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Fang Y, Zhang J, Zhu D, Mei Q, Liao T, Cheng H, He Y, Cao Y, Wei Z. MANF Promotes Unexplained Recurrent Miscarriages by Interacting with NPM1 and Downregulating Trophoblast Cell Migration and Invasion. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:296-311. [PMID: 38164189 PMCID: PMC10750294 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.85378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysplasia and invasive defects in early trophoblasts contribute to unexplained recurrent miscarriages (URMs). Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) inhibits migration and invasion in some cancer cells, but its role in pregnancy-related diseases remains unresolved. Here, we found that MANF levels in the peripheral blood and aborted tissue of URM women were higher than in normal controls, irrespective of pregnancy or miscarriage. We confirm the interaction between MANF and nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) in trophoblasts of URM patients, which increases the ubiquitination degradation of NPM1, leading to upregulation of the p53 signaling pathway and inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion ability. Using a URM mouse model, we found that MANF downregulation resulted in reduced fetal resorption; however, concomitant NPM1 downregulation led to increased abortion rates. These data indicate that MANF triggers miscarriage via NPM1 downregulation and p53 activation. Thus, MANF downregulation or disruption of the MANF-NPM1 interaction could be targets for URM therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Damin Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qiong Mei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Ting Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Huiru Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ye He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Zhaolian Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
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Lai YW, Wang SW, Lin CL, Chen SS, Lin KH, Lee YT, Chen WC, Hsieh YH. Asiatic acid exhibits antimetastatic activity in human prostate cancer cells by modulating the MZF-1/Elk-1/Snail signaling axis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 951:175770. [PMID: 37209940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer metastasis is associated with poor prognosis and is difficult to treat clinically. Numerous studies have shown that Asiatic Acid (AA) has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. However, the effect of AA on prostate cancer metastasis is still unclear. This purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of AA on prostate cancer metastasis and to better understand its molecular mechanisms of action. Our results indicate that AA ≤ 30 μM did not influence cell viability and cell cycle distribution in PC3, 22Rv1 and DU145 cells. AA inhibited the migratory and invasive capabilities of three prostate cancer cells to be due to its effects on Snail, but did not have activity on Slug. We observed that AA inhibited the Myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF-1) and ETS Like-1 (Elk-1) protein interaction and affected the complex's binding capacity to the Snail promoter region, ultimately blocking Snail transcription activity. Kinase cascade analysis revealed that phosphorylation of MEK3/6 and p38MAPK was inhibited by AA treatment. Moreover, knockdown of p38MAPK enhanced AA-suppressed protein levels of MZF-1, Elk-1, and Snail, suggesting that p38MAPK influences prostate cancer cell metastasis. These results provide promise for AA as a future candidate in the development of drug therapies to prevent or treat prostate cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Lai
- Division of Urology, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Shu-Tien Urological Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MstacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MstacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Sheng Chen
- Division of Urology, Taipei City Hospital Zhong Xiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan; General Education Center, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MstacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tung Lee
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Chen
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Division of Sports Medicine & Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hsien Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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3
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Szelest M, Masternak M, Zając M, Chojnacki M, Skórka K, Zaleska J, Karczmarczyk A, Stasiak G, Wawrzyniak E, Kotkowska A, Siemieniuk-Ryś M, Purkot J, Subocz E, Cichocka E, Tomczak W, Zawirska D, Giannopoulos K. The role of NPM1 alternative splicing in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276674. [PMID: 36282861 PMCID: PMC9595542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a lymphoproliferative disease with heterogeneous clinical course. Recent studies revealed a link between NOTCH1 mutation and the overexpression of MYC and MYC-related genes involved in ribosome biogenesis and protein biosynthesis, such as nucleophosmin-1 (NPM1), in CLL cells. In the present study, we aim to evaluate the impact of the NOTCH1 mutation on the MYC and MYC induced NPM1 expression in CLL cells via quantification of their transcripts. METHODS Using qRT-PCR, we analyzed the levels of MYC and three main NPM1 splice variants in 214 samples collected from CLL patients. We assessed the impact of each splice variant on CLL prognostic markers, including the IGHV, TP53, NOTCH1, SF3B1, and MYD88 mutational status, cytogenetic aberrations, and laboratory features. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of NPM1.R1 transcripts in patients with unmutated compared to mutated IGHV status were found. The median time to first treatment (TTFT) in patients with a high level of NPM1.R1 was significantly shorter compared to the group with low NPM1.R1 levels (1.5 vs 33 months, p = 0.0002). Moreover, in Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazard Regression Model NPM1.R1 splice variant provided an independent prognostic value for TTFT. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our study indicates the prognostic significance of the level of NPM1.R1 expression and suggests the importance of splicing alterations in the pathogenesis of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szelest
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Masternak
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Hematology, St. John’s Cancer Centre, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zając
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Chojnacki
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórka
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Zaleska
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Grażyna Stasiak
