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Factors Related to Antibiotic Supply without a Prescription for Common Infections: A Cross-Sectional National Survey in Sri Lanka. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060647. [PMID: 34071619 PMCID: PMC8227992 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate antibiotic use is a problem in Sri Lanka. We investigated pharmacy staff’s attitudes towards antibiotic supply for common infections in Sri Lanka. A self-reported cross-sectional survey was conducted among a random sample (n = 369) of pharmacies. We assessed staff’s beliefs and attitudes to antibiotic supplying for common infections (common cold and cough, sore throat, diarrhoea, wound and urinary tract infections (UTI)). Pharmacists (n = 210; 79%) and pharmacy assistants (n = 55: 21%) responded. About 30% (80/265) had supplied antibiotics without a prescription for common infections, including common cold (15.8%), sore throat (13.6%) and diarrhoea (10.2%). Overall, pharmacists were less likely to supply than non-pharmacists. Pharmacy staff with more positive beliefs about their professional competency to supply and monitor antibiotic use were more likely to supply antibiotics without a prescription for common cold (Adj.OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01–1.15; p = 0.032), wound infections (Adj. OR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.00–1.13; p = 0.059), and UTI (Adj.OR = 1.07; 95% CI: 0.99–1.15; p = 0.097). Pharmacy staff who believed in the effectiveness of antibiotics against common infections were more likely to supply antibiotics for common infections. Supply of antibiotics without a prescription was associated with staff’s beliefs about antibiotics’ effectiveness and their professional competency. Our findings could be used to strengthen regulatory strategies to improve practice.
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Knowledge of pharmacy workers on antihypertensive and anticonvulsant drugs for managing pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in Bangladesh. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:838. [PMID: 32894121 PMCID: PMC7487640 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05685-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacy workers in Bangladesh play an important role in managing pregnancy complications by dispensing, counselling and selling drugs to pregnant women and their families. This study examined pharmacy workers' drug knowledge and practice for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E) management, including antihypertensives and anticonvulsants, and determine factors associated with their knowledge. METHODS A cross-sectional survey with 382 pharmacy workers in public facilities (government) and private pharmacies and drug stores assessed their knowledge of antihypertensive and anticonvulsant drugs. 'Pharmacy workers' include personnel who work at pharmacies, pharmacists, family welfare visitors (FWVs), sub-assistant community medical officers (SACMOs), drug storekeepers. Exploratory and multivariate logistic models were used to describe association between knowledge of medicines used in pregnancy and demographic characteristics of pharmacy workers. RESULTS Overall, 53% pharmacy workers interviewed were drug store owners in private pharmacies while 27% FWVs/SACMOs, who are government service providers also work as drug prescribers and/or dispensers in public facility pharmacies. Majority of pharmacy workers had poor knowledge compared to correct knowledge on both antihypertensive (77.8% vs 22.3%; p < 0.001) and anticonvulsant drugs (MgSO4) (82.2% vs 17.8%; p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed SACMOs and FWVs were greater than 4 times more likely to have correct knowledge on anti-hypertensives (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI:1.3-12.3, P < 0.01) and anticonvulsant drugs (AOR = 4.9, 95% CI:1.3-18.1, P < 0.01) compared to pharmacists. Pharmacy workers who had received training were more likely to have correct knowledge on antihypertensive and anticonvulsant drugs than those who had no training. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacy workers' knowledge and understanding of antihypertensive and anticonvulsant drugs, particularly for prevention and management of PE/E is limited in Bangladesh. Most pharmacies surveyed are private and staffed with unskilled workers with no formal training on drugs. Expansion of maternal and newborn health programs should consider providing additional skills training to pharmacy workers, as well as regulating these medicines at informal pharmacies to mitigate any harmful practices or adverse outcomes of unauthorized and incorrectly prescribed and used drugs. It is important that correct messaging and medicines are available as drug stores are often the first point of contact for most of the women and their families.
