRNAs in cancer, e.g. miRNA-cancer associations reported in databases, associations of miRNAs with cancer hallmarks, or signals of positive selection of genetic alterations in cancer. The presence of well-recognized cancer-related miRNA genes, such as MIR21, MIR155, MIR15A, MIR17 or MIRLET7s, at the top of the CMC ranking directly confirms the accuracy and robustness of the list. Additionally, to verify and indicate the reliability of CMC, we performed a validation of criteria used to build CMC, comparison of CMC with various cancer data (publications and databases), and enrichment analyses of biological pathways and processes such as Gene Ontology or DisGeNET. All validation steps showed a strong association of CMC with cancer/cancer-related processes confirming its usefulness as a reference list of miRNA genes associated with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Suszynska
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 61-704, Poland
| | - Magdalena Machowska
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 61-704, Poland
| | - Eliza Fraszczyk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 61-704, Poland
| | - Maciej Michalczyk
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Philips
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paulina Galka-Marciniak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 61-704, Poland
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 61-704, Poland
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Jethalia M, Jani SP, Ceccarelli M, Mall R. Pancancer network analysis reveals key master regulators for cancer invasiveness. J Transl Med 2023; 21:558. [PMID: 37599366 PMCID: PMC10440887 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor invasiveness reflects numerous biological changes, including tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis. To decipher the role of transcriptional regulators (TR) involved in tumor invasiveness, we performed a systematic network-based pan-cancer assessment of master regulators of cancer invasiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS We stratified patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) into invasiveness high (INV-H) and low (INV-L) groups using consensus clustering based on an established robust 24-gene signature to determine the prognostic association of invasiveness with overall survival (OS) across 32 different cancers. We devise a network-based protocol to identify TRs as master regulators (MRs) unique to INV-H and INV-L phenotypes. We validated the activity of MRs coherently associated with INV-H phenotype and worse OS across cancers in TCGA on a series of additional datasets in the Prediction of Clinical Outcomes from the Genomic Profiles (PRECOG) repository. RESULTS Based on the 24-gene signature, we defined the invasiveness score for each patient sample and stratified patients into INV-H and INV-L clusters. We observed that invasiveness was associated with worse survival outcomes in almost all cancers and had a significant association with OS in ten out of 32 cancers. Our network-based framework identified common invasiveness-associated MRs specific to INV-H and INV-L groups across the ten prognostic cancers, including COL1A1, which is also part of the 24-gene signature, thus acting as a positive control. Downstream pathway analysis of MRs specific to INV-H phenotype resulted in the identification of several enriched pathways, including Epithelial into Mesenchymal Transition, TGF-β signaling pathway, regulation of Toll-like receptors, cytokines, and inflammatory response, and selective expression of chemokine receptors during T-cell polarization. Most of these pathways have connotations of inflammatory immune response and feasibility for metastasis. CONCLUSION Our pan-cancer study provides a comprehensive master regulator analysis of tumor invasiveness and can suggest more precise therapeutic strategies by targeting the identified MRs and downstream enriched pathways for patients across multiple cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Jethalia
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Siddhi P Jani
- Centre of Brain Research, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Raghvendra Mall
- St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Biotechnology Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, P.O. Box 9639, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Comprehensive Biology and Genetics Compendium of Wilms Tumor Cell Lines with Different WT1 Mutations. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010060. [PMID: 33379206 PMCID: PMC7801943 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Wilms tumor is a childhood kidney tumor arising from embryonal cells. Wilms tumors are heterogeneous with several distinct subgroups that differ in their response to treatment. The genetic basis for these diverse forms of Wilms tumor is not fully understood. One subgroup of Wilms tumors is associated with mutations in the WT1 gene, encoding a transcription factor with a role in early kidney differentiation. Patients with WT1 mutant Wilms tumor may harbor germline mutations in this gene. Cell lines from Wilms tumors are notoriously difficult to establish and only few exist. We developed a method to cultivate cells from the WT1 mutant subtype of Wilms tumors and have established 11 cell lines with different mutations in WT1 to date. These cells will be instrumental to study the biology and genetics ultimately to develop precision treatments Abstract Purpose: WT1 mutant Wilms tumors represent a distinct subgroup, frequently associated with CTNNB1 mutations. The genetic basis for the development of this subtype is currently not fully understood. Methods: Live WT1 mutant Wilms tumors were collected during surgery of patients and cell cultures established in mesenchymal stem cell medium. They were studied for mutations in WT1 and CTNNB1, their differentiation capacity and protein activation status. Four cell lines were immortalized with a triple mutant ts SV40 largeT antigen and Telomerase. Results: 11 cell lines were established from Wilms tumors of nine patients, including a left and right tumor from the same patient and a primary and second tumor from another patient. Six patients had germ line and three were tumor specific mutations. All cell lines harbored only mutant or deleted WT1 genes. CTNNB1 was wild type in three, all others carried mutations affecting amino acid S45. They had variable and limited capacities for mesenchymal differentiation, a high migratory capacity and a low invasive potential. All cells showed an activation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases and downstream signaling pathways. Conclusions: These cell lines represent an important new tool to study WT1 mutant Wilms tumors, potentially leading to new treatment approaches.
