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Matteucci F, Ferrati M, Spinozzi E, Piergentili A, Del Bello F, Giorgioni G, Sorci L, Petrelli R, Cappellacci L. Synthesis, Biological, and Computational Evaluations of Conformationally Restricted NAD-Mimics as Discriminant Inhibitors of Human NMN-Adenylyltransferase Isozymes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:739. [PMID: 38931406 PMCID: PMC11207052 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cofactor metabolism plays a significant role in cancer development. Tumor cells have an increased demand for NAD and ATP to support rapid growth and proliferation. Limiting the amount of available NAD by targeting critical NAD biosynthesis enzymes has emerged as a promising anticancer therapeutic approach. In mammals, the enzyme nicotinamide/nicotinic acid adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) catalyzes a crucial downstream reaction for all known NAD synthesis routes. Novel nicotinamide/nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAD/NaAD) analogues 1-4, containing a methyl group at the ribose 2'-C and 3'-C-position of the adenosine moiety, were synthesized as inhibitors of the three isoforms of human NMN-adenylyltransferase, named hNMNAT-1, hNMNAT-2, and hNMNAT-3. An NMR-based conformational analysis suggests that individual NAD-analogues (1-4) have distinct conformational preferences. Biological evaluation of dinucleotides 1-4 as inhibitors of hNMNAT isoforms revealed structural relationships between different conformations (North-anti and South-syn) and enzyme-inhibitory activity. Among the new series of NAD analogues synthesized and tested, the 2'-C-methyl-NAD analogue 1 (Ki = 15 and 21 µM towards NMN and ATP, respectively) emerged as the most potent and selective inhibitor of hNMNAT-2 reported so far. Finally, we rationalized the in vitro bioactivity and selectivity of methylated NAD analogues with in silico studies, helping to lay the groundwork for rational scaffold optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Matteucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (F.D.B.); (G.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Marta Ferrati
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (F.D.B.); (G.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Eleonora Spinozzi
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (F.D.B.); (G.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Alessia Piergentili
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (F.D.B.); (G.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (F.D.B.); (G.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Gianfabio Giorgioni
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (F.D.B.); (G.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Leonardo Sorci
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Department of Science and Engineering of Matter, Environment and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (F.D.B.); (G.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (F.D.B.); (G.G.); (L.C.)
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Peng YC, Wu J, He X, Dai J, Xia L, Valenzuela-Leon P, Tumas KC, Singh BK, Xu F, Ganesan S, Munir S, Calvo E, Huang R, Liu C, Long CA, Su XZ. NAD activates olfactory receptor 1386 to regulate type I interferon responses in Plasmodium yoelii YM infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403796121. [PMID: 38809710 PMCID: PMC11161801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403796121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (Olfr) are G protein-coupled receptors that are normally expressed on olfactory sensory neurons to detect volatile chemicals or odorants. Interestingly, many Olfrs are also expressed in diverse tissues and function in cell-cell recognition, migration, and proliferation as well as immune responses and disease processes. Here, we showed that many Olfr genes were expressed in the mouse spleen, linked to Plasmodium yoelii genetic loci significantly, and/or had genome-wide patterns of LOD scores (GPLSs) similar to those of host Toll-like receptor genes. Expression of specific Olfr genes such as Olfr1386 in HEK293T cells significantly increased luciferase signals driven by IFN-β and NF-κB promoters, with elevated levels of phosphorylated TBK1, IRF3, P38, and JNK. Mice without Olfr1386 were generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 method, and the Olfr1386-/- mice showed significantly lower IFN-α/β levels and longer survival than wild-type (WT) littermates after infection with P. yoelii YM parasites. Inhibition of G protein signaling and P38 activity could affect cyclic AMP-responsive element promoter-driven luciferase signals and IFN-β mRNA levels in HEK293T cells expressing the Olfr1386 gene, respectively. Screening of malaria parasite metabolites identified nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as a potential ligand for Olfr1386, and NAD could stimulate IFN-β responses and phosphorylation of TBK1 and STAT1/2 in RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, parasite RNA (pRNA) could significantly increase Olfr1386 mRNA levels. This study links multiple Olfrs to host immune response pathways, identifies a candidate ligand for Olfr1386, and demonstrates the important roles of Olfr1386 in regulating type I interferon (IFN-I) responses during malaria parasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-chih Peng
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Jian Wu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Xiao He
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Jin Dai
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Lu Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Disease of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Paola Valenzuela-Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Keyla C. Tumas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Brajesh K. Singh
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Fangzheng Xu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Shirin Munir
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Xin-zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
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Ghanem MS, Caffa I, Monacelli F, Nencioni A. Inhibitors of NAD + Production in Cancer Treatment: State of the Art and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2092. [PMID: 38396769 PMCID: PMC10889166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The addiction of tumors to elevated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels is a hallmark of cancer metabolism. Obstructing NAD+ biosynthesis in tumors is a new and promising antineoplastic strategy. Inhibitors developed against nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the main enzyme in NAD+ production from nicotinamide, elicited robust anticancer activity in preclinical models but not in patients, implying that other NAD+-biosynthetic pathways are also active in tumors and provide sufficient NAD+ amounts despite NAMPT obstruction. Recent studies show that NAD+ biosynthesis through the so-called "Preiss-Handler (PH) pathway", which utilizes nicotinate as a precursor, actively operates in many tumors and accounts for tumor resistance to NAMPT inhibitors. The PH pathway consists of three sequential enzymatic steps that are catalyzed by nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases (NMNATs), and NAD+ synthetase (NADSYN1). Here, we focus on these enzymes as emerging targets in cancer drug discovery, summarizing their reported inhibitors and describing their current or potential exploitation as anticancer agents. Finally, we also focus on additional NAD+-producing enzymes acting in alternative NAD+-producing routes that could also be relevant in tumors and thus become viable targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa S. Ghanem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Irene Caffa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Monacelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Vicidomini C, Roviello GN. Protein-Targeting Drug Discovery. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1591. [PMID: 38002273 PMCID: PMC10669076 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-driven biological processes play a fundamental role in biomedicine because they are related to pathologies of enormous social impact, such as cancer, neuropathies, and viral diseases, including the one at the origin of the recent COVID-19 pandemic [...].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni N. Roviello
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Council for Research (IBB-CNR), Area di Ricerca Site and Headquarters, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Jeje O, Pandian R, Sayed Y, Achilonu I. Obtaining high yield recombinant Enterococcus faecium nicotinate nucleotide adenylyltransferase for X-ray crystallography and biophysical studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126066. [PMID: 37544558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinate nucleotide adenylyltransferase (NNAT) has been a significant research focus on druggable targets, given its indispensability in the biosynthesis of NAD+, which is crucial to the survival of bacterial pathogens. However, no information is available on the structure-function of Enterococcus faecium NNAT (EfNNAT). This study established the expression and purification protocol for obtaining a high-yield recombinant EfNNAT using the E. coli expression system and a single-step IMAC purification method. Approximately 101 mg of EfNNAT was obtained per 7.8 g of wet E. coli cells, estimated to be over 98 % pure. We further characterized the biophysical structure and determined the three-dimensional structure of the EfNNAT. Biophysical studies revealed a dimeric protein with a higher α-helical composition. The highly stable protein crystalizes in multiple conditions, yielding high-quality crystals diffracting between 1.78 and 2.80 Å. Two high-resolution crystal structures of EfNNAT in its native and adenine-bound forms were determined at 1.90 Å and 1.82 Å, respectively. The X-ray structures of the EfNNAT revealed the presence of phosphate and sulfate ions occupying and interacting with conserved amino acid residues within the putative substrate binding site, hence providing insight into the probable substrate preference of EfNNAT and, consequently, why EfNNAT may not prefer β-nicotinamide mononucleotide as a substrate. With the accessibility to high-resolution structures of EfNNAT, further structural evaluation and drug-based screening can be achieved. Hence, we anticipate that this study will provide the basis for the discovery of structure-based inhibitors against this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olamide Jeje