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Zawahir S, Lekamwasam S, Aslani P. A cross-sectional national survey of community pharmacy staff: Knowledge and antibiotic provision. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215484. [PMID: 31022197 PMCID: PMC6483176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists’ knowledge about the clinical and legal aspects of antibiotic supply has an impact on appropriate dispensing practice. There are limited studies evaluating community pharmacists’ knowledge of antibiotic dispensing in low and middle-income countries, including Sri Lanka. We aimed (i) to evaluate community pharmacy staff’s self-reported knowledge about antibiotics and dispensing behaviour of antibiotics without a prescription, and (ii) to identify possible factors impacting their antibiotic dispensing behaviour. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a random sample (n = 369) of community pharmacies across all nine provinces in Sri Lanka using a self-administered questionnaire on their antibiotic knowledge and dispensing practice. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics including; t-test, one-way ANOVA or chi-square test, and binary and multiple logistic regression. Results A total of 265 pharmacy staff (210 (79%) pharmacists and 55 (21%) assistants) responded. Overall mean antibiotic knowledge score was 26.1 (SD 3.9; range 1–33, max possible score 34). The overall mean knowledge score t(263) = 2.41, p = 0.017, specific knowledge about antibiotic resistance (ABR) t(262) = 4.98, p = 0.021 and legal aspects of antibiotic dispensing χ2(1, N = 265) = 8.55, p = 0.003) were significantly higher among pharmacists than assistants. One in every three pharmacy staff reported that they dispensed antibiotics without a prescription on patient request; however the proportion was close to half when the patient was known to them. About 30% of the staff reported to have supplied antibiotics for minor infections in the week prior to the survey. However, there was no significant difference in the supply between pharmacists and assistants except for acute sore throat (12% vs 23%, respectively; p = 0.040). Those pharmacists with higher ABR knowledge were less likely to give out antibiotics without a prescription for viral infections in adults (Adj. OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.55–0.96; p = 0.027) and children (Adj. OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.38–0.80; p = 0.002). Awareness of legal aspects of antibiotic supply reduced overall dispensing (Adj. OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.30–0.75; p = 0.001), and specifically for bacterial infections in adults (Adj. OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.20–0.99; p = 0.047). Knowledge about antibiotic use and misuse reduced the likelihood of illegal dispensing for common cold (Adj. OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.60–0.94; p = 0.011) and acute diarrhoea (Adj. OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.58–0.99; p = 0.048). Conclusion Despite the law prohibiting provision, antibiotic dispensing without a prescription continues in community pharmacies in Sri Lanka. Appropriate antibiotic dispensing was associated with high levels of pharmacists’ legal and clinical knowledge about antibiotics. Strategies to change the current practice are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukry Zawahir
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarath Lekamwasam
- Population Health Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Parisa Aslani
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Servia-Dopazo M, Figueiras A. Determinants of antibiotic dispensing without prescription: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73:3244-3253. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Servia-Dopazo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Santiago de Compostela University Clinical Teaching Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Adolfo Figueiras
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Santiago de Compostela University Clinical Teaching Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública ‒ CIBERESP), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Hoxha I, Malaj A, Kraja B, Bino S, Oluka M, Marković-Peković V, Godman B. Are pharmacists' good knowledge and awareness on antibiotics taken for granted? The situation in Albania and future implications across countries. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 13:240-245. [PMID: 29414723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Irrational use of antibiotics is a major driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), exacerbated by dispensing of antibiotics without a prescription especially for typically viral infections. Such dispensing is common despite legislation. Pharmacists play a key role in advising on medicines, especially in countries where most patients seek pharmacist help as they cannot afford both physician fees and medicines. Consequently, our objective was to ascertain pharmacists' skills and knowledge regarding antibiotics when patients present to them with typically viral infections. METHODS This was a qualitative cross-sectional survey among 370 community pharmacists in Albania, with carefully selected and validated topics. The main outcome measure was knowledge of antibiotics and current legislation. RESULTS Variable knowledge regarding antibiotics among community pharmacists. 55% knew colds are caused by viruses and 93% that antibiotics are ineffective against influenza. However, 18% believed if colds last >4 days an antibiotic can bring a patient back to work, and only 13% stated antibiotics are ineffective against viruses. Encouragingly, 93% knew penicillins can cause anaphylactic shock, 74% that antibiotics kill bacteria causing infections, and only 7% that antibiotic misuse cannot cause AMR. However, 13% stated the main disadvantage of antibiotics is that they are ineffective against viruses and 93% admitted they had no treatment protocols to consult in their daily work to direct patient care. CONCLUSION Encouraging signs regarding pharmacists' knowledge of antibiotics in Albania; however, concerns. Instigating educational programmes among patients and pharmacists and greater enforcement of legislation should reduce AMR rates in Albania and across countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Hoxha
