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Gottlieb A, Zakay D. The effect of magnitude in a simultaneous duration assessment task among children - a replication study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285564. [PMID: 37159445 PMCID: PMC10168559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The "magnitude effect" refers to the phenomenon where stimuli of greater magnitude appear to last longer in duration. Previous studies have explored this effect among children using various duration assessment tasks, but the findings have been inconsistent. Moreover, no replication studies have been conducted on this topic among children thus far. The simultaneous duration assessment task, which is one method for investigating time perception, has been used only twice in children and produced the magnitude effect. Thus, we aimed to replicate these findings and validate them through an additional replicated study. For these aims, we recruited 45 Arab-speaking children aged 7-12 to participate in two studies. In Study 1, they were asked to perform a simultaneous duration assessment task, where they had to assess the illumination durations of lightbulbs with strong and weak intensities simultaneously. In Study 2, they were asked to perform a duration reproduction task, where they had to reproduce the durations of illumination of the same stimuli. Both studies found a magnitude effect pattern, where the children tended to report that the lightbulb with the stronger intensity was illuminated for a longer duration or had a strong tendency to not choose the lightbulb with the weaker intensity. These results are discussed in terms of possible explanations for the conflicting results found in previous literature, as well as their consistency with the pacemaker model's explanation for the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amihai Gottlieb
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Zakay
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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2
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Hallez Q, Monier F, Droit-Volet S. Simultaneous time processing in children and adults: When attention predicts temporal interference effects. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 210:105209. [PMID: 34166993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Children from 5 to 8 years of age, as well as adults, performed a temporal reproduction task in both a solo-timing condition and a multi-timing condition, with different durations presented simultaneously. In the multi-timing condition, all durations were processed because the participants did not know in advance which stimulus needed to be judged. In a first experiment, two or three durations were presented with a synchrony of their onset. In a second experiment, two durations were presented simultaneously with asynchrony of their offset, different lengths of the concurrent duration, and different presentation orders. In addition, the participants' cognitive abilities in terms of selective attention, as well as short-term and working memory, were assessed with different neuropsychological tests. The results of both experiments showed that children and adults alike were able to process multiple durations simultaneously. However, the simultaneous presentation of different durations generated a temporal interference effect in children and adults, resulting in longer and more variable time estimates. This temporal interference effect was nevertheless higher in children due to their limited attention capacities. Therefore, a developmental improvement in the ability to process different durations simultaneously is related to the cognitive development of attention capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Hallez
- Laboratory DIPHE (Développement, Individu, Processus, Handicap, Education), Psychology Institute, University Lumière Lyon 2, 69500 Bron, France.
| | - Florie Monier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvie Droit-Volet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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The internal representation of temporal orienting: A temporal pulse-accumulation and attentional-gating-based account. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 83:331-355. [PMID: 33230732 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Timing can be processed explicitly or implicitly. Temporal orienting is a typical implicit timing through which we can anticipate and prepare an optimized response to forthcoming events. It is, however, not yet clear whether mechanisms such as temporal-pulse accumulation and attentional gating (more attention, more accumulated temporal pulses) underly the internal representations of temporal orienting, as in explicit timing. To clarify this, a dual-task paradigm, consisting of a temporal orienting and an interference task, was adopted. Consistent with the temporal-pulse-accumulation and attentional-gating model, reaction times to the target detection of temporal orienting increased as the interference stimuli were temporally closer to the target, i.e., a location effect for temporal orienting. This effect is likely due to attention being diverted away from temporal orienting to monitor the occurrence of the interference stimuli for a longer time, resulting in greater temporal pulse loss and less accurate temporal orienting for conditions with later interference stimuli. The temporal-pulse-accumulation aspect in temporal orienting received further support by taking an explicit duration reproduction (containing a second temporal-pulse accumulation) as the interference task. On the one hand, temporal orienting became less accurate with increased temporal-pulse-accumulation overlaps between the dual tasks; on the other hand, two-way (one for temporal orienting and the other for duration reproduction), rather than one-way, location effects were observed, implying processing conflicts between the two temporal-pulse accumulations. Taken together, these results suggest that implicit and explicit timing may share common mechanisms upon internal temporal representations.
