1
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Huang Z, Li H. Dams trigger exponential population declines of migratory fish. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi6580. [PMID: 38728390 PMCID: PMC11086605 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi6580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The impact of dams on global migratory fish stocks is a major challenge and remains seriously underestimated. China has initiated a dozen fish rescue programs for the dams on the Yangtze River, focusing on five flagship species-Chinese sturgeon, Chinese paddlefish, Yangtze sturgeon, Chinese sucker, and Coreius guichenoti. Despite 40 years of effort, these five fishes are on the verge of extinction. Here, we propose an analytical tool that includes a framework of fish migration taxonomy and six life cycle models, the concepts of invalid stock and the dam impact coefficient, and a simplified population model. We then clarify the migration patterns and life cycles of these fishes and show that the Yangtze dams have severely disrupted the life cycle integrity of these species, causing seven types of invalid stocks and their exponential population declines. Last, we discuss six scientific misjudgments underpinning the fish rescue programs and recommend reforms to China's fish rescue strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haiying Li
- China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
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2
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Hulthén K, Chapman BB, Nilsson PA, Hansson LA, Skov C, Brodersen J, Brönmark C. Timing and synchrony of migration in a freshwater fish: Consequences for survival. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:2103-2112. [PMID: 35899786 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Animal migration is one of the most spectacular and visible behavioural phenomena in nature with profound implications for a range of ecological and evolutionary processes. Successful migration hinges on the ability to exploit temporary resources (e.g. food) and evade threats (e.g. predators) as they arise, and thus the timing of migration is often regarded as a dominant predictor of individual migratory success. However, with the exception of intensively studied taxa (mainly birds), relatively few studies have investigated inter-individual annual and seasonal variation in migratory timing and performance, or tested predictions on how migration across high and low predation-risk habitats may exert selection on migratory timing. In particular, studies that assess the survival consequences of variation in migratory timing remain rare, which is most likely due to the logistical challenges associated with monitoring survival success and population-level characteristics simultaneously. Here, we address the above-mentioned questions using roach Rutilus rutilus, a fish that migrates from lakes characterised by high predation risk into low-risk streams during winter. Specifically, we used individual-based tracking of roach in two European lake systems over multiple migration periods (9 and 7 years respectively), to obtain highly detailed (year-round scheduling, repeat journeys and the fate of individuals) data on the variability/synchrony of migratory timing in spring and autumn respectively. We report seasonal differences in the variability of migratory timing, with lower variance and higher migration synchrony in spring lake arrival timing as compared to autumn lake departure timing. Furthermore, the timing of autumn migration is more variable across years than the timing of spring migration. Second, we find that later arrival to the lake habitat is positively associated with apparent survival from 1 year to the next, whereas we found no effect of lake departure timing on survival probability. These findings represent rare evidence showing how intraspecific variation in timing in migratory fish differs across years and seasons, and how variation in timing can translate into survival consequences for prey in systems characterised by high predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ben B Chapman
- Division of Evolution and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - P Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Christian Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology & Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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3
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Franklin KA, Nicoll MAC, Butler SJ, Norris K, Ratcliffe N, Nakagawa S, Gill JA. Individual repeatability of avian migration phenology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1416-1430. [PMID: 35385132 PMCID: PMC9546039 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Changes in phenology and distribution are being widely reported for many migratory species in response to shifting environmental conditions. Understanding these changes and the situations in which they occur can be aided by understanding consistent individual differences in phenology and distribution and the situations in which consistency varies in strength or detectability. Studies tracking the same individuals over consecutive years are increasingly reporting migratory timings to be a repeatable trait, suggesting that flexible individual responses to environmental conditions may contribute little to population-level changes in phenology and distribution. However, how this varies across species and sexes, across the annual cycle and in relation to study (tracking method, study design) and/or ecosystem characteristics is not yet clear. Here, we take advantage of the growing number of publications in movement ecology to perform a phylogenetic multilevel meta-analysis of repeatability estimates for