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine, Tirana, Tirana, Albania; Focal Point of Antimicrobial Consumption, Ministry of Health, Tirana, Albania
| | - Admir Malaj
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine, Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Silvia Bino
- Control of Infectious Diseases Department, Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
| | - Margaret Oluka
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202 KNH, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vanda Marković-Peković
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Social Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, University Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Brian Godman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; Health Economics Centre, University of Liverpool Management School, Liverpool, UK; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Belkina T, Duvanova N, Karbovskaja J, Tebbens JD, Vlcek J. Antibiotic use practices of pharmacy staff: a cross-sectional study in Saint Petersburg, the Russian Federation. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:11. [PMID: 28193258 PMCID: PMC5307805 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-prescription access to antimicrobials is common, and self-prescribing is increasingly popular in Russian society. The aim of this study was to assess the attitudes of community pharmacists regarding antibiotic use and self-medication. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study from September-December 2015 of community pharmacists in the Saint-Petersburg and Leningrad region, Russia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess antibiotic use and self-medication practices. The data were analysed using logistic regression and Pearson chi-squared tests. RESULTS Of the 316 pharmacists (77.07%) who completed the questionnaire, 230 (72.8%) self-medicated with antibiotics. Antibiotics were mostly used to self-treat upper (53.3%) and lower respiratory tract infections (19.3%), relying on their own knowledge (81.5%), previous treatment experience (49%) and patients' prescriptions (17%). The most commonly used antibiotics were macrolides (33.2%). Characteristics such as age, education and experience were related to antibiotic use and self-medication. CONCLUSIONS The study confirmed that self-prescription of antibiotics is a common practice amongst pharmacists in Saint Petersburg and also identified personal and professional characteristics of pharmacists strongly associated with self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Belkina
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic.
| | - Natalia Duvanova
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Julia Karbovskaja
- Department of Technology of Dosage Forms, Saint Petersburg State Chemical - Pharmaceutical Academy, Prof. Popova Str. 14, Saint Petersburg, 197376, Russian Federation
| | - Jurjen Duintjer Tebbens
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Vlcek
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
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López-Vázquez P, Vázquez-Lago JM, Gonzalez-Gonzalez C, Piñeiro-Lamas M, López-Durán A, Herdeiro MT, Figueiras A. Development and validation of the knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotics and resistance (KAAR-11) questionnaire for primary care physicians. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2972-9. [PMID: 27353468 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to develop a novel, self-administered questionnaire to identify primary-care physicians' knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotics and resistance (KAAR). METHODS The study population comprised primary care physicians. The study was conducted in five phases. Phase I consisted of a systematic review and qualitative focus-group study (n = 33 physicians), in which items were formulated so as to be measured on a continuous, visual analogue scale (VAS); in Phase II, content validation and face validity were evaluated by a panel of experts, which reformulated, added and deleted items; Phase III consisted of a pilot study on a population possessing similar characteristics (n = 15); in Phase IV, we analysed reliability by means of a test-retest study (n = 91) and calculated the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs); and in Phase V, we assessed construct validity by applying the known-groups technique, measuring the differences between contrasting groups of physicians formed according to antibiotic prescription quality indicators (group 1, n = 156 versus group 2, n = 191). RESULTS Following Phases I and II, the questionnaire contained 16 knowledge and attitude items. Participants in the pilot study (Phase III) reported no difficulty. The test-retest study (Phase IV) showed that 11 of the 16 initial knowledge and attitude items yielded an ICC > 0.5, while analysis of known-groups validity (Phase V) showed that 13 of the 16 initial items which assessed knowledge and attitudes discriminated between physicians with good and bad indicators of antibiotics prescription. CONCLUSION The final 11 item KAAR questionnaire appears to be valid, reliable and responsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula López-Vázquez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Vázquez-Lago