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Wawrzyniak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | | | - Joanna Purkot
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Edyta Subocz
- Department of Hematology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- Independent Public Health Care Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration with the Warmian-Masurian Oncology Centre in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Edyta Cichocka
- Department of Hematology, Copernicus Hospital, Torun, Poland
| | - Waldemar Tomczak
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Daria Zawirska
- Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Giannopoulos
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Hematology, St. John’s Cancer Centre, Lublin, Poland
- * E-mail:
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4
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Proteomic Analysis of Prostate Cancer FFPE Samples Reveals Markers of Disease Progression and Aggressiveness. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153765. [PMID: 35954429 PMCID: PMC9367334 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequently diagnosed type of cancer in men. The lack of tools for accurate risk assessment is causing over-treatment of men with indolent PCa but also delayed detection of metastatic disease and thus high mortality. The aim of our study was to identify proteins related to the progression and aggressiveness of PCa that could serve as potential biomarkers for better risk stratification. To this end, we performed proteomic analysis of Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) prostate tissue specimens (n = 86) and compared them based on grade groups and biochemical recurrence status. Based on the valuable data generated by these comparisons, we have selected seven proteins (NMP1, UQCRH, HSPA9, MRPL3, VCAN, SERBP1, HSPE1) as common denominators of PCa aggressiveness and persistence that could potentially be used for the development of risk assessment tools. Notably, our observations are largely validated by transcriptomics data and literature. Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men. Diagnosis and risk assessment are widely based on serum Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and biopsy, which might not represent the exact degree of PCa risk. Towards the discovery of biomarkers for better patient stratification, we performed proteomic analysis of Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) prostate tissue specimens using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Comparative analysis of 86 PCa samples among grade groups 1–5 identified 301 significantly altered proteins. Additional analysis based on biochemical recurrence (BCR; BCR+ n = 14, BCR- n = 51) revealed 197 significantly altered proteins that indicate disease persistence. Filtering the overlapping proteins of these analyses, seven proteins (NPM1, UQCRH, HSPA9, MRPL3, VCAN, SERBP1, HSPE1) had increased expression in advanced grades and in BCR+/BCR- and may play a critical role in PCa aggressiveness. Notably, all seven proteins were significantly associated with progression in Prostate Cancer Transcriptome Atles (PCTA) and NPM1NPM1, UQCRH, and VCAN were further validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), where they were upregulated in BCR+/BCR-. UQCRH levels were also associated with poorer 5-year survival. Our study provides valuable insights into the key regulators of PCa progression and aggressiveness. The seven selected proteins could be used for the development of risk assessment tools.
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Pereira NR, Russo LC, Forti FL. UV Radiation-induced Impairment of Cellular Morphology and Motility is Enhanced by DUSP3/VHR Loss and FAK Activation. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:261-269. [PMID: 33479884 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-00966-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
DUSP3 is a phosphatase expressed and active in several tissues that dephosphorylates tyrosine residues in many regulatory proteins of cellular activities such as proliferation, survival, and cell death. Recently, two new independent functions were assigned to this enzyme: dephosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and regulation of nucleotide-excision repair (NER) pathway. Genotoxic stress by UV radiation is known to affect cell morphology, adhesion, and migration for affecting, for example, the Rho GTPases that regulate actin cytoskeleton. This work investigated the intersection of DUSP3 function, XPA protein activity, and UV toxicity by examining cell migration, FAK, and SRC kinase phosphorylation status, in addition to cell morphology, in fibroblast cells proficient (MRC-5) or deficient (XPA) of the NER pathway. DUSP3 loss reduced cell migration of normal cells, which was stimulated by the genotoxic stress, effects evidenced in presence of serum mitogenic stimulus. However, NER-deficient cells migration response was the opposite since DUSP3 loss increased migration, especially after cells being exposed to UV stress. The levels of pFAK(Y397) peaked 15 min and 1 h after UV radiation in normal cells, but only slightly increased in repair-deficient cells. However, the DUSP3 knockdown strongly raised pFAK(Y397) levels in both cells, but especially in XPA cells as supported by the higher SRC activity. These effects impacted on the dynamics of actin-based structures formation, such as stress fibres, apparently dependent on DUSP3 and DNA-repair (NER) proficiency of the cells. Altogether our findings suggest this dual-phosphatase is bridging gaps between the complex regulation of cell morphology, motility, and genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Ranieri Pereira
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signalling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian Cristina Russo
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signalling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Luis Forti
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signalling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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6
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Karimi Dermani F, Gholamzadeh Khoei S, Afshar S, Amini R. The potential role of nucleophosmin (NPM1) in the development of cancer. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7832-7852. [PMID: 33959979 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is a well-known nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein that performs several cellular functions such as ribosome biogenesis, chromatin remodeling, genomic stability, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. NPM1 has been identified to be necessary for normal cellular functions, and its altered regulation by overexpression, mutation, translocation, loss of function, or sporadic deletion can lead to cancer and tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on the gene and protein structure of NPM1 and its physiological roles. Finally, we discuss the association of NPM1 with various types of cancer including solid tumors and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Karimi Dermani