avian migratory timings to investigate these questions. Of 2,433 reviewed studies, 54 contained suitable information for meta-analysis, resulting in 177 effect sizes from 47 species. Individual repeatability of avian migratory timings averaged 0.414 (95% confidence interval: 0.3-0.5) across landbirds, waterbirds and seabirds, suggesting consistent individual differences in migratory timings is a common feature of migratory systems. Timing of departure from the non-breeding grounds was more repeatable than timings of arrival at or departure from breeding grounds, suggesting that conditions encountered on migratory journeys and outcome of breeding attempts can influence individual variation. Population-level shifts in phenology could arise through individual timings changing with environmental conditions and/or through shifts in the numbers of individuals with different timings. Our findings suggest that, in addition to identifying the conditions associated with individual variation in phenology, exploring the causes of between-individual variation will be key in predicting future rates and directions of changes in migratory timings. We therefore encourage researchers to report the within- and between- individual variance components underpinning the reported repeatability estimates to aid interpretation of migration behaviour. In addition, the lack of studies in the tropics means that levels of repeatability in less strongly seasonal environments are not yet clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty A Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
| | - Malcolm A C Nicoll
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
| | - Simon J Butler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Ken Norris
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Gill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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4
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Reid JM, Acker P. Properties of phenotypic plasticity in discrete threshold traits. Evolution 2021; 76:190-206. [PMID: 34874068 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Forms of phenotypic plasticity in key traits, and forms of selection on and genetic variation in such plasticity, fundamentally underpin phenotypic, population dynamic, and evolutionary responses to environmental variation and directional change. Accordingly, numerous theoretical and empirical studies have examined properties and consequences of plasticity, primarily considering traits that are continuously distributed on observed phenotypic scales with linear reaction norms. However, many environmentally sensitive traits are expressed as discrete alternative phenotypes and are appropriately characterized as quantitative genetic threshold traits. Here, we highlight that forms of phenotypic plasticity, genetic variation, and inheritance in plasticity, and outcomes of selection on plasticity, could differ substantially between threshold traits and continuously distributed traits (as are typically considered). We thereby highlight theoretical developments that are required to rationalize and predict phenotypic and microevolutionary dynamics involving plastic threshold traits, and outline how intrinsic properties of such traits could provide relatively straightforward explanations for apparently idiosyncratic observed patterns of phenotypic variation. We summarize how key quantitative genetic parameters underlying threshold traits can be estimated, and thereby set the scene for embedding dynamic discrete traits into theoretical and empirical understanding of the role of plasticity in driving phenotypic, population, and evolutionary responses to environmental variation and change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Institutt for Biologi, NTNU, Trondheim, 7034, Norway.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Acker
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Institutt for Biologi, NTNU, Trondheim, 7034, Norway
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5
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Barrow JS, Yen JDL, Koehn JD, Zampatti BP, Thiem JD, Tonkin Z, Strawbridge A, Morrongiello JR. Lifetime movement history is associated with variable growth of a potamodromous freshwater fish. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2560-2572. [PMID: 34160071 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Directional or stabilising selection should drive the expression of a dominant movement phenotype within a population. Widespread persistence of multiple movement phenotypes within wild populations, however, suggests that individuals that move (movers) and those that do not (residents) can have commensurate performance. The costs and benefits of mover and resident phenotypes remain poorly understood. Here, we explored how the presence and timing of movements are correlated with annual somatic growth rates, a useful proxy for performance because it is easily measured and rapidly reflects environmental changes. We used otolith growth measurements and stable isotope analyses to recreate growth and among-reach movement histories of a partially migrating, long-lived freshwater fish, golden perch Macquaria ambigua. We compared the association between movement and growth at two temporal scales: (a) short-term (annual) differences in growth, in the years preceding, during or following movement; and (b) long-term (lifetime) differences in growth. Overall, 59% of individuals performed at least one among-reach movement, with these individuals subsequently more likely to move repeatedly throughout their lives. Movers grew faster than residents, with this difference most pronounced in the juvenile and early adult stages, when most movements occurred. Annual growth did not, however, change immediately prior to or following a specific movement event. Among-individual variation in growth was initially higher for residents than for movers but decreased with age, at a faster rate for residents than for movers, such that levels conformed after 5 years of age. Our results indicate that lifetime movement is linked to faster growth in the early years of a fish's life. These faster growing movers are likely to be larger at a given age, leading to numerous potential benefits. However, the persistence of resident phenotypes suggests that there is likely a cost-benefit trade-off to moving. The presence of multiple movement phenotypes may contribute to the resilience of populations by buffering against naturally and anthropogenically exacerbated environmental variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Barrow