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| | - Ramesh Pandian
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| | - Yasien Sayed
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| | - Ikechukwu Achilonu
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
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Mahamood A, Yaku K, Hikosaka K, Gulshan M, Inoue SI, Kobayashi F, Nakagawa T. Nmnat3 deficiency in hemolytic anemia exacerbate malaria infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 637:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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de Vries LE, Lunghi M, Krishnan A, Kooij TWA, Soldati-Favre D. Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis in Apicomplexa and their promise as antiparasitic drug targets. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010124. [PMID: 34969059 PMCID: PMC8717973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Apicomplexa phylum comprises thousands of distinct intracellular parasite species, including coccidians, haemosporidians, piroplasms, and cryptosporidia. These parasites are characterized by complex and divergent life cycles occupying a variety of host niches. Consequently, they exhibit distinct adaptations to the differences in nutritional availabilities, either relying on biosynthetic pathways or by salvaging metabolites from their host. Pantothenate (Pan, vitamin B5) is the precursor for the synthesis of an essential cofactor, coenzyme A (CoA), but among the apicomplexans, only the coccidian subgroup has the ability to synthesize Pan. While the pathway to synthesize CoA from Pan is largely conserved across all branches of life, there are differences in the redundancy of enzymes and possible alternative pathways to generate CoA from Pan. Impeding the scavenge of Pan and synthesis of Pan and CoA have been long recognized as potential targets for antimicrobial drug development, but in order to fully exploit these critical pathways, it is important to understand such differences. Recently, a potent class of pantothenamides (PanAms), Pan analogs, which target CoA-utilizing enzymes, has entered antimalarial preclinical development. The potential of PanAms to target multiple downstream pathways make them a promising compound class as broad antiparasitic drugs against other apicomplexans. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in understanding the Pan and CoA biosynthesis pathways, and the suitability of these pathways as drug targets in Apicomplexa, with a particular focus on the cyst-forming coccidian, Toxoplasma gondii, and the haemosporidian, Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. de Vries
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Matteo Lunghi
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aarti Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Taco W. A. Kooij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Rodenburg SYA, Seidl MF, de Ridder D, Govers F. Uncovering the Role of Metabolism in Oomycete-Host Interactions Using Genome-Scale Metabolic Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:748178. [PMID: 34707596 PMCID: PMC8543037 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.748178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is the set of biochemical reactions of an organism that enables it to assimilate nutrients from its environment and to generate building blocks for growth and proliferation. It forms a complex network that is intertwined with the many molecular and cellular processes that take place within cells. Systems biology aims to capture the complexity of cells, organisms, or communities by reconstructing models based on information gathered by high-throughput analyses (omics data) and prior knowledge. One type of model is a genome-scale metabolic model (GEM) that allows studying the distributions of metabolic fluxes, i.e., the "mass-flow" through the network of biochemical reactions. GEMs are nowadays widely applied and have been reconstructed for various microbial pathogens, either in a free-living state or in interaction with their hosts, with the aim to gain insight into mechanisms of pathogenicity. In this review, we first introduce the principles of systems biology and GEMs. We then describe how metabolic modeling can contribute to unraveling microbial pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions, with a specific focus on oomycete plant pathogens and in particular Phytophthora infestans. Subsequently, we review achievements obtained so far and identify and discuss potential pitfalls of current models. Finally, we propose a workflow for reconstructing high-quality GEMs and elaborate on the resources needed to advance a system biology approach aimed at untangling the intimate interactions between plants and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Y. A. Rodenburg
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michael F. Seidl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dick de Ridder
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Rohde KH, Sorci L. The Prospective Synergy of Antitubercular Drugs With NAD Biosynthesis Inhibitors. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:634640. [PMID: 33584600 PMCID: PMC7873932 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.634640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the upsurge of drug-resistant tuberculosis worldwide, there is much focus on developing novel drug combinations allowing shorter treatment duration and a lower toxicity profile. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis targeting is acknowledged as a promising strategy to combat drug-susceptible, drug-resistant, and latent tuberculosis (TB) infections. In this review, we describe the potential synergy of NAD biosynthesis inhibitors with several TB-drugs in prospective novel combination therapy. Despite not directly targeting the essential NAD cofactor's biosynthesis, several TB prodrugs either require a NAD biosynthesis enzyme to be activated or form a toxic chemical adduct with NAD(H) itself. For example, pyrazinamide requires the action of nicotinamidase (PncA), often referred to as pyrazinamidase, to be converted into its active form. PncA is an essential player in NAD salvage and recycling. Since most pyrazinamide-resistant strains are PncA-defective, a combination with downstream NAD-blocking molecules may enhance pyrazinamide activity and possibly overcome the resistance mechanism. Isoniazid, ethionamide, and delamanid form NAD adducts in their active form, partly perturbing the redox cofactor metabolism. Indeed, NAD depletion has been observed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) during isoniazid treatment, and activation of the intracellular NAD phosphorylase MbcT toxin potentiates its effect. Due to the NAD cofactor's crucial role in cellular energy production, additional synergistic correlations of NAD biosynthesis blockade can be envisioned with bedaquiline and other drugs targeting energy-metabolism in mycobacteria. In conclusion, future strategies targeting NAD metabolism in Mtb should consider its potential synergy with current and other forthcoming TB-drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle H. Rohde
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Leonardo Sorci
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Chaurasiya A, Garg S, Khanna A, Narayana C, Dwivedi VP, Joshi N, E Anam Z, Singh N, Singhal J, Kaushik S, Kaur Kahlon A, Srivastava P, Marothia M, Kumar M, Kumar S, Kumari G, Munjal A, Gupta S, Singh P, Pati S, Das G, Sagar R, Ranganathan A, Singh S. Pathogen induced subversion of NAD + metabolism mediating host cell death: a target for development of chemotherapeutics. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:10. [PMID: 33441562 PMCID: PMC7806871 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hijacking of host metabolic status by a pathogen for its regulated dissemination from the host is prerequisite for the propagation of infection. M. tuberculosis secretes an NAD+-glycohydrolase, TNT, to induce host necroptosis by hydrolyzing Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Herein, we expressed TNT in macrophages and erythrocytes; the host cells for M. tuberculosis and the malaria parasite respectively, and found that it reduced the NAD+ levels and thereby induced necroptosis and eryptosis resulting in premature dissemination of pathogen. Targeting TNT in M. tuberculosis or induced eryptosis in malaria parasite interferes with pathogen dissemination and reduction in the propagation of infection. Building upon our discovery that inhibition of pathogen-mediated host NAD+ modulation is a way forward for regulation of infection, we synthesized and screened some novel compounds that showed inhibition of NAD+-glycohydrolase activity and pathogen infection in the nanomolar range. Overall this study highlights the fundamental importance of pathogen-mediated modulation of host NAD+ homeostasis for its infection propagation and novel inhibitors as leads for host-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Chaurasiya