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Gholamzadeh Khoei
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeid Afshar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Razieh Amini
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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7
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Song H, Zhou Y, Peng A, Liu J, Wu X, Chen W, Liu Z. Aurora-B Promotes Osteosarcoma Cell Growth and Metastasis Through Activation of the NPM1/ERK/NF-κβ/MMPs Axis. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:4817-4827. [PMID: 32606971 PMCID: PMC7320907 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s252847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the bone in young adolescents and children. We explored the underlying mechanism of Aurora-B in promoting OS cell proliferation and metastasis. Patient and Methods Bioinformatics was employed to predict the substrate of Aurora-B. IHC and Western blot were used to confirm the correlation between Aurora-B and NPM1. ERK/NF-κβ pathway-related proteins were detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence (IF). CCK8, wound healing, transwell, and Tunel assays were used to identify the cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis potential. Spontaneous metastasis xenografts were established to confirm the role of Aurora-B and NPM1. Results Aurora-B promotes NPM1 phosphorylation on Ser125. The phosphorylation of NPM1Ser125 induced by Aurora-B activates the ERK/NF-κβ signaling. Further study revealed that Aurora-B promotes proliferation, migration and inhibits apoptosis via phosphorylating NPM1 in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Aurora-B promotes OS malignancy via phosphorylating NPM1Ser125 and activating ERK/NF-κβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Spinal and Spinal Cord Diseases, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Aifen Peng
- College of Humanities, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Spinal and Spinal Cord Diseases, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China.,Jiangxi Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhao Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Spinal and Spinal Cord Diseases, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China.,Division of Science and Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China
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8
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Conforte AJ, Tuszynski JA, da Silva FAB, Carels N. Signaling Complexity Measured by Shannon Entropy and Its Application in Personalized Medicine. Front Genet 2019; 10:930. [PMID: 31695721 PMCID: PMC6816034 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional approaches to cancer therapy seek common molecular targets in tumors from different patients. However, molecular profiles differ between patients, and most tumors exhibit inherent heterogeneity. Hence, imprecise targeting commonly results in side effects, reduced efficacy, and drug resistance. By contrast, personalized medicine aims to establish a molecular diagnosis specific to each patient, which is currently feasible due to the progress achieved with high-throughput technologies. In this report, we explored data from human RNA-seq and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks using bioinformatics to investigate the relationship between tumor entropy and aggressiveness. To compare PPI subnetworks of different sizes, we calculated the Shannon entropy associated with vertex connections of differentially expressed genes comparing tumor samples with their paired control tissues. We found that the inhibition of up-regulated connectivity hubs led to a higher reduction of subnetwork entropy compared to that obtained with the inhibition of targets selected at random. Furthermore, these hubs were described to be participating in tumor processes. We also found a significant negative correlation between subnetwork entropies of tumors and the respective 5-year survival rates of the corresponding cancer types. This correlation was also observed considering patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) based on the clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA). Thus, network entropy increases in parallel with tumor aggressiveness but does not correlate with PPI subnetwork size. This correlation is consistent with previous reports and allowed us to assess the number of hubs to be inhibited for therapy to be effective, in the context of precision medicine, by reference to the 100% patient survival rate 5 years after diagnosis. Large standard deviations of subnetwork entropies and variations in target numbers per patient among tumor types characterize tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra J Conforte
- Laboratory of Biological Systems Modeling, Center of Technological Development in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Biological Systems, Scientific Computing Program, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jack Adam Tuszynski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabricio Alves Barbosa da Silva
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Biological Systems, Scientific Computing Program, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Carels
- Laboratory of Biological Systems Modeling, Center of Technological Development in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Malfatti MC, Gerratana L, Dalla E, Isola M, Damante G, Di Loreto C, Puglisi F, Tell G. APE1 and NPM1 protect cancer cells from platinum compounds cytotoxicity and their expression pattern has a prognostic value in TNBC. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:309. [PMID: 31307523 PMCID: PMC6631760 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a breast cancer subgroup characterized by a lack of hormone receptors’ expression and no HER2 overexpression. These molecular features both drastically reduce treatment options and confer poor prognosis. Platinum (Pt)-salts are being investigated as a new therapeutic strategy. The base excision repair (BER) pathway is important for resistance to Pt-based therapies. Overexpression of APE1, a pivotal enzyme of the BER pathway, as well as the expression of NPM1, a functional regulator of APE1, are associated with poor outcome and resistance to Pt-based therapies. Methods We evaluated the role of NPM1, APE1 and altered NPM1/APE1 interaction in the response to Pt-salts treatment in different cell lines: APE1 knockout (KO) cells, NPM1 KO cells, cell line models having an altered APE1/NPM1 interaction and HCC70 and HCC1937 TNBC cell lines, having different levels of APE1/NPM1. We evaluated the TNBC cells response to new chemotherapeutic small molecules targeting the endonuclease activity of