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Hu X, Wan X, Diao Y, Shen Z, Zhang Z, Wang P, Hu D, Wang X, Yan W, Yu C, Luo X, Wang H, Ning Q. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 regulates macrophage glycolytic reprogramming by directly targeting PKM2 and exacerbates alcoholic liver injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110957. [PMID: 37734200 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Switching of the macrophage activation phenotype affects the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver diseases, and metabolic reprogramming can provide the energy demand for macrophage phenotypes shift. However, the molecular mechanism by which immune metabolism regulates the activation of proinflammatory macrophages remains unclear. APPROACH Expression of Fgl2 was examined in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and healthy controls. Mice were fed with a Lieber-DeCarli diet. Livers from mice were used to observe liver injury and macrophage activation. Fgl2 overexpressing THP-1 cell was used to find interacting partners through immunoprecipitation plus mass spectrometry. Naive bone marrow derived macrophages stimulated with LPS and ethanol were used for cell experiments. RESULTS Expression of Fgl2 was elevated in macrophages of livers from mice with chronic-binge ethanol feeding or patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Fgl2 depletion ameliorated ethanol diet-induced hepatic steatosis and oxidative injury as well as the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Fgl2-/- mice exhibited suppressed M1 polarization and glycolysis pathway activation. Fgl2 interacted with the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) in macrophages and facilitated PKM2 nuclear translocation, thus promoting glycolysis in M1 macrophages and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, Fgl2 overexpression in THP-1 cells enhances PKM2-dependent glycolysis and inflammation, which could be reversed by activation of enzymatic PKM2 using DASA58. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, Fgl2 hastens the development of alcoholic liver injury by mediating PKM2 dependent aerobic glycolysis in proinflammatory macrophages. Strategies that inhibiting proinflammatory macrophage activation by silencing Fgl2 might be a potential therapeutic intervention for alcoholic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuting Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Danqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiming Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaohui Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Wuhan, China
| | - Hongwu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qin Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Cherny I, Hasin P, Philosoph LK, Shahal-Zimra Y, Gurion R, Rabizadeh E. Presence and activity of Fibrinogen like protein 2 in platelets. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285735. [PMID: 37200306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) is a serine protease capable of converting prothrombin into thrombin (i.e., prothrombinase-like activity) while bypassing the classic coagulation cascade. It has been reported to be expressed by mononuclear blood cells and endothelial cells. There are multiple reports that FGL2 supports tumor development and metastasis. However, in the blood, the origin and functional significance of FGL2 has not been established. OBJECTIVE To determine if FGL2, a malignancy related enzyme, is present in platelets. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were collected in K2 EDTA tubes. Blood cells and platelets were separated and thoroughly washed to produce plasma-free samples. Procoagulant activity was measured in the cell lysates using a thrombin generation test or an adjusted prothrombin time (PT) test in plasma deficient of factor X. The findings were further supported by confocal microscopy, immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and specific inhibition assays. RESULTS FGL2 protein was readily detected in platelets. Also, despite being expressed by lymphocytes, FGL2 prothrombinase-like activity was solely detected in platelet samples, but not in white blood cell samples. Quiescent platelets were shown to contain the FGL2 protein in an active form. Upon activation, platelets secreted the active FGL2 into the milieu. CONCLUSIONS Active FGL2 is found in platelets. This suggests another role for the involvement of platelets in malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhack Cherny
- Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Pinhas Hasin
- Hematology Laboratory, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Yael Shahal-Zimra
- Hematology Laboratory, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Ronit Gurion
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Esther Rabizadeh
- Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Calado CRC. Antigenic and conserved peptides from diverse Helicobacter pylori antigens. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:535-545. [PMID: 35277779 PMCID: PMC8916697 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the revolutionary finding of Helicobacter pylori as a common bacterial infection, that a high research effort for its eradication has been conducted. Epitope based-vaccine presents advantages over protein-based, as they can be designed to contain epitopes from diverse proteins, therefore, more easily representing the immune-variability of the bacterial population, while minimizing the toxicity associated to some whole proteins. In the present work, an iterative method, to design antigenic and conserved B-epitopes from diverse virulent factors of H. pylori, was established. The method considered the trade-off between epitopes antigenicity and conservation among the bacterial population. For the method validation, five virulent factors from H. pylori were selected. From each virulent factor, two epitopes were predicted, each with twelve residues of aminoacids. The corresponding ten peptides were synthesised and evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using polyclonal antibodies raised against a specific H. pylori strain. All ten peptides were recognised by the antibodies and were consequently antigenic and conserved. This result could strongly contribute to the design of a multivalent epitope-based vaccine, representing the immunogenetic variability within the bacterial population, leading to a sustained and effective immunogenic protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília R C Calado
- CIMOSM - Centro de Investigação em Modelação e Otimização de Sistemas Multifuncionais, ISEL - Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007, Lisboa, Portugal.
