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Serra Lleti JM, Steyer AM, Schieber NL, Neumann B, Tischer C, Hilsenstein V, Holtstrom M, Unrau D, Kirmse R, Lucocq JM, Pepperkok R, Schwab Y. CLEMSite, a software for automated phenotypic screens using light microscopy and FIB-SEM. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213779. [PMID: 36562752 PMCID: PMC9802685 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) has emerged as a flexible method that enables semi-automated volume ultrastructural imaging. We present a toolset for adherent cells that enables tracking and finding cells, previously identified in light microscopy (LM), in the FIB-SEM, along with the automatic acquisition of high-resolution volume datasets. We detect the underlying grid pattern in both modalities (LM and EM), to identify common reference points. A combination of computer vision techniques enables complete automation of the workflow. This includes setting the coincidence point of both ion and electron beams, automated evaluation of the image quality and constantly tracking the sample position with the microscope's field of view reducing or even eliminating operator supervision. We show the ability to target the regions of interest in EM within 5 µm accuracy while iterating between different targets and implementing unattended data acquisition. Our results demonstrate that executing volume acquisition in multiple locations autonomously is possible in EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Serra Lleti
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna M. Steyer
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Anna M. Steyer:
| | - Nicole L. Schieber
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Tischer
- Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Hilsenstein
- Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - John M. Lucocq
- Medical and Biological Sciences, Schools of Medicine and Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Rainer Pepperkok
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Correspondence to Yannick Schwab:
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2
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Nguyen TN, Padman BS, Zellner S, Khuu G, Uoselis L, Lam WK, Skulsuppaisarn M, Lindblom RSJ, Watts EM, Behrends C, Lazarou M. ATG4 family proteins drive phagophore growth independently of the LC3/GABARAP lipidation system. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2013-2030.e9. [PMID: 33773106 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The sequestration of damaged mitochondria within double-membrane structures termed autophagosomes is a key step of PINK1/Parkin mitophagy. The ATG4 family of proteases are thought to regulate autophagosome formation exclusively by processing the ubiquitin-like ATG8 family (LC3/GABARAPs). We discover that human ATG4s promote autophagosome formation independently of their protease activity and of ATG8 family processing. ATG4 proximity networks reveal a role for ATG4s and their proximity partners, including the immune-disease protein LRBA, in ATG9A vesicle trafficking to mitochondria. Artificial intelligence-directed 3D electron microscopy of phagophores shows that ATG4s promote phagophore-ER contacts during the lipid-transfer phase of autophagosome formation. We also show that ATG8 removal during autophagosome maturation does not depend on ATG4 activity. Instead, ATG4s can disassemble ATG8-protein conjugates, revealing a role for ATG4s as deubiquitinating-like enzymes. These findings establish non-canonical roles of the ATG4 family beyond the ATG8 lipidation axis and provide an AI-driven framework for rapid 3D electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Benjamin Scott Padman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susanne Zellner
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Grace Khuu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louise Uoselis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wai Kit Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marvin Skulsuppaisarn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Runa S J Lindblom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emily M Watts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christian Behrends
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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3
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Graves AR, Roth RH, Tan HL, Zhu Q, Bygrave AM, Lopez-Ortega E, Hong I, Spiegel AC, Johnson RC, Vogelstein JT, Tward DJ, Miller MI, Huganir RL. Visualizing synaptic plasticity in vivo by large-scale imaging of endogenous AMPA receptors. eLife 2021; 10:66809. [PMID: 34658338 PMCID: PMC8616579 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating how synaptic molecules such as AMPA receptors mediate neuronal communication and tracking their dynamic expression during behavior is crucial to understand cognition and disease, but current technological barriers preclude large-scale exploration of molecular dynamics in vivo. We have developed a suite of innovative methodologies that break through these barriers: a new knockin mouse line with fluorescently tagged endogenous AMPA receptors, two-photon imaging of hundreds of thousands of labeled synapses in behaving mice, and computer vision-based automatic synapse detection. Using these tools, we can longitudinally track how the strength of populations of synapses changes during behavior. We used this approach to generate an unprecedentedly detailed spatiotemporal map of synapses undergoing changes in strength following sensory experience. More generally, these tools can be used as an optical probe capable of measuring functional synapse strength across entire brain areas during any behavioral paradigm, describing complex system-wide changes with molecular precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin R Graves
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States,Kavli Neuroscience Discovery InstituteBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Richard H Roth
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Han L Tan
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Qianwen Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Alexei M Bygrave
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Elena Lopez-Ortega
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Ingie Hong
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Alina C Spiegel
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States,Kavli Neuroscience Discovery InstituteBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Richard C Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Joshua T Vogelstein
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery InstituteBaltimoreUnited States,Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University School of EngineeringBaltimoreUnited States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Daniel J Tward
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery InstituteBaltimoreUnited States,Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University School of EngineeringBaltimoreUnited States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Michael I Miller
