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Pereira THDS, Mayor P, Evangelista JSAM, Lima AKF, de Andrade RDS, Monteiro FOB. Reproductive physiology with emphasis on endometrial cycles of woolly and uakari monkeys-A literature review. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23585. [PMID: 38108097 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The ability of a species to withstand human impact depends on its life history characteristics, including social, ranging, and reproductive activity. The genera Lagothrix and Cacajao are more susceptible to anthropic action than small-sized primates due to their slower life histories, more restricted geographical ranges, and lower population densities. This narrative literature review aimed to gather scientific information available from the last 60 years on the reproductive biology of females of the genera Lagothrix and Cacajao. Most studies on the genus Lagothrix, mainly focused on L. lagothricha and L. l. poeppigii, present important advances on reproductive strategies, reproductive productivity, functional morphology and physiology, including seasonality, sexual cycle, gestation and fetal development in captive and free-living populations. Contrary, there is much less known about the reproductive biology of the genus Cacajao, with studies on free-living C. calvus and C. melanocephalus highlighting reproductive behavior, and basic description of the sexual cycle, gestation, and lactation. Unfortunately, the morphology of the female genital organs is only described in C. calvus, and there is still scarce information about the menstrual activity and the placenta. This literature review encourages primatologists, morphophysiologists, reproductive specialists, and ecologists to conduct comprehensive studies of these species to better understand the gaps in knowledge about reproduction, their relationship with their environment, including climatic and social variables. Understanding the integrative reproductive biology of these species will be a clue for improving the assessment of the resilience capacity of free-living populations and, consequently, establishing more appropriate management programs, and for the development of ex situ management techniques for the conservation of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thyago Habner de Souza Pereira
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Barcelona, Spain
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Pedro Mayor
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Barcelona, Spain
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Belém, Pará, Brasil
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, Iquitos, Peru
- Museo de Culturas Indígenas Amazónicas, Iquitos, Maynas, Perú
| | | | - Ana Kelen Felipe Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sanidade Animal e Saúde Pública nos Trópicos, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins (UFNT), Araguaína, Tocantins, Brasil
| | | | - Frederico Ozanan Barros Monteiro
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Belém, Pará, Brasil
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Abondano LA, Ziegler TE, Di Fiore A. Reproductive endocrinology of wild female woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) during puberty, ovarian cyclicity, and pregnancy. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23303. [PMID: 34255870 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral observations can provide clues about female reproductive status. However, the study of the endocrine dynamics that underlie processes such as puberty, ovulation, conception, and gestation, may help increase our understanding of female reproductive biology. We used noninvasive methods to study female reproductive endocrinology in wild woolly monkeys (genus Lagothrix). We extracted ovarian steroid hormones from fecal samples collected non-invasively to examine changes in the concentrations of progesterone and estrogen metabolites (pregnanediol-3-glucuronide and estrone-3-glucuronide, respectively) during periods of female puberty, ovarian cyclicity, and pregnancy. The two subadult females in our study showed significant increases in ovarian hormone concentrations before disappearing and presumably dispersing, suggesting that they might reach the onset of puberty before emigrating from their natal groups. Ovarian cycle length in adult females was, on average, ~22 days (N = 21). Of the 10 cycling females, five conceived and four gave birth to offspring, with an average gestation period of ~214 days, but the infant born to the female with the shortest estimated gestation period (182 days) disappeared within a month after parturition. The fact that less than half of all cycling females conceived, and that only three out of five of those females gave birth to offspring that survived past the first month, suggests that reproduction is energetically costly for female woolly monkeys. Ovarian cycle length and gestation period among woolly monkeys are similar to those in their closest relatives, spider monkeys and muriquis suggesting that reproductive physiology may be highly conserved among females within the Tribe Atelini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Abondano
- Department of Anthropology and Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Toni E Ziegler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology and Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de, Quito, Cumbayá, Ecuador
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Philippon J, Serrano-Martínez E, Poirotte C. Environmental and individual determinants of fecal avoidance in semi-free ranging woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 176:614-624. [PMID: 34169505 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parasite selection pressures have driven the evolution of numerous behavioral defenses in host species, but recent studies revealed individual variation in their expression. As little is known about the factors causing heterogeneity among individuals in infection-avoidance behaviors, we investigated in woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) the influence of several environmental and individual characteristics on the tendency to avoid food contaminated by soil and by their own and conspecifics' feces. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted feeding tests on 40 semi-free ranging individuals rescued from the pet trade. Using generalized linear mixed models, we investigated the effect of season, sex, age, dominance rank, and exposure to non-natural living conditions on feeding decisions. RESULTS Woolly monkeys did not avoid soil-contaminated food and equally avoided food contaminated by their own and conspecifics' feces. Individuals varied greatly in their level of fecal avoidance. Only females exhibited strong avoidance of fecally contaminated food, but adapted their behavior to food availability, highlighting the trade-off between nutritional intake and parasite avoidance. Additionally, low-ranking females, less competitive over food resources, exhibited lower avoidance than dominant ones. Juveniles were more cautious than adults, possibly to compensate for a higher parasite susceptibility. Finally, we reported an unknown effect of exposure to non-natural living conditions on behavioral defenses, as animals kept as household pets for an extended period apparently lost their ability to avoid fecally contaminated food. CONCLUSION We argue that striving to understand variation in infection-avoidance behaviors in natural populations is crucial to predict disease spread and inform conservation policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Philippon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, Lima, Peru
| | - Enrique Serrano-Martínez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, Lima, Peru
| | - Clémence Poirotte
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
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Ellis KM, Abondano LA, Montes-Rojas A, Link A, Di Fiore A. Reproductive seasonality in two sympatric primates (Ateles belzebuth and Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) from Amazonian Ecuador. Am J Primatol 2020; 83:e23220. [PMID: 33264469 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
With their large body size and "slow" life histories, atelin primates are thought to follow a risk-averse breeding strategy, similar to capital breeders, in which they accumulate energy reserves in anticipation of future reproductive events such as gestation and lactation. However, given the paucity of longitudinal data from wild populations, few studies to date have been able to compare the timing of reproductive events (e.g., copulations, conceptions, and births) in relation to shifting resource availability over multiple years. We examined the reproductive patterns of two atelin species-white-bellied spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) and lowland woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii)-in relation to habitat-wide estimates of fruit availability at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station (TBS) in Amazonian Ecuador. Our sample included 4 years of data on births (N = 36) and copulations (N = 170) for Lagothrix, 10 years of data on births (N = 35) and copulations (N = 74) for Ateles, and 7 years of data on ripe fruit availability. Reproductive events were distinctly seasonal. For both species, births were concentrated between May and September, a time period in which ripe fruit was relatively scarce, while inferred conceptions occurred between September and January, when ripe fruit availability was increasing and maintained at high-levels throughout the forest. Interannual variation in births was relatively stable, except for in 2016 when twice as many infants were born following a strong El Niño event that may have led to unusually high levels of fruit productivity during the 2015 breeding season. Although copulations were observed year-round, an overwhelming majority (>90% for Lagothrix and >80% for Ateles) took place between August and February when females were most likely to conceive. Collectively, these data follow the reproductive patterns observed in other atelin primates, and, as proposed by others, suggest that atelins may follow a risk-averse breeding strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Ellis
- Department of Anthropology and Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura A Abondano
- Department of Anthropology and Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Andrés Montes-Rojas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Link
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Cumbayá, Ecuador
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology and Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Cumbayá, Ecuador
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El Bizri HR, Fa JE, Valsecchi J, Bodmer R, Mayor P. Age at sexual maturity, first parturition and reproductive senescence in wild lowland pacas (Cuniculus paca): Implications for harvest sustainability. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 205:105-114. [PMID: 31060921 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Generation length (GL) of a mammal, calculated through the age at sexual maturity, first reproduction and reproductive senescence can be used to assess the capacity of a population of a species to withstand differing amounts of hunting pressure by humans without depletion of animal numbers. Due to the lack of reproductive data for wild mammals, the GL is often difficult to determine for most species. In the present study, the GL parameters were assessed for the wild lowland paca (Cuniculus paca) from a sample of 119 female genitalia obtained during a 15-year hunter participatory program in the Amazon. The probability of female pacas being sexually active, with observable ovarian functionality or pregnancy, increased as both body and genitalia masses increased. The average body mass at puberty was 5.46 kg. Puberty was estimated to occur at 4 months of age, from which there was estimation when age at first parturition would occur 9 months after birth. Additionally, there was no indication that there was a decrease in parturition rate at more advanced ages. The estimated age of first reproduction for pacas was much less than previous estimates, most from assessments of captive animals. In addition, because there was no evidence of reproductive senescence, it is suggested that the average age of mature hunted pacas should be used to determine optimal harvesting rates of pacas by humans. The present study highlights the importance of in situ studies on reproduction of animals in their natural habitat because these will yield more accurate reproductive variable estimates than those obtained from captive animals. It is suggested that similar methods be used to accurately assess reproductive parameters of other tropical species that are hunted by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Rocha El Bizri
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, M15 6BH, Manchester, United Kingdom; Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (IDSM), Tefé, AM, Brazil; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; RedeFauna, Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna da Amazônia, Brazil.