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Brechbuhl HM, Vinod-Paul K, Gillen AE, Kopin EG, Gibney K, Elias AD, Hayashi M, Sartorius CA, Kabos P. Analysis of circulating breast cancer cell heterogeneity and interactions with peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:1129-1139. [PMID: 32822091 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
For solid tumors, extravasation of cancer cells and their survival in circulation represents a critical stage of the metastatic process that lacks complete understanding. Gaining insight into interactions between circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and other peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) may provide valuable prognostic information. The purpose of this study was to use single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of liquid biopsies from breast cancer patients to begin defining intravascular interactions. We captured CTCs from the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients using size-exclusion membranes followed by scRNA-seq of enriched CTCs and carry-over PBMCs. Transcriptome analysis identified two populations of CTCs: one enriched for transcripts indicative of estrogen responsiveness and increased proliferation and another enriched for transcripts characteristic of reduced proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We applied interactome and pathway analysis to determine interactions between CTCs and other captured cells. Our analysis predicted for enhanced immune evasion in the CTC population with EMT characteristics. In addition, PD-1/PD-L1 pathway activation and T cell exhaustion were predicted in T cells isolated from breast cancer patients compared with normal T cells. We conclude that scRNA-seq of breast cancer CTCs generally stratifies them into two types based on their proliferative and epithelial state and differential potential to interact with PBMCs. Better understanding of CTC subtypes and their intravascular interactions may help design treatments directed against CTCs with high metastatic and immune-evasive competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Brechbuhl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kiran Vinod-Paul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Austin E Gillen
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Etana G Kopin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kari Gibney
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anthony D Elias
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | - Peter Kabos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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Emad A, Ray T, Jensen TW, Parat M, Natrajan R, Sinha S, Ray PS. Superior breast cancer metastasis risk stratification using an epithelial-mesenchymal-amoeboid transition gene signature. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:74. [PMID: 32641077 PMCID: PMC7341640 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells are known to display varying degrees of metastatic propensity, but the molecular basis underlying such heterogeneity remains unclear. Our aims in this study were to (i) elucidate prognostic subtypes in primary tumors based on an epithelial-to-mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition (EMAT) continuum that captures the heterogeneity of metastatic propensity and (ii) to more comprehensively define biologically informed subtypes predictive of breast cancer metastasis and survival in lymph node-negative (LNN) patients. METHODS We constructed a novel metastasis biology-based gene signature (EMAT) derived exclusively from cancer cells induced to undergo either epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition (MAT) to gauge their metastatic potential. Genome-wide gene expression data obtained from 913 primary tumors of lymph node-negative breast cancer (LNNBC) patients were analyzed. EMAT gene signature-based prognostic stratification of patients was performed to identify biologically relevant subtypes associated with distinct metastatic propensity. RESULTS Delineated EMAT subtypes display a biologic range from less stem-like to more stem-like cell states and from less invasive to more invasive modes of cancer progression. Consideration of EMAT subtypes in combination with standard clinical parameters significantly improved survival prediction. EMAT subtypes outperformed prognosis accuracy of receptor or PAM50-based BC intrinsic subtypes even after adjusting for treatment variables in 3 independent, LNNBC cohorts including a treatment-naïve patient cohort. CONCLUSIONS EMAT classification is a biologically informed method that provides prognostic information beyond that which can be provided by traditional cancer staging or PAM50 molecular subtype status and may improve metastasis risk assessment in early stage, LNNBC patients, who may otherwise be perceived to be at low metastasis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Emad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Tania Ray
- Onconostic Technologies Inc., Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Tor W Jensen
- Illinois Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Meera Parat
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Rachael Natrajan
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Saurabh Sinha
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA.
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA.
| | - Partha S Ray
- Onconostic Technologies Inc., Champaign, Illinois, USA.