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery InstituteBaltimoreUnited States,Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University School of EngineeringBaltimoreUnited States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States,Kavli Neuroscience Discovery InstituteBaltimoreUnited States
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4
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Fischer TD, Wang C, Padman BS, Lazarou M, Youle RJ. STING induces LC3B lipidation onto single-membrane vesicles via the V-ATPase and ATG16L1-WD40 domain. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:211541. [PMID: 33201170 PMCID: PMC7716379 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202009128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the detection of cytosolic double-stranded DNA from viral or bacterial infection in mammalian cells, cyclic dinucleotide activation of STING induces interferon β expression to initiate innate immune defenses. STING activation also induces LC3B lipidation, a classical but equivocal marker of autophagy, that promotes a cell-autonomous antiviral response that arose before evolution of the interferon pathway. We report that STING activation induces LC3B lipidation onto single-membrane perinuclear vesicles mediated by ATG16L1 via its WD40 domain, bypassing the requirement of canonical upstream autophagy machinery. This process is blocked by bafilomycin A1 that binds and inhibits the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) and by SopF, a bacterial effector that catalytically modifies the V-ATPase to inhibit LC3B lipidation via ATG16L1. These results indicate that activation of the cGAS-STING pathway induces V-ATPase-dependent LC3B lipidation that may mediate cell-autonomous host defense, an unanticipated mechanism that is distinct from LC3B lipidation onto double-membrane autophagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara D. Fischer
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chunxin Wang
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Benjamin S. Padman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard J. Youle
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,Correspondence to Richard J. Youle:
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Fu X, Ning J, Zhong Z, Ambrose Z, Charles Watkins S, Zhang P. AutoCLEM: An Automated Workflow for Correlative Live-Cell Fluorescence Microscopy and Cryo-Electron Tomography. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19207. [PMID: 31844138 PMCID: PMC6915765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) combines the strengths of both light and electron imaging modalities and enables linking of biological spatiotemporal information from live-cell fluorescence light microscopy (fLM) to high-resolution cellular ultra-structures from cryo-electron microscopy and tomography (cryoEM/ET). This has been previously achieved by using fLM signals to localize the regions of interest under cryogenic conditions. The correlation process, however, is often tedious and time-consuming with low throughput and limited accuracy, because multiple correlation steps at different length scales are largely carried out manually. Here, we present an experimental workflow, AutoCLEM, which overcomes the existing limitations and improves the performance and throughput of CLEM methods, and associated software. The AutoCLEM system encompasses a high-speed confocal live-cell imaging module to acquire an automated fLM grid atlas that is linked to the cryoEM grid atlas, followed by cryofLM imaging after freezing. The fLM coordinates of the targeted areas are automatically converted to cryoEM/ET and refined using fluorescent fiducial beads. This AutoCLEM workflow significantly accelerates the correlation efficiency between live-cell fluorescence imaging and cryoEM/ET structural analysis, as demonstrated by visualizing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) interacting with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Fu
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Jiying Ning
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Zhou Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Zandrea Ambrose
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Simon Charles Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA. .,Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK. .,Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Sources, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK.
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6
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McArthur K, Whitehead LW, Heddleston JM, Li L, Padman BS, Oorschot V, Geoghegan ND, Chappaz S, Davidson S, San Chin H, Lane RM, Dramicanin M, Saunders TL, Sugiana C, Lessene R, Osellame LD, Chew TL, Dewson G, Lazarou M, Ramm G, Lessene G, Ryan MT, Rogers KL, van Delft MF, Kile BT. BAK/BAX macropores facilitate mitochondrial herniation and mtDNA efflux during apoptosis. Science 2018; 359:359/6378/eaao6047. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aao6047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Bacterial viruses are among the most numerous biological entities within the human body. These viruses are found within regions of the body that have conventionally been considered sterile, including the blood, lymph, and organs. However, the primary mechanism that bacterial viruses use to bypass epithelial cell layers and access the body remains unknown. Here, we used in vitro studies to demonstrate the rapid and directional transcytosis of diverse bacteriophages across confluent cell layers originating from the gut, lung, liver, kidney, and brain. Bacteriophage transcytosis across cell layers had a significant preferential directionality for apical-to-basolateral transport, with approximately 0.1% of total bacteriophages applied being transcytosed over a 2-h period. Bacteriophages were capable of crossing the epithelial cell layer within 10 min with transport not significantly affected by the presence of bacterial endotoxins. Microscopy and cellular assays revealed that bacteriophages accessed both the vesicular and cytosolic compartments of the eukaryotic cell, with phage transcytosis suggested to traffic through the Golgi apparatus via the endomembrane system. Extrapolating from these results, we estimated that 31 billion bacteriophage particles are transcytosed across the epithelial cell layers of the gut into the average human body each day. The transcytosis of bacteriophages is a natural and ubiquitous process that provides a mechanistic explanation for the occurrence of phages within the body. Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria. They cannot infect eukaryotic cells but can penetrate epithelial cell layers and spread throughout sterile regions of our bodies, including the blood, lymph, organs, and even the brain. Yet how phages cross these eukaryotic cell layers and gain access to the body remains unknown. In this work, epithelial cells were observed to take up and transport phages across the cell, releasing active phages on the opposite cell surface. Based on these results, we posit that the human body is continually absorbing phages from the gut and transporting them throughout the cell structure and subsequently the body. These results reveal that phages interact directly with the cells and organs of our bodies, likely contributing to human health and immunity.
