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Sobek J, Li J, Combes BF, Gerez JA, Henrich MT, Geibl FF, Nilsson PR, Shi K, Rominger A, Oertel WH, Nitsch RM, Nordberg A, Ågren H, Ni R. Efficient characterization of multiple binding sites of small molecule imaging ligands on amyloid-beta, tau and alpha-synuclein. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024:10.1007/s00259-024-06806-7. [PMID: 38953933 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-024-06806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is an unmet need for compounds to detect fibrillar forms of alpha-synuclein (αSyn) and 4-repeat tau, which are critical in many neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we aim to develop an efficient surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based assay to facilitate the characterization of small molecules that can bind these fibrils. METHODS SPR measurements were conducted to characterize the binding properties of fluorescent ligands/compounds toward recombinant amyloid-beta (Aβ)42, K18-tau, full-length 2N4R-tau and αSyn fibrils. In silico modeling was performed to examine the binding pockets of ligands on αSyn fibrils. Immunofluorescence staining of postmortem brain tissue slices from Parkinson's disease patients and mouse models was performed with fluorescence ligands and specific antibodies. RESULTS We optimized the protocol for the immobilization of Aβ42, K18-tau, full-length 2N4R-tau and αSyn fibrils in a controlled aggregation state on SPR-sensor chips and for assessing their binding to ligands. The SPR results from the analysis of binding kinetics suggested the presence of at least two binding sites for all fibrils, including luminescent conjugated oligothiophenes, benzothiazole derivatives, nonfluorescent methylene blue and lansoprazole. In silico modeling studies for αSyn (6H6B) revealed four binding sites with a preference for one site on the surface. Immunofluorescence staining validated the detection of pS129-αSyn positivity in the brains of Parkinson's disease patients and αSyn preformed-fibril injected mice, 6E10-positive Aβ in arcAβ mice, and AT-8/AT-100-positivity in pR5 mice. CONCLUSION SPR measurements of small molecules binding to Aβ42, K18/full-length 2N4R-tau and αSyn fibrils suggested the existence of multiple binding sites. This approach may provide efficient characterization of compounds for neurodegenerative disease-relevant proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Sobek
- Functional Genomics Center, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Junhao Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Benjamin F Combes
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juan A Gerez
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin T Henrich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fanni F Geibl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter R Nilsson
- Divison of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kuangyu Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang H Oertel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roger M Nitsch
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Divison of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Development of Phenothiazine Hybrids with Potential Medicinal Interest: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27010276. [PMID: 35011508 PMCID: PMC8746661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The molecular hybridization approach has been used to develop compounds with improved efficacy by combining two or more pharmacophores of bioactive scaffolds. In this context, hybridization of various relevant pharmacophores with phenothiazine derivatives has resulted in pertinent compounds with diverse biological activities, interacting with specific or multiple targets. In fact, the development of new drugs or drug candidates based on phenothiazine system has been a promising approach due to the diverse activities associated with this tricyclic system, traditionally present in compounds with antipsychotic, antihistaminic and antimuscarinic effects. Actually, the pharmacological actions of phenothiazine hybrids include promising antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, analgesic and multi-drug resistance reversal properties. The present review summarizes the progress in the development of phenothiazine hybrids and their biological activity.