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Jian D L Yen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Applied Aquatic Ecology, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - John D Koehn
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Applied Aquatic Ecology, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Brenton P Zampatti
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Glen Osmond, SA, Australia.,Inland Waters and Catchment Ecology Program, SARDI Aquatic Sciences, SA, Australia
| | - Jason D Thiem
- Department of Primary Industries, Narrandera Fisheries Centre, Narrandera, NSW, Australia
| | - Zeb Tonkin
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Applied Aquatic Ecology, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Arron Strawbridge
- Inland Waters and Catchment Ecology Program, SARDI Aquatic Sciences, SA, Australia
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6
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Pärssinen V, Hulthén K, Brönmark C, Skov C, Brodersen J, Baktoft H, Chapman BB, Hansson LA, Nilsson PA. Maladaptive migration behaviour in hybrids links to predator-mediated ecological selection. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2596-2604. [PMID: 32745243 PMCID: PMC7692921 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Different migratory species have evolved distinct migratory characteristics that improve fitness in their particular ecological niches. However, when such species hybridize, migratory traits from parental species can combine maladaptively and cause hybrids to fall between parental fitness peaks, with potential consequences for hybrid viability and species integrity. Here, we take advantage of a natural cross‐breeding incident to study migratory behaviour in naturally occurring hybrids as well as in their parental species and explore links between migratory traits and predation risk. To achieve this, we used electronic tags and passive telemetry to record detailed individual migration patterns (timing and number of migratory trips) in two common freshwater fish species, roach Rutilus rutilus, common bream Abramis brama as well as their hybrids. Next, we scanned for tags regurgitated by a key avian predator (great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo) at nearby roosting sites, allowing us to directly link migratory behaviour to predation risk in the wild. We found that hybrid individuals showed a higher number of short, multi‐trip movements between lake and stream habitats as compared to both parental species. The mean date of first lake departure differed between bream and roach by more than 10 days, while hybrids departed in two distinct peaks that overlapped with the parental species' averages. Moreover, the probability of cormorant predation increased with multi‐trip movement frequency across species and was higher for hybrids. Our data provide novel insights into hybrid viability, with links to predator‐mediated ecological selection. Increased exposure to predators via maladaptive migratory behaviour reduces hybrid survival and can thereby reinforce species integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varpu Pärssinen
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology & Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Baktoft
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Ben B Chapman
- Division of Evolution and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Per Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Environmental and Life Sciences - Biology, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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7
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Reid JM, Souter M, Fenn SR, Acker P, Payo-Payo A, Burthe SJ, Wanless S, Daunt F. Among-individual and within-individual variation in seasonal migration covaries with subsequent reproductive success in a partially migratory bird. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200928. [PMID: 32693718 PMCID: PMC7423652 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Within-individual and among-individual variation in expression of key environmentally sensitive traits, and associated variation in fitness components occurring within and between years, determine the extents of phenotypic plasticity and selection and shape population responses to changing environments. Reversible seasonal migration is one key trait that directly mediates spatial escape from seasonally deteriorating environments, causing spatio-seasonal population dynamics. Yet, within-individual and among-individual variation in seasonal migration versus residence, and dynamic associations with subsequent reproductive success, have not been fully quantified. We used novel capture-mark-recapture mixture models to assign individual European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) to 'resident', 'early migrant', or 'late migrant' strategies in two consecutive years, using year-round local resightings. We demonstrate substantial among-individual variation in strategy within years, and directional within-individual change between years. Furthermore, subsequent reproductive success varied substantially among strategies, and relationships differed between years; residents and late migrants had highest success in the 2 years, respectively, matching the years in which these strategies were most frequently expressed. These results imply that migratory strategies can experience fluctuating reproductive selection, and that flexible expression of migration can be partially aligned with reproductive outcomes. Plastic seasonal migration could then potentially contribute to adaptive population responses to currently changing forms of environmental seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M. Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Institutt for Biologi, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Sarah R. Fenn
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - Paul Acker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - Ana Payo-Payo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - Sarah J. Burthe
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, Scotland
| | - Sarah Wanless
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, Scotland
| | - Francis Daunt
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, Scotland
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8
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Tamario C, Sunde J, Petersson E, Tibblin P, Forsman A. Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Environmental Change and Management Actions for Migrating Fish. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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9
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Shaw AK, Craft ME, Zuk M, Binning SA. Host migration strategy is shaped by forms of parasite transmission and infection cost. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1601-1612. [PMID: 31220346 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most studies on the evolution of migration focus on food, mates and/or climate as factors influencing these movements, whereas negative species interactions such as predators, parasites and pathogens are often ignored. Although infection and its associated costs clearly have the potential to influence migration, thoroughly studying these interactions is challenging without a solid theoretical framework from which to develop testable predictions in natural systems. Here, we aim to understand when parasites favour the evolution of migration. We develop a general model which enables us to explore a broad range of biological conditions and to capture population and infection dynamics over both ecological and evolutionary time-scales. We show that when migration evolves depends on whether the costs of migration and infection are paid in reduced fecundity or survival. Also important are the parasite transmission mode and spatiotemporal dynamics of infection and recovery (if it occurs). Finally, we find that partial migration (where only a fraction of the population migrates) can evolve but only when parasite transmission is density-dependent. Our results highlight the critical, if overlooked, role of parasites in shaping long-distance movement patterns, and suggest that infection should be considered alongside more traditional drivers of migration in both empirical and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Marlene Zuk
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Sandra A Binning
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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10
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Meyer GA, Nelson WA. Behavioral diversity is maintained by a conditional strategy in a freshwater zooplankton. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Many populations have intraspecific diversity in phenotype and ecological strategy, but the mechanisms maintaining such diversity are not fully understood. Multiple behaviors can be maintained either as a conditional strategy, where fitness depends on an individual’s phenotype, or as a mixed strategy, where alternative behaviors have similar fitness independent of phenotype. Using high-resolution depth and time sampling, we characterize 2 distinct diel vertical migration behaviors in a population of freshwater zooplankton (Daphnia pulicaria). Individuals in this population differ in their color phenotype and migratory behavior with red morphs upregulating hemoglobin and undergoing a deep migration and pale morphs not producing hemoglobin and undergoing a shallow migration. We experimentally manipulated the behavior of each phenotype in the field and measured population growth in their natural migration behavior as well as population growth in their alternative behaviors. Experimental populations of pale and red morphs under their natural migrations had roughly equal fitness, despite vast differences in environmental conditions. When forced to switch behaviors, pale morphs suffered reduced fitness, whereas red morphs had similar fitness compared with their natural migration. Our results suggest that although behavioral diversity may be promoted by the opportunity for alternative behaviors of equal fitness, the distinct physiological conditions required for survival in alternative behaviors limit the capacity for individual behavioral switching and likely maintain behavioral diversity as a conditional strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Adam Meyer
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario
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11