APE1 or the APE1/NPM1 interaction, in combination with Pt-salts treatments. Expression levels’ correlation between APE1 and NPM1 and their impact on prognosis was analyzed in a cohort of TNBC patients through immunohistochemistry. Bioinformatics analysis, using TCGA datasets, was performed to predict a molecular signature of cancers based on APE1 and NPM1 expression. Results APE1 and NPM1, and their interaction as well, protect from the cytotoxicity induced by Pt-salts treatment. HCC1937 cells, having higher levels of APE1/NPM1 proteins, are more resistant to Pt-salts treatment compared to the HCC70 cells. A sensitization effect by APE1 inhibitors to Pt-compounds was observed. The association of NPM1/APE1 with cancer gene signatures highlighted alterations concerning cell-cycle dependent proteins. Conclusions APE1 and NPM1 protect cancer cells from Pt-compounds cytotoxicity, suggesting a possible improvement of the activity of Pt-based therapy for TNBC, using the NPM1 and APE1 proteins as secondary therapeutic targets. Based on positive or negative correlation with APE1 and NPM1 gene expression levels, we finally propose several TNBC gene signatures that should deserve further attention for their potential impact on TNBC precision medicine approaches. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1294-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Gerratana
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Piazzale M. Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy.,Department of Oncology, ASUI Udine SMM University Hospital Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Emiliano Dalla
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Piazzale M. Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Miriam Isola
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Piazzale M. Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Piazzale M. Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Carla Di Loreto
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Piazzale M. Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy.,Department of Pathology, ASUI Udine SMM University Hospital Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Fabio Puglisi
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Piazzale M. Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy.,Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Piazzale M. Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy.
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10
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Gomig THB, Cavalli IJ, Souza RLRD, Vieira E, Lucena ACR, Batista M, Machado KC, Marchini FK, Marchi FA, Lima RS, de Andrade Urban C, Cavalli LR, Ribeiro EMDSF. Quantitative label-free mass spectrometry using contralateral and adjacent breast tissues reveal differentially expressed proteins and their predicted impacts on pathways and cellular functions in breast cancer. J Proteomics 2019; 199:1-14. [PMID: 30772490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteins play an essential role in the biological processes associated with cancer. Their altered expression levels can deregulate critical cellular pathways and interactive networks. In this study, the mass spectrometry-based label-free quantification followed by functional annotation was performed to investigate the most significant deregulated proteins among tissues of primary breast tumor (PT) and axillary metastatic lymph node (LN) and corresponding non-tumor tissues contralateral (NCT) and adjacent (ANT) from patients diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma. A total of 462 proteins was observed as differentially expressed (DEPs) among the groups analyzed. A high level of similarity was observed in the proteome profile of both non-tumor breast tissues and DEPs (n = 12) were mainly predicted in the RNA metabolism. The DEPs among the malignant and non-tumor breast tissues [n = 396 (PTxNCT) and n = 410 (LNxNCT)] were related to pathways of the LXR/RXR, NO, eNOS, eIF2 and sirtuins, tumor-related functions, fatty acid metabolism and oxidative stress. Remarkable similarity was observed between both malignant tissues, which the DEPs were related to metastatic capabilities. Altogether, our findings revealed differential proteomic profiles that affected cancer associated and interconnected signaling processes. Validation studies are recommended to demonstrate the potential of individual proteins and/or pathways as biological markers in breast cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: The proteomic analysis of this study revealed high similarity in the proteomic profile of the contralateral and adjacent non-tumor breast tissues. Significant differences were identified among the proteome of the malignant and non-tumor tissue groups of the same patients, providing relevant insights into the hallmarks, signaling pathways, biological functions, and interactive protein networks that act during tumorigenesis and breast cancer progression. These proteins are suggested as targets of relevant interest to be explored as potential biological markers related to tumor development and metastatic progression in the breast cancer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Evelyn Vieira
- Genetics Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Michel Batista
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Mass Spectrometry Facility - RPT02H, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Fabricio Klerynton Marchini
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Mass Spectrometry Facility - RPT02H, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luciane Regina Cavalli
- Research Institute Pele Pequeno Principe, Curitiba, Brazil; Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, USA
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11
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Fan S, Liang Z, Gao Z, Pan Z, Han S, Liu X, Zhao C, Yang W, Pan Z, Feng W. Identification of the key genes and pathways in prostate cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:6663-6669. [PMID: 30405806 PMCID: PMC6202544 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies in men globally. The aim of the present study was to identify the key genes and pathways involved in the occurrence of PCa. Gene expression profile (GSE55945) was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Subsequently, Gene ontology analysis, KEGG pathway analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of DEGs were performed. Finally, the identified key genes were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The GO analysis results showed that the DEGs were mainly participated in cell cycle, cell division, cell development and cell junction. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in proteoglycans in cancer, endocytosis, focal adhesion and hippo signaling pathway. The PPI analysis results showed that RPS21, FOXO1, BIRC5, POLR2H, RPL22L1 and NPM1 were the key genes involved in the occurrence of PCa, and the Module analysis indicated that the occurrence of PCa was associated with cell cycle, oocyte meiosis and ribosome biogenesis. IHC result showed that the expression of RPS21, BIRC5, POLR2H, RPL22L1 and NPM1 were significantly upregulated in PCa, while the expression of FOXO1 was significantly downregulated in PCa, matching with the bioinformatics analysis. Taken together, several key genes and pathways were identified involved in PCa, which might provide the potential biomarker for prognosis, diagnosis and drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutong Fan