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Ziehm T, Buell AK, Willbold D. Role of Hydrophobicity and Charge of Amyloid-Beta Oligomer Eliminating d-Peptides in the Interaction with Amyloid-Beta Monomers. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2679-2688. [PMID: 29893543 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the self-assembly process of amyloid-beta and even more the removal of already existing toxic amyloid-beta assemblies represent promising therapeutic strategies against Alzheimer's disease. To approach this aim, we selected a d-enantiomeric peptide by phage-display based on the interaction with amyloid-beta monomers. This lead compound was successfully optimized by peptide microarrays with respect to its affinity and specificity to the target resulting in d-peptides with both increased hydrophobicity and net charge. Here, we present a detailed biophysical characterization of the interactions between these optimized d-peptides and amyloid-beta monomers in comparison to the original lead compound in order to obtain a more thorough understanding of the physicochemical determinants of the interactions. Kinetics and apparent stoichiometry of complex formation were studied using surface plasmon resonance. Potential modes of binding to amyloid-beta were identified, and the influences of ionic strength on complex stability, as well as on the inhibitory effect on amyloid-beta aggregation were investigated. The results reveal a very different mode of interaction of the optimized d-peptides based on a combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions as compared to the mostly electrostatically driven interaction of the lead compound. These conclusions were supported by the thermodynamic profiles of the interaction between optimized d-peptides and Aβ monomers, which indicate an increase in binding entropy with respect to the lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Ziehm
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander K. Buell
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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van Groen T, Schemmert S, Brener O, Gremer L, Ziehm T, Tusche M, Nagel-Steger L, Kadish I, Schartmann E, Elfgen A, Jürgens D, Willuweit A, Kutzsche J, Willbold D. The Aβ oligomer eliminating D-enantiomeric peptide RD2 improves cognition without changing plaque pathology. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16275. [PMID: 29176708 PMCID: PMC5701182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While amyloid-β protein (Aβ) aggregation into insoluble plaques is one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), soluble oligomeric Aβ has been hypothesized to be responsible for synapse damage, neurodegeneration, learning, and memory deficits in AD. Here, we investigate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the d-enantiomeric peptide RD2, a rationally designed derivative of the previously described lead compound D3, which has been developed to efficiently eliminate toxic Aβ42 oligomers as a promising treatment strategy for AD. Besides the detailed in vitro characterization of RD2, we also report the results of a treatment study of APP/PS1 mice with RD2. After 28 days of treatment we observed enhancement of cognition and learning behaviour. Analysis on brain plaque load did not reveal significant changes, but a significant reduction of insoluble Aβ42. Our findings demonstrate that RD2 was significantly more efficient in Aβ oligomer elimination in vitro compared to D3. Enhanced cognition without reduction of plaque pathology in parallel suggests that synaptic malfunction due to Aβ oligomers rather than plaque pathology is decisive for disease development and progression. Thus, Aβ oligomer elimination by RD2 treatment may be also beneficial for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas van Groen
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Brener
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lothar Gremer
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tamar Ziehm
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Tusche
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Luitgard Nagel-Steger
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Inga Kadish
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Elena Schartmann
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anne Elfgen
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dagmar Jürgens
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany. .,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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5
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Klein AN, Ziehm T, van Groen T, Kadish I, Elfgen A, Tusche M, Thomaier M, Reiss K, Brener O, Gremer L, Kutzsche J, Willbold D. Optimization of d-Peptides for Aβ Monomer Binding Specificity Enhances Their Potential to Eliminate Toxic Aβ Oligomers. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1889-1900. [PMID: 28581708 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) oligomers are thought to be causative for the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Starting from the Aβ oligomer eliminating d-enantiomeric peptide D3, we developed and applied a two-step procedure based on peptide microarrays to identify D3 derivatives with increased binding affinity and specificity for monomeric Aβ(1-42) to further enhance the Aβ oligomer elimination efficacy. Out of more than 1000 D3 derivatives, we selected seven novel d-peptides, named ANK1 to ANK7, and characterized them in more detail in vitro. All ANK peptides bound to monomeric Aβ(1-42), eliminated Aβ(1-42) oligomers, inhibited Aβ(1-42) fibril formation, and reduced Aβ(1-42)-induced cytotoxicity more efficiently than D3. Additionally, ANK6 completely inhibited the prion-like propagation of preformed Aβ(1-42) seeds and showed a nonsignificant tendency for improving memory performance of tg-APPSwDI mice after i.p. application for 4 weeks. This supports the hypothesis that stabilization of Aβ monomers and thereby induced elimination of Aβ oligomers is a suitable therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Nicole Klein
- Institute
of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Tamar Ziehm
- Institute
of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas van Groen
- Department
of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Inga Kadish
- Department
of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Anne Elfgen
- Institute
of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Tusche
- Institute
of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Maren Thomaier
- Institute
of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Reiss
- Institute
of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Brener
- Institute
of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lothar Gremer
- Institute
of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute
of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute
of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Thomaier M, Gremer L, Dammers C, Fabig J, Neudecker P, Willbold D. High-Affinity Binding of Monomeric but Not Oligomeric Amyloid-β to Ganglioside GM1 Containing Nanodiscs. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6662-6672. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maren Thomaier
- Institute
of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lothar Gremer
- Institute
of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Dammers
- Institute
of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Judith Fabig
- Institute