| | - John E Fa
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, M15 6BH, Manchester, United Kingdom; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan Cifor Rawajaha, Situ Gede, Bogor Barat, Kota, Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16115, Indonesia
| | - João Valsecchi
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (IDSM), Tefé, AM, Brazil; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; RedeFauna, Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna da Amazônia, Brazil
| | - Richard Bodmer
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; FUNDAMAZONIA, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Pedro Mayor
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; FUNDAMAZONIA, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Fetal development of the Poeppig's woolly monkey ( Lagothrix poeppigii ). Theriogenology 2018; 110:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Aysanoa E, Mayor P, Mendoza AP, Zariquiey CM, Morales EA, Pérez JG, Bowler M, Ventocilla JA, González C, Baldeviano GC, Lescano AG. Molecular Epidemiology of Trypanosomatids and Trypanosoma cruzi in Primates from Peru. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:732-742. [PMID: 29098492 PMCID: PMC5818207 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We determined the prevalence rate and risk of infection of Trypanosoma cruzi and other trypanosomatids in Peruvian non-human primates (NHPs) in the wild (n = 126) and in different captive conditions (n = 183). Blood samples were collected on filter paper, FTA cards, or EDTA tubes and tested using a nested PCR protocol targeting the 24Sα rRNA gene. Main risk factors associated with trypanosomatid and T. cruzi infection were genus and the human-animal context (wild vs captive animals). Wild NHPs had higher prevalence of both trypanosomatids (64.3 vs 27.9%, P < 0.001) and T. cruzi (8.7 vs 3.3%, P = 0.057), compared to captive NHPs, suggesting that parasite transmission in NHPs occurs more actively in the sylvatic cycle. In terms of primate family, Pitheciidae had the highest trypanosomatid prevalence (20/22, 90.9%) and Cebidae had the highest T. cruzi prevalence (15/117, 12.8%). T. cruzi and trypanosomatids are common in Peruvian NHPs and could pose a health risk to human and animals that has not been properly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esar Aysanoa
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Venezuela Ave. Block 36 Bellavista, Callao, Peru
| | - Pedro Mayor
- Departament de Sanitat i Antomia Animals, Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - E Angelo Morales
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Venezuela Ave. Block 36 Bellavista, Callao, Peru
| | | | - Mark Bowler
- San Diego Zoo Global, Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, CA, USA
| | - Julio A Ventocilla
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Venezuela Ave. Block 36 Bellavista, Callao, Peru
| | - Carlos González
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Servei d' Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Christian Baldeviano
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Venezuela Ave. Block 36 Bellavista, Callao, Peru
| | - Andrés G Lescano
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Venezuela Ave. Block 36 Bellavista, Callao, Peru.
- Emerge, Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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Stafford CA, Preziosi RF, Sellers WI. A pan-neotropical analysis of hunting preferences. BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 2017; 26:1877-1897. [PMID: 32025107 PMCID: PMC6979659 DOI: 10.1007/s10531-017-1334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hunting in the neotropics is a widespread form of resource extraction. However, there is increasing concern that current activities are leading to the decline and extirpation of vulnerable species; particulary ateline primates, large ungulates (such as tapirs and white-lipped peccaries) and large birds such as curassows. Hunting patterns are expected to be a product of two principal influences: the value of return for a given amount of effort invested into hunting, and cultural factors that determine the prestige and usefulness of prey. Previous work has suggested that hunting profiles change in a predictable way over time, becoming more diverse and more dependent on smaller bodied species as preferred, large-bodied prey become scarcer. In this paper, we evaluate the hunting profiles of 78 neotropical communities in Central and South America. We investigate the uniformity of species preferences, whether communities that are geographically closer have similar hunting profiles, and whether the age and size of settlements can be used to predict the type and diversity of species targeted. We found that there was only a weak correlation between the structure of communities' hunting profiles and their geographical proximity. Neither a community's size nor age was a good predictor of the shape and structure of its hunting profile. Our data suggest that either the availability of prey or the cultural influences dictating the value of different species can change rapidly over small distances, and that older and larger settlements do not impact prey species distributions in a predictable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Stafford
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - R. F. Preziosi
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - W. I. Sellers
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Correction: Refining Reproductive Parameters for Modelling Sustainability and Extinction in Hunted Primate Populations in the Amazon. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131030. [PMID: 26076484 PMCID: PMC4468262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Mayor P, Bowler M. Low birthrates and high levels of female reproductive inactivity may characterize the reproductive biology of wild Peruvian red uakaris (Cacajao calvus ucayalii). J Med Primatol 2014; 44:27-34. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mayor
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Mark Bowler
- San Diego Zoo Global; Institute for Conservation Research; Escondido CA USA
- School of Psychology & Nueroscience; University of St. Andrews; Scotland UK
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Endangered monkeys contribute to science. Lab Anim (NY) 2014; 43:389. [PMID: 25333586 DOI: 10.1038/laban.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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