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Swati Garg
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashish Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chintam Narayana
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Nishant Joshi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, 201314, India
| | - Zill E Anam
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Niharika Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jhalak Singhal
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shikha Kaushik
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur Kahlon
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pallavi Srivastava
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manisha Marothia
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Geeta Kumari
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Akshay Munjal
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Preeti Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Soumya Pati
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, 201314, India
| | - Gobardhan Das
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ram Sagar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anand Ranganathan
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Morales Herrera DS, Contreras Rodríguez LE, Rubiano Castellanos CC, Ramírez Hernández MH. Identification and sub-cellular localization of a NAD transporter in Leishmania braziliensis ( LbNDT1). Heliyon 2020; 6:e04331. [PMID: 32671255 PMCID: PMC7350145 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is one of the central molecules involved in energy homeostasis, cellular signaling and antioxidative defense systems. Consequently, its biosynthetic pathways and transport systems are of vital importance. The nicotinamide/nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of NAD, is distributed in all domains of life and exhibits various isoforms in free-living organisms in contrast with intracellular parasites, which displays a single enzyme. In Leishmania braziliensis a unique cytosolic NMNAT has been reported to date and the mechanisms through which adequate levels of NAD are maintained among the different sub-cellular compartments of this parasite are unknown. Experimental evidences have related the transport of NAD to the Nucleotide Transporters (NTTs) family, whose members are located in the cytoplasmic membrane of parasitic life organisms. Additionally, the Mitochondrial Carrier Family (MCF), a group of proteins located in the membrane of internal organelles such as the mitochondria of free life organisms, has been implicated in NAD transport. Applying bioinformatics tools, the main characteristics of the MCF were found in a transporter candidate that we have designated as Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Transporter 1 of L. braziliensis (LbNDT1). The expression of LbNDT1 was tested both in axenic amastigotes and promastigotes of L. braziliensis, through immunodetection using polyclonal avian antibodies produced in this study. N-glycosylation of LbNDT1 was observed in both stages. Additionally, a possible partial mitochondrial distribution for LbNDT1 in amastigotes and a possible glycosomal location in promastigotes are proposed. Finally, the capability of LbNDT1 to transport NAD was confirmed by complementation assays in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our results demonstrate the existence of LbNDT1 in L. braziliensis becoming the first NAD transporter identified in protozoan parasites to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Morales Herrera
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia
| | - Luis E. Contreras Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia
| | - Claudia C. Rubiano Castellanos
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia
| | - Maria H. Ramírez Hernández
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia
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12
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Schultz MD, Dadali T, Jacques SA, Muller-Steffner H, Foote JB, Sorci L, Kellenberger E, Botta D, Lund FE. Inhibition of the NAD salvage pathway in schistosomes impairs metabolism, reproduction, and parasite survival. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008539. [PMID: 32459815 PMCID: PMC7252647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD, a key co-enzyme required for cell metabolism, is synthesized via two pathways in most organisms. Since schistosomes apparently lack enzymes required for de novo NAD biosynthesis, we evaluated whether these parasites, which infect >200 million people worldwide, maintain NAD homeostasis via the NAD salvage biosynthetic pathway. We found that intracellular NAD levels decline in schistosomes treated with drugs that block production of nicotinamide or nicotinamide mononucleotide–known NAD precursors in the non-deamidating salvage pathway. Moreover, in vitro inhibition of the NAD salvage pathway in schistosomes impaired egg production, disrupted the outer membranes of both immature and mature parasites and caused loss of mobility and death. Inhibiting the NAD salvage pathway in schistosome-infected mice significantly decreased NAD levels in adult parasites, which correlated with reduced egg production, fewer liver granulomas and parasite death. Thus, schistosomes, unlike their mammalian hosts, appear limited to one metabolic pathway to maintain NAD-dependent metabolic processes. Schistosomiasis (snail fever) is a deadly parasitic disease that affects more than 200 million people worldwide and, if not treated, can lead to death. This disease is caused by parasitic worms called schistosomes that feed on the host blood and lay hundreds of eggs each day that damage the liver and kidneys. Therapies to treat schistosomiasis are limited. The most widely-used anti-schistosomal drug, praziquantel, is not effective against immature parasites and adult worms can, in some cases, become resistant to this drug. It is therefore important to find new therapies to treat this deadly disease. In this study, we observed that schistosomes cannot use amino acids to make Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)–a key cellular metabolite found in all living organisms. Instead, these parasites salvage NAD by scavenging vitamins from the host. We observed that disruption of this NAD salvage pathway negatively impacts metabolism, reproduction and survival of both adult and immature worms. As such, targeting the parasite’s NAD salvage pathway is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of snail fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Schultz
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tulin Dadali
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Sylvain A. Jacques
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, LIT UMR 7200 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, MEDALIS Drug Discovery Center, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Hélène Muller-Steffner
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Chimiques Fonctionnels, CAMB UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, MEDALIS Drug Discovery Center, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Jeremy B. Foote
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Leonardo Sorci
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Division of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Esther Kellenberger
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, LIT UMR 7200 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, MEDALIS Drug Discovery Center, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Davide Botta
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Frances E. Lund
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Contreras Rodríguez LE, Ziegler M, Ramírez Hernández MH. Kinetic and oligomeric study of Leishmania braziliensis nicotinate/nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03733. [PMID: 32322725 PMCID: PMC7160426 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential coenzyme involved in REDOX reactions and oxidative stress defense systems. Furthermore, NAD is used as substrate by proteins that regulate essential cellular functions as DNA repair, genetic, and signal transduction, among many others. NAD biosynthesis can be completed through the de novo and salvage pathways, which converge at the common step catalyzed by the nicotinate/nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT EC: 2.7.7.1/18). Here, we report the kinetic characterization of the NMNAT of Leishmania braziliensis (LbNMNAT), one of the etiological agents of leishmaniasis, a relevant parasitic disease. The expression and homogeneous purification of the recombinant 6xHis-LbNMNAT protein was carried out and its kinetic study, which included analysis of K m , V max , K cat and the equilibrium constant (K D ) for both the forward and reverse reactions, was completed. The oligomeric state of the recombinant 6xHis-LbNMNAT protein was studied through size exclusion chromatography. Our results indicated the highest and lowest K m values for ATP and NAD, respectively. According to the calculated K D , the pyrophosphorolytic cleavage of NAD is favored in vitro. Moreover, the recombinant 6xHis-LbNMNAT protein showed a monomeric state, although it exhibits a structural element involved in potential subunits interaction. Altogether, our results denote notable differences of the LbNMNAT protein in relation to the human orthologs HsNMNAT1-3. These differences constitute initial findings that have to be continued to finally propose the NMNAT as a promissory pharmacological target in L. braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ernesto Contreras Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica-LIBBIQ, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mathias Ziegler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - María Helena Ramírez Hernández