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Neckmann U, Wolowczyk C, Hall M, Almaas E, Ren J, Zhao S, Johannessen B, Skotheim RI, Bjørkøy G, Ten Dijke P, Holien T. GREM1 is associated with metastasis and predicts poor prognosis in ER-negative breast cancer patients. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:140. [PMID: 31694641 PMCID: PMC6836336 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In breast cancer, activation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and elevated levels of BMP-antagonists have been linked to tumor progression and metastasis. However, the simultaneous upregulation of BMPs and their antagonist, and the fact that both promote tumor aggressiveness seems contradictory and is not fully understood. Methods We analyzed the transcriptomes of the metastatic 66cl4 and the non-metastatic 67NR cell lines of the 4T1 mouse mammary tumor model to search for factors that promote metastasis. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was used for mechanistic studies in the same cell lines. Furthermore, we analyzed gene expression patterns in human breast cancer biopsies obtained from public datasets to evaluate co-expression and possible relations to clinical outcome. Results We found that mRNA levels of the BMP-antagonist Grem1, encoding gremlin1, and the ligand Bmp4 were both significantly upregulated in cells and primary tumors of 66cl4 compared to 67NR. Depletion of gremlin1 in 66cl4 could impair metastasis to the lungs in this model. Furthermore, we found that expression of Grem1 correlated with upregulation of several stem cell markers in 66cl4 cells compared to 67NR cells. Both in the mouse model and in patients, expression of GREM1 associated with extracellular matrix organization, and formation, biosynthesis and modification of collagen. Importantly, high expression of GREM1 predicted poor prognosis in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer patients. Analyses of large patient cohorts revealed that amplification of genes encoding BMP-antagonists and elevation of the corresponding transcripts is evident in biopsies from more than half of the patients and much more frequent for the secreted BMP-antagonists than the intracellular inhibitors of SMAD signaling. Conclusion In conclusion, our results show that GREM1 is associated with metastasis and predicts poor prognosis in ER-negative breast cancer patients. Gremlin1 could represent a novel target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Neckmann
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Camilla Wolowczyk
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martina Hall
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Almaas
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jiang Ren
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Johannessen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf I Skotheim
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Bjørkøy
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Toril Holien
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), NTNU, Gastro Center, Prinsesse Kristinas gt 1, 7030, Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Hematology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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Dhawan A, Scott JG, Harris AL, Buffa FM. Pan-cancer characterisation of microRNA across cancer hallmarks reveals microRNA-mediated downregulation of tumour suppressors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5228. [PMID: 30531873 PMCID: PMC6286392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07657-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs are key regulators of the human transcriptome across a number of diverse biological processes, such as development, aging and cancer, where particular miRNAs have been identified as tumour suppressive and oncogenic. In this work, we elucidate, in a comprehensive manner, across 15 epithelial cancer types comprising 7316 clinical samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas, the association of miRNA expression and target regulation with the phenotypic hallmarks of cancer. Utilising penalised regression techniques to integrate transcriptomic, methylation and mutation data, we find evidence for a complex map of interactions underlying the relationship of miRNA regulation and the hallmarks of cancer. This highlighted high redundancy for the oncomiR-1 cluster of oncogenic miRNAs, in particular hsa-miR-17-5p. In addition, we reveal extensive miRNA regulation of tumour suppressor genes such as PTEN, FAT4 and CDK12, uncovering an alternative mechanism of repression in the absence of mutation, methylation or copy number changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dhawan
- Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jacob G Scott
- Translational Hematology and Radiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, 44195, USA
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Francesca M Buffa
- Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Zhang K, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Song X, Zhang L, Wu L, Liu J. Long non-coding RNAs as novel biomarkers for breast cancer invasion and metastasis. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1895-1904. [PMID: 28789424 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is now the most common malignancy worldwide, with high prevalence and lethality among women. Invasion and metastasis are the major reasons for breast cancer-associated mortality. However, the underlying mechanism of invasion and metastasis has not been entirely elucidated. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a large class of non-coding transcripts that are >200 bases in length and cannot encode proteins. Evidence has indicated that lncRNAs regulate gene expression at the levels of epigenetic modification, transcription and post-transcription. In addition, they are involved in diverse tumor biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. The present review focuses on the recent progress of lncRNAs in breast cancer invasion and metastasis, aiming to provide novel strategies for the clinical prevention, diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijiong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenglian Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lichun Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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The motile breast cancer phenotype roles of proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:124321. [PMID: 25140302 PMCID: PMC4129668 DOI: 10.1155/2014/124321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The consecutive stages of cancer growth and dissemination are obligatorily perpetrated through specific interactions of the tumor cells with their microenvironment. Importantly, cell-associated and tumor microenvironment glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)/proteoglycan (PG) content and distribution are markedly altered during tumor pathogenesis and progression. GAGs and PGs perform multiple functions in specific stages of the metastatic cascade due to their defined structure and ability to interact with both ligands and receptors regulating cancer pathogenesis. Thus, GAGs/PGs may modulate downstream signaling of key cellular mediators including insulin growth factor receptor (IGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), estrogen receptors (ERs), or Wnt members. In the present review we will focus on breast cancer motility in correlation with their GAG/PG content and critically discuss mechanisms involved. Furthermore, new approaches involving GAGs/PGs as potential prognostic/diagnostic markers or as therapeutic agents for cancer-related pathologies are being proposed.
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