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Zumu Liang
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqin Gao
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laizhou Development Zone Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 261400, P.R. China
| | - Shaojie Han
- Animal Epidemic Prevention and Epidemic Control Center, Changle County Bureau of Animal Health and Production, Weifang, Shandong 262400, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Chunling Zhao
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Zhifang Pan
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Weiguo Feng
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
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12
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Handschuh L, Wojciechowski P, Kazmierczak M, Marcinkowska-Swojak M, Luczak M, Lewandowski K, Komarnicki M, Blazewicz J, Figlerowicz M, Kozlowski P. NPM1 alternative transcripts are upregulated in acute myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemia and their expression level affects patient outcome. J Transl Med 2018; 16:232. [PMID: 30126426 PMCID: PMC6102803 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Expression of the NPM1 gene, encoding nucleophosmin, is upregulated in cancers. Although more than ten NPM1 transcripts are known, the reports were usually limited to one predominant transcript. In leukemia, the NPM1 expression has not been widely studied so far. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the mutational status of the gene seems to play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. Therefore, the aim of the study was to quantify alternative NPM1 transcripts in two types of acute leukemia, AML and ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia). Methods Using droplet digital PCR, we analyzed the levels of three protein-coding NPM1 transcripts in 66 samples collected from AML and ALL patients and 16 control samples. Using RNA-seq, we detected 8 additional NPM1 transcripts, including non-coding splice variants with retained introns. For data analysis, Welch two sample t-test, Pearson’s correlation and Kaplan–Meier analysis were applied. Results The levels of the particular NPM1 transcripts were significantly different but highly correlated with each other in both leukemia and control samples. Transcript NPM1.1, encoding the longest protein (294 aa), had the highest level of accumulation and was one of the most abundant transcripts in the cell. Comparing to NPM1.1, the levels of the NPM1.2 and NPM1.3 transcripts, encoding a 265-aa and 259-aa proteins, were 30 and 3 times lower, respectively. All three NPM1 transcripts were proportionally upregulated in both types of leukemia compared to control samples. In AML, the levels of NPM1 transcripts decreased in complete remission and increased again with relapse of the disease. Low levels of NPM1.1 and NPM1.3 were associated with better prognosis. The contribution of non-coding transcripts to the total level of NPM1 gene seemed to be marginal, except for one short 5-end transcript accumulated at high levels in AML and control cells. Aberrant proportions of particular NPM1 splice variants could be linked to abnormal expression of genes encoding alternative splicing factors. Conclusions The levels of the studied NPM1 transcripts were different but highly correlated with each other. Their upregulation in AML and ALL, decrease after therapy and association with patient outcome suggests the involvement of elevated NPM1 expression in the acute leukemia pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1608-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Handschuh
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland. .,Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 84, 60-569, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Pawel Wojciechowski
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland.,Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 2, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Kazmierczak
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 84, 60-569, Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Marcinkowska-Swojak
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Luczak
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland.,Institute of Technology and Chemical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 84, 60-569, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mieczyslaw Komarnicki
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 84, 60-569, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Blazewicz
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland.,Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 2, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland.,Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 2, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland.,Institute of Technology and Chemical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
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13
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Kunchala P, Kuravi S, Jensen R, McGuirk J, Balusu R. When the good go bad: Mutant NPM1 in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Rev 2018; 32:167-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Boudra R, Lagrafeuille R, Lours-Calet C, de Joussineau C, Loubeau-Legros G, Chaveroux C, Saru JP, Baron S, Morel L, Beaudoin C. mTOR transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally regulates Npm1 gene expression to contribute to enhanced proliferation in cells with Pten inactivation. Cell Cycle 2018; 15:1352-62. [PMID: 27050906 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1166319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays essential roles in the regulation of growth-related processes such as protein synthesis, cell sizing and metabolism in both normal and pathological growing conditions. These functions of mTOR are thought to be largely a consequence of its cytoplasmic activity in regulating translation rate, but accumulating data highlight supplementary role(s) for this serine/threonine kinase within the nucleus. Indeed, the nuclear activities of mTOR are currently associated with the control of protein biosynthetic capacity through its ability to regulate the expression of gene products involved in the control of ribosomal biogenesis and proliferation. Using primary murine embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), we observed that cells with overactive