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Ecological Consequences of Animal Migration: Prey Partial Migration Affects Predator Ecology and Prey Communities. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Brown LM, Hall RJ. Consequences of resource supplementation for disease risk in a partially migratory population. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170095. [PMID: 29531150 PMCID: PMC5883001 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic landscape features such as urban parks and gardens, landfills and farmlands can provide novel, seasonally reliable food sources that impact wildlife ecology and distributions. In historically migratory species, food subsidies can cause individuals to forgo migration and form partially migratory or entirely sedentary populations, eroding a crucial benefit of migration: pathogen avoidance through seasonal abandonment of transmission sites and mortality of infected individuals during migration. Since many migratory taxa are declining, and wildlife populations in urban areas can harbour zoonotic pathogens, understanding the mechanisms by which anthropogenic resource subsidies influence infection dynamics and the persistence of migration is important for wildlife conservation and public health. We developed a mathematical model for a partially migratory population and a vector-borne pathogen transmitted at a shared breeding ground, where food subsidies increase the nonbreeding survival of residents. We found that higher resident nonbreeding survival increased infection prevalence in residents and migrants, and lowered the fraction of the population that migrated. The persistence of migration may be especially threatened if residency permits emergence of more virulent pathogens, if resource subsidies reduce costs of infection for residents, and if infection reduces individual migratory propensity.This article is part of the theme issue 'Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host-parasite dynamics in wildlife'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leone M Brown
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Richard J Hall
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA
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13
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Prchal M, Kause A, Vandeputte M, Gela D, Allamellou JM, Kumar G, Bestin A, Bugeon J, Zhao J, Kocour M. The genetics of overwintering performance in two-year old common carp and its relation to performance until market size. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191624. [PMID: 29370279 PMCID: PMC5784954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using farmed common carp, we investigated the genetic background of the second year overwintering performance and its relation to the performance during the third growing season and at market size. The experimental stock was established by partial factorial design with a series of 4 factorial matings of 5 dams and 10 sires each. The families were reared communally and pedigree was re-constructed with 93.6% success using 12 microsatellites on 2008 offspring. Three successive recordings (second autumn, third spring, and third autumn—market size) covering two periods (second overwintering, third growing season) were included. Body weight, Fulton’s condition factor and percent muscle fat content were recorded at all times and headless carcass yield and fillet yield were recorded at market size. Specific growth rate, absolute and relative fat change and overall survival were calculated for each period. Heritability estimates were significantly different from zero and almost all traits were moderately to highly heritable (h2 = 0.36–1.00), except survival in both periods and fat change (both patterns) during overwintering (h2 = 0.12–0.15). Genetic and phenotypic correlations imply that selection against weight loss and fat loss during overwintering is expected to lead to a better winter survival, together with a positive effect on growth in the third growing season. Interestingly, higher muscle fat content was genetically correlated to lower survival in the following period (rg = -0.59; -0.53, respectively for winter and the third summer). On the other hand, higher muscle fat was also genetically linked to better slaughter yields. Moreover, selection for higher condition factor would lead to better performance during winter, growing season and at market size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Prchal
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Antti Kause
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Marc Vandeputte
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ifremer, Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - David Gela
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | | | - Girish Kumar
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jérôme Bugeon
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kocour
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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14
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Harrison PM, Gutowsky LFG, Martins EG, Patterson DA, Cooke SJ, Power M. Partial diel migration: A facultative migration underpinned by long-term inter-individual variation. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:1246-1256. [PMID: 28727138 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The variations in migration that comprise partial diel migrations, putatively occur entirely as a consequence of behavioural flexibility. However, seasonal partial migrations are increasingly recognised to be mediated by a combination of reversible plasticity in response to environmental variation and individual variation due to genetic and environmental effects. Here, we test the hypothesis that while partial diel migration heterogeneity occurs primarily due to short-term within-individual flexibility in behaviour, long-term individual differences in migratory behaviour also underpin this migration variation. Specifically, we use a hierarchical behavioural reaction norm approach to partition within- and among-individual variation in depth use and diel plasticity in depth use, across short- and long-term time-scales, in a group of 47 burbot (Lota lota) tagged with depth-sensing acoustic telemetry transmitters. We found that within-individual variation at the among-dates-within-seasons and among-seasons scale, explained the dominant proportion of phenotypic variation. However, individuals also repeatedly differed in their expression of migration behaviour over the 2 year study duration. These results reveal that diel migration variation occurs primarily due to short-term within-individual flexibility in depth use and diel migration behaviour. However, repeatable individual differences also played a key role in mediating partial diel migration. These findings represent a significant advancement of our understanding of the mechanisms generating the important, yet poorly understood phenomena of partial diel migration. Moreover, given the pervasive occurrence of diel migrations across aquatic taxa, these findings indicate that individual differences have an important, yet previously unacknowledged role in structuring the temporal and vertical dynamics of aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Harrison
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee F G Gutowsky
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eduardo G Martins
- Department of Biology, University of Northern British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Cooperative Research Management Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Power
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Peiman KS, Birnie-Gauvin K, Midwood JD, Larsen MH, Wilson ADM, Aarestrup K, Cooke SJ. If and when: intrinsic differences and environmental stressors influence migration in brown trout (Salmo trutta). Oecologia 2017; 184:375-384. [PMID: 28488214 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Partial migration is a common phenomenon, yet the causes of individual differences in migratory propensity are not well understood. We examined factors that potentially influence timing of migration and migratory propensity in a wild population of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) by combining experimental manipulations with passive integrated transponder telemetry. Individuals were subjected to one of six manipulations: three designed to mimic natural stressors (temperature increase, food deprivation, and chase by a simulated predator), an injection of exogenous cortisol designed to mimic an extreme physiological challenge, a sham injection, and a control group. By measuring length and mass of 923 individuals prior to manipulation and by monitoring tagged individuals as they left the stream months later, we assessed whether pre-existing differences influenced migratory tendency and timing of migration, and whether our manipulations affected growth, condition, and timing of migration. We found that pre-existing differences predicted migration, with smaller individuals and individuals in poor condition having a higher propensity to migrate. Exogenous cortisol manipulation had the largest negative effect on growth and condition, and resulted in an earlier migration date. Additionally, low-growth individuals within the temperature and food deprivation treatments migrated earlier. By demonstrating that both pre-existing differences in organism state and additional stressors can affect whether and when individuals migrate, we highlight the importance of understanding individual differences in partial migration. These effects may carry over to influence migration success and affect the evolutionary dynamics of sub-populations experiencing different levels of stress, which is particularly relevant in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Peiman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Kim Birnie-Gauvin
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Midwood
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Martin H Larsen
- DTU AQUA, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Freshwater Fisheries Ecology, Technical University of Denmark, Vejlsøvej 39, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.,Danish Centre for Wild Salmon, Brusgårdsvej 15, 8960, Randers, Denmark
| | - Alexander D M Wilson
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kim Aarestrup
- DTU AQUA, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Freshwater Fisheries Ecology, Technical University of Denmark, Vejlsøvej 39, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
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16
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Lai S, Bêty J, Berteaux D. Movement tactics of a mobile predator in a meta-ecosystem with fluctuating resources: the arctic fox in the High Arctic. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lai
- Canada Research Chair on Northern Biodiversity, Centre for Northern Studies and Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science; Univ. du Québec à Rimouski; 300 Allée des Ursulines Rimouski QC G5L 3A1 Canada
| | - Joël Bêty
- Canada Research Chair on Northern Biodiversity, Centre for Northern Studies and Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science; Univ. du Québec à Rimouski; 300 Allée des Ursulines Rimouski QC G5L 3A1 Canada
| | - Dominique Berteaux
- Canada Research Chair on Northern Biodiversity, Centre for Northern Studies and Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science; Univ. du Québec à Rimouski; 300 Allée des Ursulines Rimouski QC G5L 3A1 Canada
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17