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Kawahara H, Yotsumoto Y. Multiple Irrelevant Duration Information Affects the Perception of Relevant Duration Information: Interference With Selective Processing of Duration. Iperception 2020; 11:2041669520973223. [PMID: 33294152 PMCID: PMC7705792 DOI: 10.1177/2041669520973223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human visual environment, the ability to perceive only relevant duration is important for various activities. However, a relatively small number of studies have investigated how humans process multiple durations, in comparison with the processing of one or two durations. We investigated the effects of multiple irrelevant durations on the perception of relevant duration. In four behavioral experiments, the participants were instructed to pay attention to a target stimulus while ignoring the distractors; then, they reproduced the target duration. We manipulated three aspects of the distractors: number, duration range, and cortical distance to the target. The results showed that the presence of multiple irrelevant durations interfered with the processing of relevant duration in terms of the mean perceived duration and the variability of the perceived duration. The interference was directional; that is, longer (shorter) irrelevant durations made the reproduced durations longer (shorter). Moreover, the interference was not likely to depend on the cortical distance between the target and the distractors, suggesting an involvement of relatively higher cortical areas. These results demonstrate that multiple irrelevant duration information affects the temporal processing of relevant duration information and suggest that multiple independent clocks assigned to each of the durations may not exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Kawahara
- Department of Integrated Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Yotsumoto
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Cheng X, Lin C, Lou C, Zhang W, Han Y, Ding X, Fan Z. Small numerosity advantage for sequential enumeration on RSVP stimuli: an object individuation-based account. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 85:734-763. [PMID: 31696296 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although there is a large literature demonstrating rapid and accurate enumeration of small sets of simultaneously presented items (i.e., subitizing), it is unclear whether this small numerosity advantage (SNA) can also manifest in sequential enumeration. The present study thus has two aims: to establish a robust processing advantage for small numerosities during sequential enumeration using a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm, and to examine the underlying mechanism for a SNA in sequential enumeration. The results indicate that a small set of items presented in fast sequences can be enumerated accurately with a high precision and a SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony)-sensitive capacity limit, essentially generalizing the large literature on small numerosity advantage from spatial domain to temporal domain. A resource competition hypothesis was proposed and confirmed in further experiments. Specifically, sequential enumeration and other cognitive process, such as visual working memory (VWM), compete for a shared resource of object individuation by which items are segregated as individual entities. These results implied that the limited resource of object individuation can be allocated within time windows of flexible temporal scales during simultaneous and sequential enumerations. Taken together, the present study calls for attention to the dynamic aspect of the enumeration process and highlights the pivotal role of object individuation in underlying a wide range of mental operations, such as enumeration and VWM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Cheng
- Central China Normal University, School of Psychology, 430079, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, 430079, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, 430079, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyan Lin
- Central China Normal University, School of Psychology, 430079, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, 430079, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, 430079, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunmiao Lou
- Central China Normal University, School of Psychology, 430079, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, 430079, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, 430079, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yaqian Han
- Central China Normal University, School of Psychology, 430079, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, 430079, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, 430079, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianfeng Ding
- Central China Normal University, School of Psychology, 430079, Wuhan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, 430079, Wuhan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, 430079, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhao Fan
- Central China Normal University, School of Psychology, 430079, Wuhan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, 430079, Wuhan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, 430079, Wuhan, China.
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Zeng H, Chen L. Robust Temporal Averaging of Time Intervals Between Action and Sensation. Front Psychol 2019; 10:511. [PMID: 30941074 PMCID: PMC6433714 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of the time interval between one’s own action (a finger tapping) and the associated sensory feedback (a visual flash or an auditory beep) is critical for precise and flexible control of action and behavioral decision. Previous studies have examined temporal averaging for multiple time intervals and its role for perceptual organization and crossmodal integration. In the present study, we extended the temporal averaging from sensory stimuli to the coupling of action and its sensory feedback. We investigated whether and how temporal averaging could be achieved with respect to the multiple intervals in a sequence of action-sensory feedback events, and hence affect the subsequent timing behavior. In unimodal task, participants voluntarily tapped their index finger at a constant pace while receiving auditory feedback (beeps) with varied intervals as well as variances throughout the sequence. In crossmodal task, for a given sequence, each tap was accompanied randomly with either visual flash or auditory beep as sensory feedback. When the sequence was over, observers produced a subsequent tap with either auditory or visual stimulus, which enclose a probe interval. In both tasks, participants were required to make a two alternative forced choice (2AFC), to indicate whether the target interval is shorter or longer than the mean interval between taps and their associated sensory events in the preceding sequence. In both scenarios, participants’ judgments of the probe interval suggested that they had internalized the mean interval associated with specific bindings of action and sensation, showing a robust temporal averaging process for the interval between action and sensation.