of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Philipp Neudecker
- Institute
of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute
of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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7
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Ziehm T, Brener O, van Groen T, Kadish I, Frenzel D, Tusche M, Kutzsche J, Reiß K, Gremer L, Nagel-Steger L, Willbold D. Increase of Positive Net Charge and Conformational Rigidity Enhances the Efficacy of d-Enantiomeric Peptides Designed to Eliminate Cytotoxic Aβ Species. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1088-96. [PMID: 27240424 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common type of dementia. Until now, there is no curative therapy available. Previously, we selected the amyloid-beta (Aβ) targeting peptide D3 consisting of 12 d-enantiomeric amino acid residues by mirror image phage display as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of AD. In the current approach, we investigated the optimization potential of linear D3 with free C-terminus (D3COOH) by chemical modifications. First, the impact of the net charge was investigated and second, cyclization was introduced which is a well-known tool for the optimization of peptides for enhanced target affinity. Following this strategy, three D3 derivatives in addition to D3COOH were designed: C-terminally amidated linear D3 (D3CONH2), cyclic D3 (cD3), and cyclic D3 with an additional arginine residue (cD3r) to maintain the net charge of linear D3CONH2. These four compounds were compared to each other according to their binding affinities to Aβ(1-42), their efficacy to eliminate cytotoxic oligomers, and consequently their potency to neutralize Aβ(1-42) oligomer induced neurotoxicity. D3CONH2 and cD3r versions with equally increased net charge showed superior properties over D3COOH and cD3, respectively. The cyclic versions showed superior properties compared to their linear version with equal net charge, suggesting cD3r to be the most efficient compound among these four. Indeed, treatment of the transgenic AD mouse model Tg-SwDI with cD3r significantly enhanced spatial memory and cognition of these animals as revealed by water maze performance. Therefore, charge increase and cyclization imply suitable modification steps for an optimization approach of the Aβ targeting compound D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Ziehm
- Institute of Complex
Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Brener
- Institute of Complex
Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas van Groen
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative
Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama 35233, United States
| | - Inga Kadish
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative
Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama 35233, United States
| | - Daniel Frenzel
- Institute of Complex
Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Tusche
- Institute of Complex
Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Complex
Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Reiß
- Institute of Complex
Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Lothar Gremer
- Institute of Complex
Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Luitgard Nagel-Steger
- Institute of Complex
Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex
Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Klumpp M. Non-stoichiometric inhibition in integrated lead finding - a literature review. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 11:149-62. [PMID: 26653534 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1128892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-stoichiometric inhibition summarizes different mechanisms by which low-molecular weight compounds can reproducibly inhibit high-throughput screening (HTS) and other lead finding assays without binding to a structurally defined site on their molecular target. This disqualifies such molecules from optimization by medicinal chemistry, and therefore their rapid elimination from screening hit lists is essential for productive and effective drug discovery. AREAS COVERED This review covers recent literature that either investigates the various mechanisms behind non-stoichiometric inhibition or suggests assays and readouts to identify them. In addition, combination of the various methods to distill promising molecules out of raw primary hit lists step-by-step is considered. Emerging technologies to demonstrate target engagement in cells are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Over the last few years, awareness of non-stoichiometric inhibitors within screening libraries and HTS hit lists has considerably increased, not only in the pharmaceutical industry but also in the academic drug discovery community. This has resulted in a variety of methods to detect and handle such compounds. These range from in silico approaches to flag suspicious compounds, and counterassays to measure non-stoichiometric inhibition, to biophysical methods that positively demonstrate stoichiometric binding. In addition, novel technologies to verify target engagement within cells are becoming available. While still a time- and resource-consuming nuisance, non-stoichiometric inhibitors therefore do not fundamentally jeopardize the discovery of low molecular weight lead and drug candidates. Rather, they should be viewed as a manageable issue that with appropriate expertise can be overcome through integration of the above-mentioned approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klumpp
- a Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research Basel, Novartis Pharma AG , Basel , Switzerland
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Schartner J, Gavriljuk K, Nabers A, Weide P, Muhler M, Gerwert K, Kötting C. Immobilization of Proteins in their Physiological Active State at Functionalized Thiol Monolayers on ATR-Germanium Crystals. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2529-34. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Frenzel D, Willbold D. Kinetic titration series with biolayer interferometry. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106882. [PMID: 25229647 PMCID: PMC4167697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biolayer interferometry is a method to analyze protein interactions in real-time. In this study, we illustrate the usefulness to quantitatively analyze high affinity protein ligand interactions employing a kinetic titration series for characterizing the interactions between two pairs of interaction patterns, in particular immunoglobulin G and protein G B1 as well as scFv IC16 and amyloid beta (1-42). Kinetic titration series are commonly used in surface plasmon resonance and involve sequential injections of analyte over a desired concentration range on a single ligand coated sensor chip without waiting for complete dissociation between the injections. We show that applying this method to biolayer interferometry is straightforward and i) circumvents problems in data evaluation caused by unavoidable sensor differences, ii) saves resources and iii) increases throughput if screening a multitude of different analyte/ligand combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Frenzel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, ICS-6 Structural Biochemistry, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, ICS-6 Structural Biochemistry, Jülich, Germany
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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