mTOR signaling displayed higher abundance for the growth-associated Npm1 protein, in what represents a novel mechanism of Npm1 gene regulation. We show that Npm1 gene expression is dependent on mTOR as demonstrated by treatment of wild-type and Pten inactivated MEFs cultured with rapamycin or by transient transfections of small interfering RNA directed against mTOR. In accordance, the mTOR kinase localizes to the Npm1 promoter gene in vivo and it enhances the activity of a human NPM1-luciferase reporter gene providing an opportunity for direct control. Interestingly, rapamycin did not dislodge mTOR from the Npm1 promoter but rather strongly destabilized the Npm1 transcript by increasing its turnover. Using a prostate-specific Pten-deleted mouse model of cancer, Npm1 mRNA levels were found up-regulated and sensitive to rapamycin. Finally, we also showed that Npm1 is required to promote mTOR-dependent cell proliferation. We therefore proposed a model whereby mTOR is closely involved in the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of Npm1 gene expression with implications in development and diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Boudra
- a Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD , BP 10448 , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b CNRS, UMR6293, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,c Inserm, UMR1103, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Rosyne Lagrafeuille
- a Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD , BP 10448 , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b CNRS, UMR6293, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,c Inserm, UMR1103, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Corinne Lours-Calet
- a Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD , BP 10448 , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b CNRS, UMR6293, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,c Inserm, UMR1103, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Cyrille de Joussineau
- a Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD , BP 10448 , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b CNRS, UMR6293, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,c Inserm, UMR1103, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Gaëlle Loubeau-Legros
- a Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD , BP 10448 , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b CNRS, UMR6293, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,c Inserm, UMR1103, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Cédric Chaveroux
- d Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , Lyon , France
| | - Jean-Paul Saru
- a Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD , BP 10448 , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b CNRS, UMR6293, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,c Inserm, UMR1103, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Silvère Baron
- a Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD , BP 10448 , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b CNRS, UMR6293, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,c Inserm, UMR1103, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Laurent Morel
- a Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD , BP 10448 , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b CNRS, UMR6293, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,c Inserm, UMR1103, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Claude Beaudoin
- a Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD , BP 10448 , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b CNRS, UMR6293, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,c Inserm, UMR1103, GReD , Clermont-Ferrand , France
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15
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Cheng DD, Zhu B, Li SJ, Yuan T, Yang QC, Fan CY. Down-regulation of RPS9 Inhibits Osteosarcoma Cell Growth through Inactivation of MAPK Signaling Pathway. J Cancer 2017; 8:2720-2728. [PMID: 28928861 PMCID: PMC5604204 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in adolescents; however, the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and progression of osteosarcoma remain to be elucidated. Researchers have provided valuable insights into the tumorigenesis of Ribosomal protein S9 (RPS9) in some cancers. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the expression, functions, and mechanisms of RPS9 in human osteosarcoma. Methods: The expression of RPS9 in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines was evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Knockdown of RPS9 induced by RNA interference (RNAi) method in three osteosarcoma cell lines (MNNG/HOS, MG63, and U2OS) was employed to analyze the effects of RPS9 on cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution. The host signaling pathways affected by RPS9 were detected using the intracellular signaling antibody array kit PathScan®. Results: The expression of RPS9 was found to be up-regulated in human osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines. Its expression was positively correlated with Enneking stage and the tumor recurrence. Down-regulation of RPS9 inhibited osteosarcoma cell proliferation, colony-forming ability, and cell cycle G1 phase in vitro. In addition, our data demonstrated that knockdown of RPS9 repressed the protein levels of phospho-SAPK/JNK and phospho-p38. Conclusion: RPS9 is up-regulated and has a pro-tumor effect in osteosarcoma through the activation of MAPK signaling pathway and thus can be used as a potential target for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Shi-Jie Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Qing-Cheng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Cun-Yi Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
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16
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Bhargava S, Patil V, Mahalingam K, Somasundaram K. Elucidation of the genetic and epigenetic landscape alterations in RNA binding proteins in glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16650-16668. [PMID: 28035070 PMCID: PMC5369992 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) have been implicated in cancer development. An integrated bioinformatics analysis of RBPs (n = 1756) in various datasets (n = 11) revealed several genetic and epigenetically altered events among RBPs in glioblastoma (GBM). We identified 13 mutated and 472 differentially regulated RBPs in GBM samples. Mutations in AHNAK predicted poor prognosis. Copy number variation (CNV), DNA methylation and miRNA targeting contributed to RBP differential regulation. Two sets of differentially regulated RBPs that may be implicated in initial astrocytic transformation and glioma progression were identified. We have also identified a four RBP (NOL3, SUCLG1, HERC5 and AFF3) signature, having a unique expression pattern in glioma stem-like cells (GSCs), to be an independent poor prognostic indicator in GBM. RBP risk score derived from the signature also stratified GBM into low-risk and high-risk groups with significant survival difference. Silencing NOL3, SUCLG1 and HERC5 inhibited GSC maintenance. Gene set enrichment analysis of differentially regulated genes between high-risk and low-risk underscored the importance of inflammation, EMT and hypoxia in high-risk GBM. Thus, we provide a comprehensive overview of genetic and epigenetic regulation of RBPs in glioma development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Bhargava