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica-LIBBIQ, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
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14
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Krishnan A, Kloehn J, Lunghi M, Soldati-Favre D. Vitamin and cofactor acquisition in apicomplexans: Synthesis versus salvage. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:701-714. [PMID: 31767680 PMCID: PMC6970920 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.aw119.008150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Apicomplexa phylum comprises diverse parasitic organisms that have evolved from a free-living ancestor. These obligate intracellular parasites exhibit versatile metabolic capabilities reflecting their capacity to survive and grow in different hosts and varying niches. Determined by nutrient availability, they either use their biosynthesis machineries or largely depend on their host for metabolite acquisition. Because vitamins cannot be synthesized by the mammalian host, the enzymes required for their synthesis in apicomplexan parasites represent a large repertoire of potential therapeutic targets. Here, we review recent advances in metabolic reconstruction and functional studies coupled to metabolomics that unravel the interplay between biosynthesis and salvage of vitamins and cofactors in apicomplexans. A particular emphasis is placed on Toxoplasma gondii, during both its acute and latent stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Joachim Kloehn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Matteo Lunghi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
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15
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Krishnan A, Kloehn J, Lunghi M, Soldati-Favre D. Vitamin and cofactor acquisition in apicomplexans: Synthesis versus salvage. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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16
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Haubrich BA, Ramesha C, Swinney DC. Development of a Bioluminescent High-Throughput Screening Assay for Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase (NMNAT). SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 25:33-42. [PMID: 31583955 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219879644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT; EC 2.7.7.1) catalyzes the reversible production of NAD+ from NMN+ and ATP and is a potential drug target for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. A sensitive bioluminescent assay format suitable to high-throughput screening (HTS) and mechanistic follow-up has not been reported and is of value to identify new modulators of NMNATs. To this end, we report the development of a bioluminescent assay using Photinus pyralis ATP-dependent luciferase and luciferin for NMNAT1 in a 384-well plate format. We also report a mechanistic follow-up paradigm using this format to determine time dependence and competition with substrates. The assay and follow-up paradigm were used to screen 912 compounds from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Mechanistic Diversity Set II and the Approved Oncology Set VI against NMNAT1. Twenty inhibitors with greater than 35% inhibition at 20 µM were identified. The follow-up studies showed that seven actives were time-dependent inhibitors of NMNAT1. 2,3-Dibromo-1,4-naphthoquinone was the most potent, time-dependent inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.76 and 0.26 µM for inhibition of the forward and reverse reactions of the enzyme, respectively, and was shown to be NMN and ATP competitive. The bioluminescent NMNAT assay and mechanistic-follow-up will be of use to identify new modulators of NAD biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A Haubrich
- Institute for Rare and Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery, Mountain View, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Chakk Ramesha
- Institute for Rare and Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - David C Swinney
- Institute for Rare and Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery, Mountain View, CA, USA.,DCSwinney Consulting, Belmont, CA, USA
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17
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Stringer T, Melis DR, Smith GS. N,O-Chelating quinoline-based half-sandwich organorhodium and -iridium complexes: synthesis, antiplasmodial activity and preliminary evaluation as transfer hydrogenation catalysts for the reduction of NAD . Dalton Trans 2019; 48:13143-13148. [PMID: 31418441 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two Rh(iii) and Ir(iii) half-sandwich quinoline-based complexes were synthesised and evaluated for their in vitro antiplasmodial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive NF54 and multi-drug resistant K1 strains of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. These half-sandwich organometallic complexes can also facilitate transfer hydrogenation, by converting β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to its reduced form (NADH) in the presence of sodium formate. Co-administration of the iridium(iii) complex with sodium formate enhances the antiplasmodial activity in the chloroquine-resistant (K1) strain of Plasmodium falciparum, intimating that metal-mediated transfer hydrogenations can be achieved in malarial parasitic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tameryn Stringer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Diana R Melis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
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18
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Osterman AL, Rodionova I, Li X, Sergienko E, Ma CT, Catanzaro A, Pettigrove ME, Reed RW, Gupta R, Rohde KH, Korotkov KV, Sorci L. Novel Antimycobacterial Compounds Suppress NAD Biogenesis by Targeting a Unique Pocket of NaMN Adenylyltransferase. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:949-958. [PMID: 30969758 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Conventional treatments to combat the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic are falling short, thus encouraging the search for novel antitubercular drugs acting on unexplored molecular targets. Several whole-cell phenotypic screenings have delivered bioactive compounds with potent antitubercular activity. However, their cellular target and mechanism of action remain largely unknown. Further evaluation of these compounds may include their screening in search for known antitubercular drug targets hits. Here, a collection of nearly 1400 mycobactericidal compounds was screened against Mycobacterium tuberculosis NaMN adenylyltransferase ( MtNadD), a key enzyme in the biogenesis of NAD cofactor that was recently validated as a new drug target for dormant and active tuberculosis. We found three chemotypes that efficiently inhibit MtNadD in the low micromolar range in vitro. SAR and cheminformatics studies of commercially available analogues point to a series of benzimidazolium derivatives, here named N2, with bactericidal activity on different mycobacteria, including M. abscessus, multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis, and dormant M. smegmatis. The on-target activity was supported by the increased resistance of an M. smegmatis strain overexpressing the target and by a rapid decline in NAD(H) levels. A cocrystal structure of MtNadD with N2-8 inhibitor reveals that the binding of the inhibitor induced the formation of a new quaternary structure, a dimer-of-dimers where two copies of the inhibitor occupy symmetrical positions in the dimer interface, thus paving the way for the development of a new generation of selective MtNadD bioactive inhibitors. All these results strongly suggest that pharmacological inhibition of MtNadD is an effective strategy to combat dormant and resistant Mtb strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei L. Osterman
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Irina Rodionova
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Eduard Sergienko
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chen-Ting Ma
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Antonino Catanzaro
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mark E. Pettigrove
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Robert W. Reed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Rashmi Gupta
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Kyle H. Rohde
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Konstantin V. Korotkov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Leonardo Sorci
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Division of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
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19