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Nilsson ALK, Nilsson JÅ, Mettke-Hofmann C. Energy Reserves, Information Need and a Pinch of Personality Determine Decision-Making on Route in Partially Migratory Blue Tits. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163213. [PMID: 27732602 PMCID: PMC5061368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In facultative partial migrants some individuals in a population are migratory and others are resident and individuals decide each year anew which strategy to choose. While the proportion of birds migrating is in part determined by environmental conditions and competitive abilities, the timing of individual departure and behaviours on route are little understood. Individuals encounter different environmental conditions when migrating earlier or later. Based on cost/ benefit considerations we tested whether behaviours on route were affected by time constraints, personality and/or age in a partially migrating population of Blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). We captured female Blue tits on migration at the Southern tip of Sweden during early, peak and late migration and measured latency to feed in an unfamiliar environment, exploration of a novel object and hesitation to feed beside a novel object (neophobia). Lean birds and birds with long wings started feeding earlier when released into the cage indicating that foraging decisions were mainly determined by energetic needs (lean and large birds). However, juveniles commenced feeding later with progression of the migratory season in concordance with predictions about personality effects. Furthermore, lean birds started to explore earlier than birds with larger fat reserves again indicating an effect of maintaining threshold energy reserves. Moreover, late migrating juveniles, started to explore earlier than early migrating juveniles possibly due to time constraints to find high-quality foraging patches or a suitable winter home. Finally, neophobia did not change over the migratory season indicating that this behaviour is not compromised by time constraints. The results overall indicate that decisions on route are mainly governed by energetic requirements and current needs to learn about the environment and only to a small extent by differences in personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. K. Nilsson
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Jan-Åke Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Unit of Evolutionary Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Claudia Mettke-Hofmann
- School of Natural Sciences & Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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18
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19
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Hulthén K, Chapman BB, Nilsson PA, Vinterstare J, Hansson LA, Skov C, Brodersen J, Baktoft H, Brönmark C. Escaping peril: perceived predation risk affects migratory propensity. Biol Lett 2016; 11:rsbl.2015.0466. [PMID: 26311158 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although migratory plasticity is increasingly documented, the ecological drivers of plasticity are not well understood. Predation risk can influence migratory dynamics, but whether seasonal migrants can adjust their migratory behaviour according to perceived risk is unknown. We used electronic tags to record the migration of individual roach (Rutilus rutilus), a partially migratory fish, in the wild following exposure to manipulation of direct (predator presence/absence) and indirect (high/low roach density) perceived predation risk in experimental mesocosms. Following exposure, we released fish in their lake summer habitat and monitored individual migration to connected streams over an entire season. Individuals exposed to increased perceived direct predation risk (i.e. a live predator) showed a higher migratory propensity but no change in migratory timing, while indirect risk (i.e. roach density) affected timing but not propensity showing that elevated risk carried over to alter migratory behaviour in the wild. Our key finding demonstrates predator-driven migratory plasticity, highlighting the powerful role of predation risk for migratory decision-making and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | - Ben B Chapman
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund 223 62, Sweden Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - P Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund 223 62, Sweden Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad 651 88, Sweden
| | - Jerker Vinterstare
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | - Christian Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Vejlsøvej 39, Silkeborg 8600, Denmark
| | - Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Baktoft
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Vejlsøvej 39, Silkeborg 8600, Denmark
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund 223 62, Sweden
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20