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Vikas Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore-632014, India
| | - Kulandaivelu Mahalingam
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore-632014, India
| | - Kumaravel Somasundaram
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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17
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Wang H, Yuan G, Zhao B, Zhao Y, Qiu Y. High expression of B23 is associated with tumorigenesis and poor prognosis in bladder urothelial carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:743-749. [PMID: 27959455 PMCID: PMC5364846 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
B23, a multifunctional nucleolar protein, is overexpressed in numerous cancers and is associated with tumorigenesis. However, the clinical significance and potential role of B23 in bladder urothelial carcinoma remains to be elucidated. The present study observed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of B23 were increased in bladder cancer cells and tissues. The overexpression of B23 contributed to tumorigenesis and was associated with poor prognosis in bladder cancer patients. Silencing of B23 by short hairpin RNA inhibited tumor cell growth and colony formation. In addition, knockdown of B23 suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), resulting in the inactivation of the ERK signaling pathway. Therefore, the present study indicated that B23 promotes bladder cancer cell growth via activation of the ERK signaling pathway and is a novel potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Wang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Gangjun Yuan
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Bai Zhao
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Yakun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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Destouches D, Sader M, Terry S, Marchand C, Maillé P, Soyeux P, Carpentier G, Semprez F, Céraline J, Allory Y, Courty J, De La Taille A, Vacherot F. Implication of NPM1 phosphorylation and preclinical evaluation of the nucleoprotein antagonist N6L in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:69397-69411. [PMID: 26993766 PMCID: PMC5342486 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the advent of several new treatment options over the past years, advanced/metastatic prostate carcinoma (PCa) still remains incurable, which justifies the search for novel targets and therapeutic molecules. Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is a shuttling nucleoprotein involved in tumor growth and its targeting could be a potential approach for cancer therapy. We previously demonstrated that the multivalent pseudopeptide N6L binds to NPM1 potently affecting in vitro and in vivo tumor cell growth of various tumor types as well as angiogenesis. Furthermore, NPM1 binds to androgen receptor (AR) and modulate its activity. In this study, we first investigated the implication of the NPM1 and its Thr199 and Thr234/237 phosphorylated forms in PCa. We showed that phosphorylated forms of NPM1 interact with androgen receptor (AR) in nucleoplasm. N6L treatment of prostate tumor cells led to inhibition of NPM1 phosphorylation in conjunction with inhibition of AR activity. We also found that total and phosphorylated NPM1 were overexpressed in castration-resistant PCa. Assessment of the potential therapeutic role of N6L in PCa indicated that N6L inhibited tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo when used either alone or in combination with the standard-of-care first- (hormonotherapy) and second-line (docetaxel) treatments for advanced PCa. Our findings reveal the role of Thr199 and Thr234/237 phosphorylated NPM1 in PCa progression and define N6L as a new drug candidate for PCa therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Destouches
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Créteil, F-94000, France
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, F-94000, France
- CNRS, ERL 9215, Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), Créteil, F-94000, France
| | - Maha Sader
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Créteil, F-94000, France
- CNRS, ERL 9215, Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), Créteil, F-94000, France
| | - Stéphane Terry
- INSERM, U1186, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Charles Marchand
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Créteil, F-94000, France
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, F-94000, France
| | - Pascale Maillé
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Créteil, F-94000, France
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, F-94000, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor – A. Chenevier, Département de Pathologie, Créteil, F-94000, France
| | - Pascale Soyeux
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Créteil, F-94000, France
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, F-94000, France
| | - Gilles Carpentier
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Créteil, F-94000, France
- CNRS, ERL 9215, Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), Créteil, F-94000, France
| | - Fannie Semprez
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Créteil, F-94000, France
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, F-94000, France
| | - Jocelyn Céraline
- INSERM, U1113, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Yves Allory
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Créteil, F-94000, France
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, F-94000, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor – A. Chenevier, Département de Pathologie, Créteil, F-94000, France
| | - José Courty
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Créteil, F-94000, France
- CNRS, ERL 9215, Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), Créteil, F-94000, France
| | - Alexandre De La Taille
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Créteil, F-94000, France
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, F-94000, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor – A. Chenevier, Département d'Urologie, Créteil, F-94000, France
| | - Francis Vacherot
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Créteil, F-94000, France
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, F-94000, France
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19