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Beri D, Ramdani G, Balan B, Gadara D, Poojary M, Momeux L, Tatu U, Langsley G. Insights into physiological roles of unique metabolites released from Plasmodium-infected RBCs and their potential as clinical biomarkers for malaria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2875. [PMID: 30814599 PMCID: PMC6393545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium sp. are obligate intracellular parasites that derive most of their nutrients from their host meaning the metabolic circuitry of both are intricately linked. We employed untargeted, global mass spectrometry to identify metabolites present in the culture supernatants of P. falciparum-infected red blood cells synchronized at ring, trophozoite and schizont developmental stages. This revealed a temporal regulation in release of a distinct set of metabolites compared with supernatants of non-infected red blood cells. Of the distinct metabolites we identified pipecolic acid to be abundantly present in parasite lysate, infected red blood cells and infected culture supernatant. Further, we performed targeted metabolomics to quantify pipecolic acid concentrations in both the supernatants of red blood cells infected with P. falciparum, as well as in the plasma and infected RBCs of P. berghei-infected mice. Measurable and significant hyperpipecolatemia suggest that pipecolic acid has the potential to be a diagnostic marker for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Beri
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Ghania Ramdani
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014, France.,Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Balu Balan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Darshak Gadara
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Mukta Poojary
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Laurence Momeux
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014, France.,Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Utpal Tatu
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014, France. .,Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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20
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Mandal H, Vijayakumar S, Yadav S, Kumar Singh S, Das P. Validation of NAD synthase inhibitors for inhibiting the cell viability of Leishmania donovani: In silico and in vitro approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 37:4481-4493. [PMID: 30526395 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1552199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) synthase catalyses the biochemical synthesis of NAD, from nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD). NAD may be synthesized through the de novo pathways and/or the salvage pathways in cells. However, in Leishmania parasite, the synthesis of NAD solely depends on the salvage pathways. NAD synthetase is widely explored as a drug target in various microorganisms. In Bacillus anthracis, a group of sulphonamides 5599, 5617 and 5824 and complex amide 5833 were reported to have activity at micromolar range against NAD synthetase. Hence, in the present study, the same group of sulphonamides and complex amide were validated through in silico and in vitro studies for its efficiency towards Leishmania donovani NAD synthase. In silico study revealed the ligands 5824 and 5833 to have better docking score. Molecular dynamics simulation for a duration of 50 ns of all the ligand-protein complexes suggested that the complexes with the ligands 5824 and 5833 were stable and interacting. In vitro and ex vivo studies have shown that 5824 and 5833 inhibit the cell viability of the organism at a lower concentration than 5599 and 5617. Hence, with further in vivo validation, 5824 (or its synthetic analogues) and 5833 could be the choice that may work synergistically with other potential drugs in treating drug-resistant cases of leishmaniasis. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haraprasad Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Hajipur , Bihar , India.,Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna , Bihar , India
| | - Saravanan Vijayakumar
- Bioinformatics Centre , ICMR, Bioinformatics Centre, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna , Bihar , India
| | - Shalini Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna , Bihar , India
| | - Shubhankar Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna , Bihar , India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Indian Council of Medical Research , Patna , Bihar , India
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21
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SADEGHI TAFRESHI A, ZAMANI Z, SABBAGHIAN M, KHAVARI-NEJAD RA, ARJMAND M, SADEGHI S, MOHAMMADI M. A Metabolomic Investigation of the Effect of Eosin B on Game-tocyte of Plasmodium falciparum Using 1HNMR Spectroscopy. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 14:592-603. [PMID: 32099562 PMCID: PMC7028228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently eosin B was shown to have an effect on the asexual stage of Plasmodium falciparum and in this study, its activity against gametocytes and changes in the culture medium metabolites were investigated using an1HNMR-based metabolomics approach. METHODS In the Biochemistry Department of Pasteur Institute of Iran in 2017, parasites were cultured and gametocytogenesis induced by heparin and 5% hematocrit. Sexual stage parasites were tested by eosin B in 90 well plates and IC50 determined using Lactate Dehydrogenase assay. Gametocytes were treated by IC50 dose of eosin B and the medium collected in the two groups: with eosin B and controls and sent for 1HNMR spectroscopy. The spectra were analyzed on MATLAB interface and the altered metabolites in the culture medium and eosin-affected biochemical pathways were identified by Human Metabolome Database and Metabo-analyst website. RESULTS The results revealed eosin B had an effective gametocytocidal activity against P. falciparum. The significant metabolites changed in the medium were thia-mine, Asp, Asn, Tyr, Lys, Ala, Phenylpyruvic acid, NAD+ and lipids. The main pathways identified were aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, Phenylala-nine metabolism, Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and lysine degradation. CONCLUSION Eosin B exhibited substantial gametocytocidal activity and affected important drug targets in the Plasmodium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra ZAMANI
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence
| | - Marjan SABBAGHIAN
- Department of Andrology at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad ARJMAND
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh SADEGHI
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam MOHAMMADI
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Manna D, Lentz CS, Ehrenkaufer GM, Suresh S, Bhat A, Singh U. An NAD +-dependent novel transcription factor controls stage conversion in Entamoeba. eLife 2018; 7:e37912. [PMID: 30375973 PMCID: PMC6207428 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental switching between life-cycle stages is a common feature among parasitic pathogens to facilitate disease transmission and pathogenesis. The protozoan parasite Entamoeba switches between invasive trophozoites and dormant cysts, but the encystation process remains poorly understood despite being central to amoebic biology. We identify a transcription factor, Encystation Regulatory Motif-Binding Protein (ERM-BP), that regulates encystation. Down-regulation of ERM-BP decreases encystation efficiency resulting in abnormal cysts with defective cyst walls. We demonstrate that direct binding of NAD+ to ERM-BP affects ERM-BP conformation and facilitates its binding to promoter DNA. Additionally, cellular NAD+ levels increase during encystation and exogenous NAD+ enhances encystation consistent with the role of carbon source depletion in triggering Entamoeba encystation. Furthermore, ERM-BP catalyzes conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, which might have second messenger effects on stage conversion. Our findings link the metabolic cofactors nicotinamide and NAD+ to transcriptional regulation via ERM-BP and provide the first mechanistic insights into Entamoeba encystation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Manna
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | | | - Gretchen Marie Ehrenkaufer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Susmitha Suresh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Amrita Bhat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Upinder Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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23
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Nieto CA, Sánchez LM, Sánchez DM, Díaz GJ, Ramírez MH. Localization and phosphorylation of Plasmodium falciparum nicotinamide/nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (PfNMNAT) in intraerythrocytic stages. Malar J 2018; 17:161. [PMID: 29642910 PMCID: PMC5896089 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential molecule in the energy metabolism of living beings, and it has various cellular functions. The main enzyme in the biosynthesis of this nucleotide is nicotinamide/nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT, EC 2.7.7.1/18) because it is the convergence point for all known biosynthetic pathways. NMNATs have divergences in both the number of isoforms detected and their distribution, depending on the organism. Methods In the laboratory of basic research in biochemistry (LIBBIQ: acronym in Spanish) the NMNATs of protozoan parasites (Leishmania braziliensis, Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Giardia duodenalis) have been studied, analysing their catalytic properties through the use of proteins. Recombinants and their cellular distribution essentially. In 2014, O’Hara et al. determined the cytoplasmic localization of NMNAT of P. falciparum, using a transgene coupled to GFP, however, the addition of labels to the study protein can modify several of its characteristics, including its sub-cellular localization. Results This study confirms the cytoplasmic localization of this protein in the parasite through recognition of the endogenous protein in the different stages of the asexual life cycle. Additionally, the study found that PfNMNAT could be a phosphorylation target at serine, tyrosine and threonine residues, and it shows variations during the asexual life cycle. Conclusions These experiments confirmed that the parasite is situated in the cytoplasm, fulfilling the required functions of NAD+ in this compartment, the PfNMNAT is regulated in post-transcription processes, and can be regulated by phosphorylation in its residues. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2307-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Nieto