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristian Gonzalez-Gonzalez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Piñeiro-Lamas
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana López-Durán
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Herdeiro
- Polytechnic and University Teaching Institute (Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário-CESPU), Porto, Portugal Institute for Advanced Research and Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Gandra PRD, Portugal Northern Pharmacovigilance Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adolfo Figueiras
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Broom A, Plage S, Broom J, Kirby E, Adams J. A qualitative study of hospital pharmacists and antibiotic governance: negotiating interprofessional responsibilities, expertise and resource constraints. BMC Health Serv Res 2016; 16:43. [PMID: 26852016 PMCID: PMC4744423 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic treatment options for common infections are diminishing due to the proliferation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The impact of Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) programs seeking to preserve viable antibiotic drugs by governing their use in hospitals has hitherto been limited. Pharmacists have been delegated a critical role in antibiotic governance in AMS teams within hospitals but the experience of pharmacists in influencing antibiotic use has received limited attention. In this study we explore the experiences of pharmacists in antibiotic decision-making in two Australian hospitals. METHODS We conducted 19 semi-structured interviews to explore hospital-based pharmacists' perceptions and experiences of antibiotic use and governance. The analysis was conducted with NVivo10 software, utilising the framework approach. RESULTS Three major themes emerged in the pharmacist interviews including (1) the responsibilities of pharmacy in optimising antibiotic use and the interprofessional challenges therein; (2) the importance of antibiotic streamlining and the constraints placed on pharmacists in achieving this; and (3) the potential, but often under-utilised expertise, pharmacists bring to antibiotic optimisation. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacists have a critical role in AMS teams but their capacity to enact change is limited by entrenched interprofessional dynamics. Identifying how hospital pharmacy's antibiotic gatekeeping is embedded in the interprofessional nature of clinical decision-making and limited by organisational environment has important implications for the implementation of hospital policies seeking to streamline antibiotic use. Resource constraints (i.e. time limitation and task prioritisation) in particular limit the capacity of pharmacists to overcome the interprofessional barriers through development of stronger collaborative relationships. The results of this study suggest that to enact change in antibiotic use in hospitals, pharmacists must be supported in their negotiations with doctors, have increased presence on hospital wards, and must be given opportunities to pass on specialist knowledge within multidisciplinary clinical teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Broom
- School of Social Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Stefanie Plage
- School of Social Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jennifer Broom
- Department of Medicine, Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service, Nambour, QLD 4560 Australia
| | - Emma Kirby
- School of Social Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jon Adams
- University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia
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Roque F, Soares S, Breitenfeld L, Gonzalez-Gonzalez C, Figueiras A, Herdeiro MT. Correction: Portuguese Community Pharmacists' Attitudes to and Knowledge of Antibiotic Misuse: Questionnaire Development and Reliability. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145973. [PMID: 26699131 PMCID: PMC4689440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Omani Samani R, Mounesan L, Ezabadi Z, Vesali S. Development of A Questionnaire to Measure Attitude toward Oocyte Donation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2015; 9:387-92. [PMID: 26644863 PMCID: PMC4671380 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2015.4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background To our knowledge, there is no valid and comprehensive questionnaire
that considers attitude toward oocyte donation (OD). Therefore this study has aimed to
design and develop a tool entitled attitude toward donation-oocyte (ATOD-O) to measure
attitude toward OD. Materials and Methods This methodological, qualitative research was undertaken on 15
infertile cases. In addition, we performed a literature review and search of various databases.
Validity of this questionnaire was conducted by knowledgeable experts who determined indices such as relevancy, clarity, and comprehensiveness. Reliability of the questionnaire was
assessed based on the opinions of experts and infertile couples referred to Royan Institute. Results ATOD-O was designed in 52 statements that covered various issues such as the
OD process, donor and recipient characteristics, as well as family, emotional, psychological, legal, religious, and socio-economic dimensions. Results were scored as five points:
1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3 (somewhat), 4 (agree), and 5 (strongly agree). The
overall relevancy of the questionnaire was 97% and clarity was 96%. Overall comprehensiveness was 100%. Conclusion The findings from this preliminary validation study have indicated that
ATOD-O is a valid measure for measuring and assessing attitude toward donated oocytes.