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van Leeuwen CHA, Museth J, Sandlund OT, Qvenild T, Vøllestad LA. Mismatch between fishway operation and timing of fish movements: a risk for cascading effects in partial migration systems. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2414-25. [PMID: 27110352 PMCID: PMC4834326 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation is a growing problem worldwide. Particularly in river systems, numerous dams and weirs hamper the movement of a wide variety of species. With the aim to preserve connectivity for fish, many barriers in river systems are equipped with fishways (also called fish passages or fish ladders). However, few fishways provide full connectivity. Here we hypothesized that restricted seasonal opening times of fishways can importantly reduce their effectiveness by interfering with the timing of fish migration, for both spring- and autumn-spawning species. We empirically tested our hypothesis, and discuss the possible eco-evolutionary consequences of affected migration timing. We analyzed movements of two salmonid fishes, spring-spawning European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) and autumn-spawning brown trout (Salmo trutta), in Norway's two largest river systems. We compared their timing of upstream passage through four fishways collected over 28 years with the timing of fish movements in unfragmented river sections as monitored by radiotelemetry. Confirming our hypothesis, late opening of fishways delayed the migration of European grayling in spring, and early closure of fishways blocked migration for brown trout on their way to spawning locations during late autumn. We show in a theoretical framework how restricted opening times of fishways can induce shifts from migratory to resident behavior in potamodromous partial migration systems, and propose that this can induce density-dependent effects among fish accumulating in lower regions of rivers. Hence, fragmentation may not only directly affect the migratory individuals in the population, but may also have effects that cascade downstream and alter circumstances for resident fish. Fishway functionality is inadequate if there is a mismatch between natural fish movements and fishway opening times in the same river system, with ecological and possibly evolutionary consequences for fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper H A van Leeuwen
- Department of Biosciences Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES) University of Oslo Post Office Box 1066 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Jon Museth
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Fakkelgården 2624 Lillehammer Norway
| | - Odd T Sandlund
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Høgskoleringen 9 7036 Trondheim Norway
| | - Tore Qvenild
- The Environment Agency Hedmark County Statens hus Parkgata 36 2306 Hamar Norway
| | - L Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Department of Biosciences Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES) University of Oslo Post Office Box 1066 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
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Hegemann A, Marra PP, Tieleman BI. Causes and Consequences of Partial Migration in a Passerine Bird. Am Nat 2015; 186:531-46. [DOI: 10.1086/682667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Senar JC, Pascual J. Prior residence effect in wintering male Eurasian siskins is not related to resource holding power. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-1923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Bajer PG, Parker JE, Cross TK, Venturelli PA, Sorensen PW. Partial migration to seasonally-unstable habitat facilitates biological invasions in a predator-dominated system. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw G. Bajer
- Dept of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology; Univ. of Minnesota; 135 Skok Hall 2003 upper Buford Circle, St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - James E. Parker
- Dept of Computer Science and Engineering; Univ. of Minnesota; 200 Union Street Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Timothy K. Cross
- Minnesota Dept of Natural Resources; Fisheries Research; 20596 Hwy 7 Hutchinson MN 55350 USA
| | - Paul A. Venturelli
- Dept of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology; Univ. of Minnesota; 135 Skok Hall 2003 upper Buford Circle, St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Peter W. Sorensen
- Dept of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology; Univ. of Minnesota; 135 Skok Hall 2003 upper Buford Circle, St. Paul MN 55108 USA
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Genetic structure in the Amazonian catfish Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii: influence of life history strategies. Genetica 2014; 142:323-36. [PMID: 25038864 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-014-9777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Dorado or Plateado (Gilded catfish) Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Pimelodidae, Siluriformes) is a commercially valuable migratory catfish performing the largest migration in freshwaters: from the Amazonian headwaters in the Andean foothills (breeding area) to the Amazon estuary (nursery area). In spite of its importance to inform management and conservation efforts, the genetic variability of this species has only recently begun to be studied. The aim of the present work was to determine the population genetic structure of B. rousseauxii in two regions: the Upper Madera Basin (five locations in the Bolivian Amazon) and the Western Amazon Basin (one regional sample from the Uyucalí-Napo-Marañon-Amazon basin, Peru). Length polymorphism at nine microsatellite loci (284 individuals) was used to determine genetic variability and to identify the most probable panmictic units (using a Bayesian approach), after a significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed in the overall dataset (Western Amazon + Upper Madera). Bayesian analyses revealed at least three clusters in admixture in the five locations sampled in the Bolivian Amazon, whereas only two of these clusters were observed in the Western Amazon. Considering the migratory behaviour of B. rousseauxii, different life history strategies, including homing, are proposed to explain the cluster distribution. Our results are discussed in the light of the numerous threats to the species survival in the Madera basin, in particular dam and reservoir construction.
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