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica (LIBBIQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Lina M Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica (LIBBIQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Diana M Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica (LIBBIQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Gonzalo J Díaz
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - María H Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica (LIBBIQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
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24
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Newsom SN, McCall LI. Metabolomics: Eavesdropping on silent conversations between hosts and their unwelcome guests. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006926. [PMID: 29621358 PMCID: PMC5886577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney N. Newsom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Gardinassi LG, Cordy RJ, Lacerda MVG, Salinas JL, Monteiro WM, Melo GC, Siqueira AM, Val FF, Tran V, Jones DP, Galinski MR, Li S. Metabolome-wide association study of peripheral parasitemia in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 307:533-541. [PMID: 28927849 PMCID: PMC5698147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax is one of the leading causes of malaria worldwide. Infections with this parasite cause diverse clinical manifestations, and recent studies revealed that infections with P. vivax can result in severe and fatal disease. Despite these facts, biological traits of the host response and parasite metabolism during P. vivax malaria are still largely underexplored. Parasitemia is clearly related to progression and severity of malaria caused by P. falciparum, however the effects of parasitemia during infections with P. vivax are not well understood. RESULTS We conducted an exploratory study using a high-resolution metabolomics platform that uncovered significant associations between parasitemia levels and plasma metabolites from 150 patients with P. vivax malaria. Most plasma metabolites were inversely associated with higher levels of parasitemia. Top predicted metabolites are implicated into pathways of heme and lipid metabolism, which include biliverdin, bilirubin, palmitoylcarnitine, stearoylcarnitine, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, oleic acid and omega-carboxy-trinor-leukotriene B4. CONCLUSIONS The abundance of several plasma metabolites varies according to the levels of parasitemia in patients with P. vivax malaria. Moreover, our data suggest that the host response and/or parasite survival might be affected by metabolites involved in the degradation of heme and metabolism of several lipids. Importantly, these data highlight metabolic pathways that may serve as targets for the development of new antimalarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo Gardinassi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Regina Joice Cordy
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; International Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane (FIOCRUZ), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Gisely C Melo
- Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - André M Siqueira
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando F Val
- Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - ViLinh Tran
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; International Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuzhao Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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26
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Nieto Clavijo CA, Forero Baena N, Ramírez Hernández MH. Diseño y producción de diversas proteínas fusión de la nicotinamida/nicotinato mononucleótido adenilil transferasa (NMNAT) de Plasmodium falciparum. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE QUÍMICA 2017. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v46n3.63492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Las proteínas recombinantes se han convertido en herramientas útiles en la investigación bioquímica. Sin embargo, durante su producción, aparecen cuerpos de inclusión (IB), debido, por un lado, a la alta expresión de proteína producida a partir de los vectores usados que poseen promotores de alta eficiencia y, por otro lado, a características propias de la proteína. Ahora bien, la nicotinamida/nicotinato mononucleótido adenililtransferasa (NMNAT) es una proteína central en la biosíntesis del NAD(H)+, molécula esencial en el metabolismo celular, y ha sido estudiada en parásitos protozoos. Para el estudio de la NMNAT de estos parásitos se ha recurrido a la expresión de su versión recombinante en E. coli, obteniéndose gran cantidad de proteína como IB. Con el fin de aumentar la solubilidad de la proteína, se clonó la secuencia codificante de la NMNAT de Plasmodium falciparum en diferentes vectores de expresión, se indujo la expresión de la proteína recombinante en E. coli BL21(DE3) y se analizó la solubilidad. La proteína fusión con mayor solubilidad fue purificada y evaluada enzimáticamente. La adición de la etiqueta MBP (proteína de unión a maltosa) a la PfNMNAT incrementó su solubilidad y permitió obtener una proteína funcional con una alta pureza.
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Pasini EM, Böhme U, Rutledge GG, Voorberg-Van der Wel A, Sanders M, Berriman M, Kocken CH, Otto TD. An improved Plasmodium cynomolgi genome assembly reveals an unexpected methyltransferase gene expansion. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:42. [PMID: 28748222 PMCID: PMC5500898 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11864.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Plasmodium cynomolgi, a non-human primate malaria parasite species, has been an important model parasite since its discovery in 1907. Similarities in the biology of
P. cynomolgi to the closely related, but less tractable, human malaria parasite
P. vivax make it the model parasite of choice for liver biology and vaccine studies pertinent to
P. vivax malaria. Molecular and genome-scale studies of
P. cynomolgi have relied on the current reference genome sequence, which remains highly fragmented with 1,649 unassigned scaffolds and little representation of the subtelomeres. Methods: Using long-read sequence data (Pacific Biosciences SMRT technology), we assembled and annotated a new reference genome sequence, PcyM, sourced from an Indian rhesus monkey. We compare the newly assembled genome sequence with those of several other
Plasmodium species, including a re-annotated
P. coatneyi assembly. Results: The new PcyM genome assembly is of significantly higher quality than the existing reference, comprising only 56 pieces, no gaps and an improved average gene length. Detailed manual curation has ensured a comprehensive annotation of the genome with 6,632 genes, nearly 1,000 more than previously attributed to
P. cynomolgi. The new assembly also has an improved representation of the subtelomeric regions, which account for nearly 40% of the sequence. Within the subtelomeres, we identified more than 1300
Plasmodium interspersed repeat (
pir) genes, as well as a striking expansion of 36 methyltransferase pseudogenes that originated from a single copy on chromosome 9. Conclusions: The manually curated PcyM reference genome sequence is an important new resource for the malaria research community. The high quality and contiguity of the data have enabled the discovery of a novel expansion of methyltransferase in the subtelomeres, and illustrates the new comparative genomics capabilities that are being unlocked by complete reference genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Pasini
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288GJ Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Böhme
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Gavin G Rutledge
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Mandy Sanders
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Matt Berriman
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Clemens Hm Kocken
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288GJ Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Dan Otto