This questionnaire can be used in studies regarding different groups of a society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Omani Samani
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Mounesan
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ezabadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Vesali
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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The path of least resistance? Jurisdictions, responsibility and professional asymmetries in pharmacists' accounts of antibiotic decisions in hospitals. Soc Sci Med 2015; 146:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Broom A, Broom J, Kirby E, Plage S, Adams J. What role do pharmacists play in mediating antibiotic use in hospitals? A qualitative study. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008326. [PMID: 26534731 PMCID: PMC4636622 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand Australian hospital pharmacists' accounts of antibiotic use, and the potential role of pharmacy in antibiotic optimisation within a tertiary hospital setting. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Qualitative study, utilising semistructured interviews with 19 pharmacists in two hospitals in Queensland, Australia in 2014. Data was analysed using the framework approach and supported by NVivo10 qualitative data analysis software. RESULTS The results demonstrate that (1) pharmacists' attitudes are ambivalent towards the significance of antibiotic resistance with optimising antibiotic use perceived as low priority; (2) pharmacists' current capacity to influence antibiotic decision-making is limited by the prescribing power of doctors and the perception of antibiotic use as a medical responsibility; and, (3) interprofessional and organisational barriers exist that prevent change in the hospital setting including medical hierarchies, limited contact with senior doctors and resource constraints resulting in insufficient pharmacy staffing to foster collaborative relationships and facilitate the uptake of their advice. DISCUSSION While pharmacy is playing an increasingly important role in enhanced antibiotic governance and is a vital component of antimicrobial stewardship in Australia, role-based limitations, interprofessional dynamics and organisational/resource constraints in hospitals, if not urgently addressed, will continue to significantly limit the ability of pharmacy to influence antibiotic prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Broom
- School of Social Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer Broom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service, Nambour, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma Kirby
- School of Social Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefanie Plage
- School of Social Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jon Adams
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Roque F, Soares S, Breitenfeld L, Figueiras A, Herdeiro MT. Influence of community pharmacists׳ attitudes on antibiotic dispensing behavior: a cross-sectional study in Portugal. Clin Ther 2014; 37:168-77. [PMID: 25482306 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The emergence of microbial resistance is widely associated with inappropriate antibiotic use. Self-medication with antibiotics acquired directly from pharmacies without a medical prescription has been reported by several European countries as being an important cause of such inappropriate use. The goal of this study was to identify and evaluate community pharmacists׳ attitudes toward and knowledge of antibiotics and microbial resistance and to assess what influence, if any, these attitudes might have on their propensity to dispense unprescribed antibiotics. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study covering all community pharmacists registered with the Official College of Pharmacists in Portugal׳s Central Region. A self-administered questionnaire on attitudes toward microbial resistance and antibiotic use was mailed to 1197 pharmacists. Responses ranged from 0 (total disagreement) to 10 (total agreement). Logistic regression was used to model the association between respondents׳ attitudes and their propensity to dispense antibiotics without an earlier medical prescription. FINDINGS The overall response rate was 64.8%. Agreement with the dispensing of unprescribed antibiotics was highest in the case of dental diseases and ailments, followed by urinary tract infections. Although none of the sociodemographic data were associated with a propensity to dispense antibiotics without a medical prescription, the attitudes shown to be significantly associated with this propensity were complacency about patients, responsibility of others, and precaution or fear. IMPLICATIONS Because the attitudes of community pharmacists can influence their readiness to dispense unprescribed antibiotics, educational interventions addressing such attitudes should be implemented to improve antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Roque
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Centre for Cell Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Research Unit for Inland Development, Polytechnic of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Sara Soares
- Centre for Cell Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luiza Breitenfeld
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Adolfo Figueiras
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Herdeiro
- Centre for Cell Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; CESPU, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Science and Technologies, Gandra, Portugal.
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