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Hallez Q, Droit-Volet S. Timing in a dual-task in children and adults: when the interference effect is higher with concurrent non-temporal than temporal information. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2019.1567519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q. Hallez
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, UMR 6024, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - S. Droit-Volet
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, UMR 6024, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Kanaya S, Hayashi MJ, Whitney D. Exaggerated groups: amplification in ensemble coding of temporal and spatial features. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20172770. [PMID: 29794039 PMCID: PMC5998104 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human visual system represents summary statistical information (e.g. average) along many visual dimensions efficiently. While studies have indicated that approximately the square root of the number of items in a set are effectively integrated through this ensemble coding, how those samples are determined is still unknown. Here, we report that salient items are preferentially weighted over the other less salient items, by demonstrating that the perceived means of spatial (i.e. size) and temporal (i.e. flickering temporal frequency (TF)) features of the group of items are positively biased as the number of items in the group increases. This illusory 'amplification effect' was not the product of decision bias but of perceptual bias. Moreover, our visual search experiments with similar stimuli suggested that this amplification effect was due to attraction of visual attention to the salient items (i.e. large or high TF items). These results support the idea that summary statistical information is extracted from sets with an implicit preferential weighting towards salient items. Our study suggests that this saliency-based weighting may reflect a more optimal and efficient integration strategy for the extraction of spatio-temporal statistical information from the environment, and may thus be a basic principle of ensemble coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Kanaya
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masamichi J Hayashi
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - David Whitney
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Abstract
The abundance of temporal information in our environment calls for the effective selection and utilization of temporal information that is relevant for our behavior. Here we investigated whether visual attention gates the selective encoding of relevant duration information when multiple sources of duration information are present. We probed the encoding of duration by using a duration-adaptation paradigm. Participants adapted to two concurrently presented streams of stimuli with different durations, while detecting oddballs in one of the streams. We measured the resulting duration after-effect (DAE) and found that the DAE reflects stronger relative adaptation to attended durations, compared to unattended durations. Additionally, we demonstrate that unattended durations do not contribute to the measured DAE. These results suggest that attention plays a crucial role in the selective encoding of duration: attended durations are encoded, while encoding of unattended durations is either weak or absent.
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Maarseveen J, Hogendoorn H, Verstraten FAJ, Paffen CLE. An investigation of the spatial selectivity of the duration after-effect. Vision Res 2016; 130:67-75. [PMID: 27876514 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to the duration of a visual stimulus causes the perceived duration of a subsequently presented stimulus with a slightly different duration to be skewed away from the adapted duration. This pattern of repulsion following adaptation is similar to that observed for other visual properties, such as orientation, and is considered evidence for the involvement of duration-selective mechanisms in duration encoding. Here, we investigated whether the encoding of duration - by duration-selective mechanisms - occurs early on in the visual processing hierarchy. To this end, we investigated the spatial specificity of the duration after-effect in two experiments. We measured the duration after-effect at adapter-test distances ranging between 0 and 15° of visual angle and for within- and between-hemifield presentations. We replicated the duration after-effect: the test stimulus was perceived to have a longer duration following adaptation to a shorter duration, and a shorter duration following adaptation to a longer duration. Importantly, this duration after-effect occurred at all measured distances, with no evidence for a decrease in the magnitude of the after-effect at larger distances or across hemifields. This shows that adaptation to duration does not result from adaptation occurring early on in the visual processing hierarchy. Instead, it seems likely that duration information is a high-level stimulus property that is encoded later on in the visual processing hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Maarseveen
- Utrecht University, Helmholtz Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, The Netherlands.
| | - Hinze Hogendoorn
- Utrecht University, Helmholtz Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, The Netherlands; University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Frans A J Verstraten
- Utrecht University, Helmholtz Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, The Netherlands; University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chris L E Paffen
- Utrecht University, Helmholtz Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, The Netherlands
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