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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Hill LJ, Williams AC. Meat Intake and the Dose of Vitamin B 3 - Nicotinamide: Cause of the Causes of Disease Transitions, Health Divides, and Health Futures? Int J Tryptophan Res 2017; 10:1178646917704662. [PMID: 28579801 PMCID: PMC5419340 DOI: 10.1177/1178646917704662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat and vitamin B3 - nicotinamide - intake was high during hunter-gatherer times. Intake then fell and variances increased during and after the Neolithic agricultural revolution. Health, height, and IQ deteriorated. Low dietary doses are buffered by 'welcoming' gut symbionts and tuberculosis that can supply nicotinamide, but this co-evolved homeostatic metagenomic strategy risks dysbioses and impaired resistance to pathogens. Vitamin B3 deficiency may now be common among the poor billions on a low-meat diet. Disease transitions to non-communicable inflammatory disorders (but longer lives) may be driven by positive 'meat transitions'. High doses of nicotinamide lead to reduced regulatory T cells and immune intolerance. Loss of no longer needed symbiotic 'old friends' compounds immunological over-reactivity to cause allergic and auto-immune diseases. Inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide consumers and loss of methyl groups or production of toxins may cause cancers, metabolic toxicity, or neurodegeneration. An optimal dosage of vitamin B3 could lead to better health, but such a preventive approach needs more equitable meat distribution. Some people may require personalised doses depending on genetic make-up or, temporarily, when under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Hill
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adrian C Williams
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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29
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Williams AC, Hill LJ. Meat and Nicotinamide: A Causal Role in Human Evolution, History, and Demographics. Int J Tryptophan Res 2017; 10:1178646917704661. [PMID: 28579800 PMCID: PMC5417583 DOI: 10.1177/1178646917704661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hunting for meat was a critical step in all animal and human evolution. A key brain-trophic element in meat is vitamin B3 / nicotinamide. The supply of meat and nicotinamide steadily increased from the Cambrian origin of animal predators ratcheting ever larger brains. This culminated in the 3-million-year evolution of Homo sapiens and our overall demographic success. We view human evolution, recent history, and agricultural and demographic transitions in the light of meat and nicotinamide intake. A biochemical and immunological switch is highlighted that affects fertility in the 'de novo' tryptophan-to-kynurenine-nicotinamide 'immune tolerance' pathway. Longevity relates to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide consumer pathways. High meat intake correlates with moderate fertility, high intelligence, good health, and longevity with consequent population stability, whereas low meat/high cereal intake (short of starvation) correlates with high fertility, disease, and population booms and busts. Too high a meat intake and fertility falls below replacement levels. Reducing variances in meat consumption might help stabilise population growth and improve human capital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Williams
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lisa J Hill
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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30
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Chiappino-Pepe A, Tymoshenko S, Ataman M, Soldati-Favre D, Hatzimanikatis V. Bioenergetics-based modeling of Plasmodium falciparum metabolism reveals its essential genes, nutritional requirements, and thermodynamic bottlenecks. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005397. [PMID: 28333921 PMCID: PMC5363809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel antimalarial therapies are urgently needed for the fight against drug-resistant parasites. The metabolism of malaria parasites in infected cells is an attractive source of drug targets but is rather complex. Computational methods can handle this complexity and allow integrative analyses of cell metabolism. In this study, we present a genome-scale metabolic model (iPfa) of the deadliest malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and its thermodynamics-based flux analysis (TFA). Using previous absolute concentration data of the intraerythrocytic parasite, we applied TFA to iPfa and predicted up to 63 essential genes and 26 essential pairs of genes. Of the 63 genes, 35 have been experimentally validated and reported in the literature, and 28 have not been experimentally tested and include previously hypothesized or novel predictions of essential metabolic capabilities. Without metabolomics data, four of the genes would have been incorrectly predicted to be non-essential. TFA also indicated that substrate channeling should exist in two metabolic pathways to ensure the thermodynamic feasibility of the flux. Finally, analysis of the metabolic capabilities of P. falciparum led to the identification of both the minimal nutritional requirements and the genes that can become indispensable upon substrate inaccessibility. This model provides novel insight into the metabolic needs and capabilities of the malaria parasite and highlights metabolites and pathways that should be measured and characterized to identify potential thermodynamic bottlenecks and substrate channeling. The hypotheses presented seek to guide experimental studies to facilitate a better understanding of the parasite metabolism and the identification of targets for more efficient intervention. Almost half of the world population is at risk of infection by malaria parasites. The rise in drug-resistant parasites requires better understanding and targeting of their metabolism. In this study, we present a genome-scale metabolic reconstruction (iPfa) of the deadliest malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and its thermodynamics-based flux analysis (TFA). Our results support and extend the available experimental evidence on the essential genes and nutritional requirements of this organism. Besides, we identify metabolites that give rise to thermodynamic bottlenecks and suggest substrate channeling. Overall, these results provide novel insight into the metabolism of P. falciparum and may guide experimental studies to develop a better characterization of the parasite metabolism and the identification of antimalarial drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anush Chiappino-Pepe
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stepan Tymoshenko
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Meriç Ataman
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vassily Hatzimanikatis
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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31
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Bathke J, Fritz-Wolf K, Brandstädter C, Burkhardt A, Jortzik E, Rahlfs S, Becker K. Structural and Functional Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum Nicotinic Acid Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:4946-4961. [PMID: 27984041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NaMNAT) is an indispensable enzyme for the synthesis of NAD and NAD phosphate. It catalyzes the adenylylation of nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) to yield nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD). Since NAD(H) and NAD phosphate(H) are essentially involved in metabolic and redox regulatory reactions, NaMNAT is an attractive drug target in the fight against bacterial and parasitic infections. Notably, NaMNAT of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum possesses only 20% sequence identity with the homologous human enzyme. Here, we present for the first time the two X-ray structures of P. falciparum NaMNAT (PfNaMNAT)-in the product-bound state with NaAD and complexed with an α,β-non-hydrolizable ATP analog-the structures were determined to a resolution of 2.2Å and 2.5Å, respectively. The overall architecture of PfNaMNAT was found to be more similar to its bacterial homologs than its human counterparts although the PPHK motif conserved in bacteria is missing. Furthermore, PfNaMNAT possesses two cysteine residues within the active site that have not been described for any other NaMNATase so far and are likely to be involved in redox regulation of PfNaMNAT activity. Enzymatic studies and surface plasmon resonance data reveal that PfNaMNAT is capable of utilizing NaMN and nicotinamide mononucleotide with a slight preference for NaMN. Surprisingly, a comparison with the active site of Escherichia coli NaMNAT showed very similar architectures, despite different substrate preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Bathke
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Karin Fritz-Wolf
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Brandstädter
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Burkhardt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Esther Jortzik
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Rahlfs
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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32
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Edwards RL, Odom John AR. Muddled mechanisms: recent progress towards antimalarial target identification. F1000Res 2016; 5:2514. [PMID: 27803804 PMCID: PMC5070598 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9477.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, malaria rates have plummeted as a result of aggressive infection control measures and the adoption of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). However, a potential crisis looms ahead. Treatment failures to standard antimalarial regimens have been reported in Southeast Asia, and devastating consequences are expected if resistance spreads to the African continent. To prevent a potential public health emergency, the antimalarial arsenal must contain therapeutics with novel mechanisms of action (MOA). An impressive number of high-throughput screening (HTS) campaigns have since been launched, identifying thousands of compounds with activity against one of the causative agents of malaria,