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Box JK, Paquet N, Adams MN, Boucher D, Bolderson E, O'Byrne KJ, Richard DJ. Nucleophosmin: from structure and function to disease development. BMC Mol Biol 2016; 17:19. [PMID: 27553022 PMCID: PMC4995807 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-016-0073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is a critical cellular protein that has been implicated in a number of pathways including mRNA transport, chromatin remodeling, apoptosis and genome stability. NPM1 function is a critical requirement for normal cellular biology as is underlined in cancer where NPM1 is commonly overexpressed, mutated, rearranged and sporadically deleted. Consistent with a multifunctional role within the cell, NPM1 can function not only as a proto-oncogene but also as a tumor suppressor. The aim of this review is to look at the less well-described role of NPM1 in the DNA repair pathways as well as the role of NPM1 in the regulation of apoptosis and its mutation in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Box
- School of Biomedical Research, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicolas Paquet
- School of Biomedical Research, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Mark N Adams
- School of Biomedical Research, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Didier Boucher
- School of Biomedical Research, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma Bolderson
- School of Biomedical Research, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kenneth J O'Byrne
- School of Biomedical Research, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Derek J Richard
- School of Biomedical Research, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Li S, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Huang Z, Liu L, Huang Z. Downregulation of nucleophosmin expression inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 46:175-181. [PMID: 27501253 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to explore the relationship between nucleophosmin (NPM1) and patient clinical characteristics. Moreover, we investigated the effect of NPM1 in tumor proliferation and apoptosis of salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). MATERIALS AND METHODS NPM1 expression was examined in 74 specimens of SACC and 31 non-cancerous epithelium adjacent to carcinoma (NCEAC) by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RNA interference technology was used to silence NPM1 expression in SACC cells. We used transwell culture assay, cell counting kit-8 tests, and colony formation assay to test the proliferation, cisplatin resistance, migration, and invasiveness of SACC cells. RESULTS The nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of NPM1 in SACC tissue was overexpressed and was tightly linked to perineural invasion and lymph node metastasis. The downregulation of NPM1 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in SACC cells. Knockdown of NPM1 expression had no effect on chemoresistance migration, or invasiveness. CONCLUSIONS NPM1 may play an important role in tumor progress in SACC and is a potential biomarker for SACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Oral-maxillofacial Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhechong Zhou
- Department of stomatology, The First Affiliated hospital, GuangDong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixian Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Oral-maxillofacial Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiquan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Marcinkowska-Swojak M, Handschuh L, Wojciechowski P, Goralski M, Tomaszewski K, Kazmierczak M, Lewandowski K, Komarnicki M, Blazewicz J, Figlerowicz M, Kozlowski P. Simultaneous detection of mutations and copy number variation of NPM1 in the acute myeloid leukemia using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Mutat Res 2016; 786:14-26. [PMID: 26894557 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The NPM1 gene encodes nucleophosmin, a protein involved in multiple cell functions and carcinogenesis. Mutation of the NPM1 gene, causing delocalization of the protein, is the most frequent genetic lesion in acute myeloid leukemia (AML); it is considered a founder event in AML pathogenesis and serves as a favorable prognostic marker. Moreover, in solid tumors and some leukemia cell lines, overexpression of the NPM1 gene is commonly observed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a new method for the detection of NPM1 mutations and the simultaneous analysis of copy number alterations (CNAs), which may underlie NPM1 gene expression deregulation. To address both of the issues, we applied a strategy based on multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). A designed NPM1mut+ assay enables the detection of three of the most frequent NPM1 mutations: A, B and D. The accuracy of the assay was tested using a group of 83 samples from Polish patients with AML and other blood-proliferative disorders. To verify the results, we employed traditional Sanger sequencing and next-generation transcriptome sequencing. With the use of the NPM1mut+ assay, we detected mutations A, D and B in 14, 1 and 0 of the analyzed samples, respectively. All of these mutations were confirmed by complementary sequencing approaches, proving the 100% specificity and sensitivity of the proposed test. The performed sequencing analysis allowed the identification of two additional rare mutations (I and ZE). All of the mutations were identified exclusively in AML cases, accounting for 25% of those cases. We did not observe any CNAs (amplifications) of the NPM1 gene in the studied samples, either with or without the mutation. The presented method is simple, reliable and cost-effective. It can be easily introduced into clinical practice or developed to target both less-frequent mutations in the NPM1 gene and other cancer-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Marcinkowska-Swojak
- European Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Luiza Handschuh
- European Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82/84, 60-569 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Pawel Wojciechowski
- European Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Michal Goralski
- European Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Kamil Tomaszewski
- European Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Maciej Kazmierczak
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82/84, 60-569 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82/84, 60-569 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Mieczyslaw Komarnicki
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82/84, 60-569 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Jacek Blazewicz
- European Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- European Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- European Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland.
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