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Kambikambi MJ, Kadye WT, Chakona A. Allopatric differentiation in the Enteromius anoplus complex in South Africa, with the revalidation of Enteromius cernuus and Enteromius oraniensis, and description of a new species, Enteromius mandelai (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:931-954. [PMID: 33969484 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The chubbyhead barb, Enteromius anoplus, as currently described, is the most widely distributed freshwater fish in South Africa. The species occurs in almost all the major river systems across the country, with the exception of the small coastal drainages on the south coast. The use of a comprehensive data set of mitochondrial (mtDNA) cytochrome b (cyt b) sequences uncovered the presence of four distinct lineages or operational taxonomic units (OTUs) within E. anoplus: (a) the Gouritz lineage endemic to the Gouritz River system, (b) the Olifants lineage endemic to the Olifants-Doring River system, (c) the Orange lineage endemic to the Orange River system and (d) the Eastern Cape lineage which is distributed across six river systems from the Great Fish to the Buffalo rivers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The present study provides a new diagnosis for E. anoplus s.s. (the Gouritz lineage), revalidates Enteromius cernuus (the Olifants lineage) and Enteromius oraniensis (the Orange lineage) as distinct species. The study also provides a description for a new species, Enteromius mandelai sp. nov (the Eastern Cape lineage). E. cernuus and E. mandelai differ from both E. anoplus and E. oraniensis by having a complete lateral line (vs. an incomplete lateral line in the latter species). E. cernuus further differs from the other three species by having long maxillary barbels which reach or exceed the vertical through the middle of the eye and the lowest number of circumpendicular scales (10-12 vs. 12-16 for the other three species). E. oraniensis is distinctive from the other three species by having inconspicuous barbels. These findings add to the growing body of literature that shows that the freshwater fishes of the Cape Fold and adjacent freshwater ecoregions have narrow geographic ranges. This has ramifications for conservation planning and management, as well as the understanding of the evolutionary history of the stream fishes in these global endemic hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manda J Kambikambi
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
- NRF-South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Wilbert T Kadye
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Albert Chakona
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
- NRF-South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa
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Kadye WT, Leigh S, Booth AJ. Predator naïve minnows respond to their conspecific alarm substance but not the odour from a non‐native predator. Afr J Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert T. Kadye
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa
| | - Simon Leigh
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa
| | - Anthony J. Booth
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa
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Magellan K, Booth AJ, Weyl OLF. Innate responses to conspecific and heterospecific alarm cues in the endangered eastern cape redfin Pseudobarbus afer. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 96:1284-1290. [PMID: 31705757 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We examined innate responses to conspecific and heterospecific alarm cues in a small cyprinid minnow, the Eastern Cape redfin Pseudobarbus afer. We found that redfins respond to conspecific skin extract, which contains alarm chemicals, and showed that their preferred response is to hide in refugia. Redfins also respond to skin extract from an allopatric, distantly related minnow species, the chubbyhead barb Enteromius anoplus indicating that neither sympatry nor close phylogenetic relationships are necessary for recognition of heterospecific alarm cues. Although both conspecific and heterospecific alarm cues induced similar responses, the response to heterospecific cues was less intense. This may be explained by a trade-off between selection to maximise threat recognition and selection to avoid the costs of responding to irrelevant cues, or by differences in chemical structures of alarm cues between species. These findings have implications for the conservation of this Endangered fish species and for freshwater fishes throughout Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Magellan
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Anthony J Booth
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Olaf L F Weyl
- DST/NRF Research Chair in Inland Fisheries and Freshwater Ecology, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Grahamstown, South Africa
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Abstract
The existence of a synthetic program of research on what was then termed the "nocturnal problem" and that we might now call "nighttime ecology" was declared more than 70 years ago. In reality, this failed to materialize, arguably as a consequence of practical challenges in studying organisms at night and instead concentrating on the existence of circadian rhythms, the mechanisms that give rise to them, and their consequences. This legacy is evident to this day, with consideration of the ecology of the nighttime markedly underrepresented in ecological research and literature. However, several factors suggest that it would be timely to revive the vision of a comprehensive research program in nighttime ecology. These include (i) that the study of the ecology of the night is being revolutionized by new and improved technologies; (ii) suggestions that, far from being a minor component of biodiversity, a high proportion of animal species are active at night; (iii) that fundamental questions about differences and connections between the ecology of the daytime and the nighttime remain largely unanswered; and (iv) that the nighttime environment is coming under severe anthropogenic pressure. In this article, I seek to reestablish nighttime ecology as a synthetic program of research, highlighting key focal topics and questions and providing an overview of the current state of understanding and developments.
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Ellender BR, Weyl OLF, Alexander ME, Luger AM, Nagelkerke LAJ, Woodford DJ. Out of the pot and into the fire: Explaining the vulnerability of an endangered small headwater stream fish to black-bass Micropterus spp. invasion. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:1035-1050. [PMID: 29479690 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduced predatory fishes have had consistently severe consequences for native fishes in stream environments around the world, although the drivers of these effects are often unclear. In the Swartkops River headwaters in South Africa, native Eastern Cape redfin Pseudobarbus afer were always absent from sites occupied by non-native black basses Micropterus salmoides and Micropterus dolomieu, but generally co-occurred with the native predators Anguilla marmorata and Anguilla mossambica. A natural experiment provided by flood-mediated recolonization of black-bass occupied sites by P. afer demonstrated depletion in black-bass invaded sites. Field behavioural observations of P. afer indicated that they foraged among benthic cover during the day, but suspended in open water at night. As the nocturnal A. marmorata and A. mossambica foraged actively within structural cover at night and M. dolomieu and M. salmoides are diurnal or crepuscular predators, P .afer is thus optimized to avoid predation by native anguillid predators and not the functionally unique predatory black basses. The integration of distributional, temporal population dynamics and behavioural data suggests that the severe effects of Micropterus spp. are probably a consequence of prey naïveté and behaviour evolved to evade native predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Ellender
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, P.O. Box 96, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - O L F Weyl
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, P.O. Box 96, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
- DST/NRF Research Chair in Inland Fisheries and Freshwater Ecology, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - M E Alexander
- Centre for Invasion Biology, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research (IBEHR), School of Science and Sport, University of West Scotland, High Street, Paisley, PA1 2BE
| | - A M Luger
- Centre for Invasion Biology, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L A J Nagelkerke
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - D J Woodford
- Centre for Invasion Biology, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa
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Lone K, Mysterud A, Gobakken T, Odden J, Linnell J, Loe LE. Temporal variation in habitat selection breaks the catch-22 of spatially contrasting predation risk from multiple predators. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Lone
- Dept of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian Univ. of Life Sciences; PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas Norway
- Norwegian Polar Inst., Fram Centre; Tromsø Norway
| | - Atle Mysterud
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES); Dept of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern; Oslo Norway
| | - Terje Gobakken
- Dept of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian Univ. of Life Sciences; PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas Norway
| | - John Odden
- Norwegian Inst. for Nature Research; Sluppen Trondheim Norway
| | - John Linnell
- Norwegian Inst. for Nature Research; Sluppen Trondheim Norway
| | - Leif Egil Loe
- Dept of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian Univ. of Life Sciences; PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas Norway
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Larranaga N, Steingrimsson SO. Shelter availability alters diel activity and space use in a stream fish. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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