Plasmodium falciparum. Now begins the difficult task of target identification, for which studies are often tedious, labor intensive, and difficult to interpret. In this review, we highlight approaches that have been instrumental in tackling the challenges of target assignment and elucidation of the MOA for hit compounds. Studies that apply these innovative techniques to antimalarial target identification are described, as well as the impact of the data in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Audrey R Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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33
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Wallqvist A, Fang X, Tewari SG, Ye P, Reifman J. Metabolic host responses to malarial infection during the intraerythrocytic developmental cycle. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:58. [PMID: 27502771 PMCID: PMC4977726 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-016-0291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum undergoes a complex life cycle, including an intraerythrocytic developmental cycle, during which it is metabolically dependent on the infected human red blood cell (RBC). To describe whole cell metabolic activity within both P. falciparum and RBCs during the asexual reproduction phase of the intraerythrocytic developmental cycle, we developed an integrated host-parasite metabolic modeling framework driven by time-dependent gene expression data. RESULTS We validated the model by reproducing the experimentally determined 1) stage-specific production of biomass components and their precursors in the parasite and 2) metabolite concentration changes in the medium of P. falciparum-infected RBC cultures. The model allowed us to explore time- and strain-dependent P. falciparum metabolism and hypothesize how host cell metabolism alters in response to malarial infection. Specifically, the metabolic analysis showed that uninfected RBCs that coexist with infected cells in the same culture decrease their production of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, an oxygen-carrying regulator, reducing the ability of hemoglobin in these cells to release oxygen. Furthermore, in response to parasite-induced oxidative stress, infected RBCs downgraded their glycolytic flux by using the pentose phosphate pathway and secreting ribulose-5-phosphate. This mechanism links individually observed experimental phenomena, such as glycolytic inhibition and ribulose-5-phosphate secretion, to the oxidative stress response. CONCLUSIONS Although the metabolic model does not incorporate regulatory mechanisms per se, alterations in gene expression levels caused by regulatory mechanisms are manifested in the model as altered metabolic states. This provides the model the capability to capture complex multicellular host-pathogen metabolic interactions of the infected RBC culture. The system-level analysis revealed complex relationships such as how the parasite can reduce oxygen release in uninfected cells in the presence of infected RBCs as well as the role of different metabolic pathways involved in the oxidative stress response of infected RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Ft. Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Ft. Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Shivendra G Tewari
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Ft. Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ping Ye
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Ft. Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jaques Reifman
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Ft. Detrick, MD, 21702, USA.
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Mesquita I, Varela P, Belinha A, Gaifem J, Laforge M, Vergnes B, Estaquier J, Silvestre R. Exploring NAD+ metabolism in host-pathogen interactions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1225-36. [PMID: 26718485 PMCID: PMC11108276 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) is a vital molecule found in all living cells. NAD(+) intracellular levels are dictated by its synthesis, using the de novo and/or salvage pathway, and through its catabolic use as co-enzyme or co-substrate. The regulation of NAD(+) metabolism has proven to be an adequate drug target for several diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative or inflammatory diseases. Increasing interest has been given to NAD(+) metabolism during innate and adaptive immune responses suggesting that its modulation could also be relevant during host-pathogen interactions. While the maintenance of NAD(+) homeostatic levels assures an adequate environment for host cell survival and proliferation, fluctuations in NAD(+) or biosynthetic precursors bioavailability have been described during host-pathogen interactions, which will interfere with pathogen persistence or clearance. Here, we review the double-edged sword of NAD(+) metabolism during host-pathogen interactions emphasizing its potential for treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mesquita
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Varela
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Belinha
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana Gaifem
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Baptiste Vergnes
- MIVEGEC (IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, 75006, Paris, France.
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Canuto GAB, da Cruz PLR, Faccio AT, Klassen A, Tavares MFM. Neglected diseases prioritized in Brazil under the perspective of metabolomics: A review. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2336-2347. [PMID: 26095472 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review article compiles in a critical manner literature publications regarding seven neglected diseases (ND) prioritized in Brazil (Chagas disease, dengue, leishmaniasis, leprosy, malaria, schistosomiasis, and tuberculosis) under the perspective of metabolomics. Both strategies, targeted and untargeted metabolomics, were considered in the compilation. The majority of studies focused on biomarker discovery for diagnostic purposes, and on the search of novel or alternative therapies against the ND under consideration, although temporal progression of the infection at metabolic level was also addressed. Tuberculosis, followed by schistosomiasis, malaria and leishmaniasis are the diseases that received larger attention in terms of number of publications. Dengue and leprosy were the least studied and Chagas disease received intermediate attention. NMR and HPLC-MS technologies continue to predominate among the analytical platforms of choice in the metabolomic studies of ND. A plethora of metabolites were identified in the compiled studies, with expressive predominancy of amino acids, organic acids, carbohydrates, nucleosides, lipids, fatty acids, and derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele A B Canuto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro L R da Cruz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea T Faccio
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Klassen
- Federal University of Sao Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
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Preidis GA, Hotez PJ. The newest "omics"--metagenomics and metabolomics--enter the battle against the neglected tropical diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003382. [PMID: 25675250 PMCID: PMC4326130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A. Preidis
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter J. Hotez
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
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Vincent IM, Barrett MP. Metabolomic-based strategies for anti-parasite drug discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:44-55. [PMID: 25281738 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114551519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics-based studies are proving of great utility in the analysis of modes of action (MOAs) and resistance mechanisms of drugs in parasitic protozoa. They have helped to determine the MOA of eflornithine, half of the gold standard combination therapy in use against human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), as well as the mechanism of resistance to this drug. In Leishmania, metabolomics has also given insight into the MOA of miltefosine, an alkylphospholipid. Several studies on antimony resistance in Leishmania have been conducted, analyzing the metabolic content of resistant lines, offering clues as to the MOA of this class of drugs. A study of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum combined metabolomics techniques with other genetic and proteomic techniques to offer new insight into the role of the PfCRT protein. The MOA and mechanism of resistance to a group of halogenated pyrimidines in Trypanosoma brucei have also recently been elucidated. Effective as metabolomics techniques are, care must be taken in the design and implementation of these experiments, to ensure the resulting data are meaningful. This review outlines the steps required to conduct a metabolomics experiment as well as provide an overview of metabolomics-based drug research in protozoa to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Vincent
- The Glasgow Polyomics Facility and Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael P Barrett
- The Glasgow Polyomics Facility and Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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