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You Y, Huang S, Liu H, Fan C, Liu K, Wang Z. Soluble fibrinogen‑like protein 2 levels are decreased in patients with ischemic heart failure and associated with cardiac function. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:559. [PMID: 34109427 PMCID: PMC8188637 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble fibrinogen‑like protein 2 (sFGL2), as a novel effector of regulatory T cells (Tregs), exhibits immune regulatory activity in several inflammatory diseases. Immune activation and persistent inflammation participate in the progression of ischemic heart failure (IHF). The present study aimed to determine serum sFGL2 levels in patients with IHF and explore the relationship between sFGL2 levels and cardiac function. A total of 104 patients with IHF and 32 healthy controls were enrolled. patients with IHF were further split into subgroups according to the New York Heart Association functional classification or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Serum sFGL2 levels and peripheral Tregs frequencies were analyzed by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. The suppressive function of Tregs was measured by proliferation and functional suppression assays. Serum levels of sFGL2 and circulating Tregs frequencies were significantly decreased in patients with IHF compared with healthy controls. In patients with IHF, sFGL2 levels and Tregs frequencies were decreased with the deterioration of cardiac function. Tregs from patients with IHF exhibited compromised ability to suppress CD4+CD25‑ T cells proliferation and inflammatory cytokines secretion. Specifically, sFGL2 levels and Tregs frequencies positively correlated with LVEF, whereas negatively correlated with left ventricular end‑diastolic dimension and N‑terminal pro‑brain natriuretic peptide. sFGL2 levels were positively correlated with Tregs frequencies. In conclusion, the reduction of serum sFGL2 levels are associated with the progression of IHF and sFGL2 could be used as a potential indicator for predicting disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya You
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Shiyuan Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Fan
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Targeting FGL2, a molecular drug target for glioblastoma, with natural compounds through virtual screening method. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:805-816. [PMID: 33821685 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fibroleukin-2 protein (FGL2) causes redevelopment of brain tumors. Inhibition of these proteins has shown to improve glioblastoma prognosis and treatment efficacy. Aim: The current study gathered recently exploited natural compounds that suppress glioblastoma proliferation in vitro, tested against FGL2 protein. Method: Twenty-five compounds were explored through a virtual screening platform. Results: Three natural compounds (betanine, hesperetin and ovatodiolide) hit the active site of FGL2. Furthermore, the influence of these compounds was also assessed using in silico gene expression, and ADMET tools showed downregulation of some genes, which caused rapid tumor development while possessing a moderate acute toxicity and pharmacokinetic profile. Conclusion: Our study presents three compounds that are good candidates for evaluation in FGL2 mutated glioblastoma animal models.
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Long R, You Y, Li W, Jin N, Huang S, Li T, Liu K, Wang Z. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate ameliorates experimental coronary no-reflow phenomenon through down-regulation of FGL2. Life Sci 2015; 142:8-18. [PMID: 26482204 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The effects of sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) on coronary no-reflow (CNR) relevant to microvascular obstruction (MVO) remain unknown. Studies had shown that fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) expressed in microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) is a key mediator in MVO. Thus, we aimed to elucidate the roles of STS in CNR and relations between STS and FGL2. MAIN METHODS Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion was selected to represent CNR model. The no-reflow zone and infarct area were assessed using Thioflavin S and TTC staining, and cardiac functional parameters were detected using echocardiography. Western blot was used to detected FGL2 level, fibrin level, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) activation and inflammation cells infiltration. FGL2 and inflammation cells were also identified by IHC. Microthrombus was detected by Carstairs' and MSB staining. We also detected the roles of STS on FGL2 expression, thrombin generation, phospho-Akt and NF-κB levels in MECs. KEY FINDINGS Upon treatment with STS in CNR model, the no-reflow and infarct areas decreased significantly and cardiac function improved. The FGL2 expression was inhibited by STS in vivo as well as in vitro with thrombin generation inhibition. In addition, STS up-regulates Akt phosphorylation and suppressed NF-κB expression in activated MECs. Furthermore, fibrin deposition, PAR-1 activation and inflammatory response were inhibited with STS administration in CNR model. SIGNIFICANCE Our results displayed a novel pharmacological action of STS on CNR. STS is able to ameliorate CNR through inhibition of FGL2 expression mediated by Akt and NF-κB pathways as well as prevention of MVO by suppressing fibrin deposition and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Long
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya You
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhu Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Jin
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiyuan Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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