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8
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Bedoya C, Cardona A, Galeano J, Cortés-Mancera F, Sandoz P, Zarzycki A. Accurate Region-of-Interest Recovery Improves the Measurement of the Cell Migration Rate in the In Vitro Wound Healing Assay. SLAS Technol 2017; 22:626-635. [PMID: 28692403 DOI: 10.1177/2472630317717436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The wound healing assay is widely used for the quantitative analysis of highly regulated cellular events. In this essay, a wound is voluntarily produced on a confluent cell monolayer, and then the rate of wound reduction (WR) is characterized by processing images of the same regions of interest (ROIs) recorded at different time intervals. In this method, sharp-image ROI recovery is indispensable to compensate for displacements of the cell cultures due either to the exploration of multiple sites of the same culture or to transfers from the microscope stage to a cell incubator. ROI recovery is usually done manually and, despite a low-magnification microscope objective is generally used (10x), repositioning imperfections constitute a major source of errors detrimental to the WR measurement accuracy. We address this ROI recovery issue by using pseudoperiodic patterns fixed onto the cell culture dishes, allowing the easy localization of ROIs and the accurate quantification of positioning errors. The method is applied to a tumor-derived cell line, and the WR rates are measured by means of two different image processing software. Sharp ROI recovery based on the proposed method is found to improve significantly the accuracy of the WR measurement and the positioning under the microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Bedoya
- 1 Facultad de Ingenierías/Grupo de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados y Energía MatyEr/Línea Biomateriales y Electromedicina, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano ITM, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Andrés Cardona
- 2 Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Aplicadas/Grupo de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica-GIB/Laboratorio de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano ITM, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - July Galeano
- 1 Facultad de Ingenierías/Grupo de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados y Energía MatyEr/Línea Biomateriales y Electromedicina, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano ITM, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Fabián Cortés-Mancera
- 2 Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Aplicadas/Grupo de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica-GIB/Laboratorio de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano ITM, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Patrick Sandoz
- 3 Department of Applied Mechanics, FEMTO-ST Institute, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS/UFC/ENSMM/UTBM, Besançon, France
| | - Artur Zarzycki
- 4 Facultad de Ingenierías/Grupo de Investigación en Automática, Electrónica y Ciencias Computacionales/Línea Sistemas de Control y Robótica, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano ITM, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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López CS, Bouchet-Marquis C, Arthur CP, Riesterer JL, Heiss G, Thibault G, Pullan L, Kwon S, Gray JW. A fully integrated, three-dimensional fluorescence to electron microscopy correlative workflow. Methods Cell Biol 2017; 140:149-164. [PMID: 28528631 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
While fluorescence microscopy provides tools for highly specific labeling and sensitive detection, its resolution limit and lack of general contrast has hindered studies of cellular structure and protein localization. Recent advances in correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), including the fully integrated CLEM workflow instrument, the FEI CorrSight with MAPS, have allowed for a more reliable, reproducible, and quicker approach to correlate three-dimensional time-lapse confocal fluorescence data, with three-dimensional focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy data. Here we demonstrate the entire integrated CLEM workflow using fluorescently tagged MCF7 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia S López
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | | | - Christopher P Arthur
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, United States; Genentech, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Gregor Heiss
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, United States
| | | | - Lee Pullan
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, United States
| | - Sunjong Kwon
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Joe W Gray
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
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10
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Morrison IEG, Samilian A, Coppo P, Ireland TG, Fern GR, Silver J, Withnall R, O’Toole PJ. Multicolour correlative imaging using phosphor probes. J Chem Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12154-015-0141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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12
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Madela K, Banhart S, Zimmermann A, Piesker J, Bannert N, Laue M. A simple procedure to analyze positions of interest in infectious cell cultures by correlative light and electron microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2014; 124:93-110. [PMID: 25287838 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801075-4.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plastic cell culture dishes that contain a thin bottom of highest optical quality including an imprinted finder grid (μ-Dish Grid-500) are optimally suited for routine correlative light and electron microscopy using chemical fixation. Such dishes allow high-resolution fluorescence and bright-field imaging using fixed and living cells and are compatible with standard protocols for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Ease of use during cell culture and imaging, as well as a tight cover render the dishes particularly suitable for working with infectious organisms up to the highest biosafety level. Detailed protocols are provided and demonstrated by showing two examples: monitoring the production of virus-like particles of the Human Endogenous Retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2) by HeLa cells and investigation of Rab11-positive membrane-compartments of HeLa cells after infection with Chlamydia trachomatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazimierz Madela
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Banhart
- Junior Research Group Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Pathogens (NG 5), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Zimmermann
- Centre for HIV and other Retroviruses (FG 18), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janett Piesker
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Centre for HIV and other Retroviruses (FG 18), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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