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Amanya SB, Oyewole-Said D, Ernste KJ, Bisht N, Murthy A, Vazquez-Perez J, Konduri V, Decker WK. The mARS complex: a critical mediator of immune regulation and homeostasis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1423510. [PMID: 38975338 PMCID: PMC11224427 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1423510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the course of evolution, many proteins have undergone adaptive structural changes to meet the increasing homeostatic regulatory demands of multicellularity. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRS), enzymes that catalyze the attachment of each amino acid to its cognate tRNA, are such proteins that have acquired new domains and motifs that enable non-canonical functions. Through these new domains and motifs, aaRS can assemble into large, multi-subunit complexes that enhance the efficiency of many biological functions. Moreover, because the complexity of multi-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (mARS) complexes increases with the corresponding complexity of higher eukaryotes, a contribution to regulation of homeostatic functions in multicellular organisms is hypothesized. While mARS complexes in lower eukaryotes may enhance efficiency of aminoacylation, little evidence exists to support a similar role in chordates or other higher eukaryotes. Rather, mARS complexes are reported to regulate multiple and variegated cellular processes that include angiogenesis, apoptosis, inflammation, anaphylaxis, and metabolism. Because all such processes are critical components of immune homeostasis, it is important to understand the role of mARS complexes in immune regulation. Here we provide a conceptual analysis of the current understanding of mARS complex dynamics and emerging mARS complex roles in immune regulation, the increased understanding of which should reveal therapeutic targets in immunity and immune-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Bright Amanya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Damilola Oyewole-Said
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Keenan J. Ernste
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nalini Bisht
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Arnav Murthy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan Vazquez-Perez
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vanaja Konduri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - William K. Decker
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Gupta S, Jani J, Vijayasurya, Mochi J, Tabasum S, Sabarwal A, Pappachan A. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase - a molecular multitasker. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23219. [PMID: 37776328 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202202024rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AaRSs) are valuable "housekeeping" enzymes that ensure the accurate transmission of genetic information in living cells, where they aminoacylated tRNA molecules with their cognate amino acid and provide substrates for protein biosynthesis. In addition to their translational or canonical function, they contribute to nontranslational/moonlighting functions, which are mediated by the presence of other domains on the proteins. This was supported by several reports which claim that AaRS has a significant role in gene transcription, apoptosis, translation, and RNA splicing regulation. Noncanonical/ nontranslational functions of AaRSs also include their roles in regulating angiogenesis, inflammation, cancer, and other major physio-pathological processes. Multiple AaRSs are also associated with a broad range of physiological and pathological processes; a few even serve as cytokines. Therefore, the multifunctional nature of AaRSs suggests their potential as viable therapeutic targets as well. Here, our discussion will encompass a range of noncanonical functions attributed to Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases (AaRSs), highlighting their links with a diverse array of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadha Gupta
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Jaykumar Jani
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Vijayasurya
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Jigneshkumar Mochi
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Saba Tabasum
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akash Sabarwal
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anju Pappachan
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
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Scott BM, Lacasse V, Blom DG, Tonner PD, Blom NS. Predicted coronavirus Nsp5 protease cleavage sites in the human proteome. BMC Genom Data 2022; 23:25. [PMID: 35379171 PMCID: PMC8977440 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-022-01044-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The coronavirus nonstructural protein 5 (Nsp5) is a cysteine protease required for processing the viral polyprotein and is therefore crucial for viral replication. Nsp5 from several coronaviruses have also been found to cleave host proteins, disrupting molecular pathways involved in innate immunity. Nsp5 from the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 virus interacts with and can cleave human proteins, which may be relevant to the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Based on the continuing global pandemic, and emerging understanding of coronavirus Nsp5-human protein interactions, we set out to predict what human proteins are cleaved by the coronavirus Nsp5 protease using a bioinformatics approach.
Results
Using a previously developed neural network trained on coronavirus Nsp5 cleavage sites (NetCorona), we made predictions of Nsp5 cleavage sites in all human proteins. Structures of human proteins in the Protein Data Bank containing a predicted Nsp5 cleavage site were then examined, generating a list of 92 human proteins with a highly predicted and accessible cleavage site. Of those, 48 are expected to be found in the same cellular compartment as Nsp5. Analysis of this targeted list of proteins revealed molecular pathways susceptible to Nsp5 cleavage and therefore relevant to coronavirus infection, including pathways involved in mRNA processing, cytokine response, cytoskeleton organization, and apoptosis.
Conclusions
This study combines predictions of Nsp5 cleavage sites in human proteins with protein structure information and protein network analysis. We predicted cleavage sites in proteins recently shown to be cleaved in vitro by SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5, and we discuss how other potentially cleaved proteins may be relevant to coronavirus mediated immune dysregulation. The data presented here will assist in the design of more targeted experiments, to determine the role of coronavirus Nsp5 cleavage of host proteins, which is relevant to understanding the molecular pathology of coronavirus infection.
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Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites that subvert the functions of their host cells to accomplish their infection cycle. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-residing chaperone proteins are central for the achievement of different steps of the viral cycle, from entry and replication to assembly and exit. The most abundant ER chaperones are GRP78 (78-kDa glucose-regulated protein), GRP94 (94-kDa glucose-regulated protein), the carbohydrate or lectin-like chaperones calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT), the protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), and the DNAJ chaperones. This review will focus on the pleiotropic roles of ER chaperones during viral infection. We will cover their essential role in the folding and quality control of viral proteins, notably viral glycoproteins which play a major role in host cell infection. We will also describe how viruses co-opt ER chaperones at various steps of their infectious cycle but also in order to evade immune responses and avoid apoptosis. Finally, we will discuss the different molecules targeting these chaperones and the perspectives in the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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5
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Roles of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-interacting multi-functional proteins in physiology and cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:579. [PMID: 32709848 PMCID: PMC7382500 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02794-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are an important class of enzymes with an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for protein synthesis. In higher eukaryotic systems, eight ARSs and three ARS-interacting multi-functional proteins (AIMPs) form a multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC), which seems to contribute to cellular homeostasis. Of these, AIMPs are generally considered as non-enzyme factors, playing a scaffolding role during MSC assembly. Although the functions of AIMPs are not fully understood, increasing evidence indicates that these scaffold proteins usually exert tumor-suppressive activities. In addition, endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP II), as a cleavage product of AIMP1, and AIMP2-DX2, as a splice variant of AIMP2 lacking exon 2, also have a pivotal role in regulating tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of AIMP1, EMAP II, AIMP2, AIMP2-DX2, and AIMP3. Also, we systematically introduce their emerging roles in cancer, aiming to provide new ideas for the treatment of cancer.
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Phage-Antibiotic Synergy via Delayed Lysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02085-18. [PMID: 30217844 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02085-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
When phages infect bacteria cultured in the presence of sublethal doses of antibiotics, the sizes of the phage plaques are significantly increased. This phenomenon is known as phage-antibiotic synergy (PAS). In this study, the observation of PAS was extended to a wide variety of bacterium-phage pairs using different classes of antibiotics. PAS was shown in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Cells stressed with β-lactam antibiotics filamented or swelled extensively, resulting in an increase in phage production. PAS was also sometimes observed in the presence of other classes of antibiotics with or without bacterial filamentation. The addition of antibiotics induced recA expression in various bacteria, but a recA deletion mutant strain of Escherichia coli also showed filamentation and PAS in the presence of quinolone antibiotics. The phage adsorption efficiency did not change in the presence of the antibiotics when the cell surfaces were enlarged as they filamented. Increases in the production of phage DNA and mRNAs encoding phage proteins were observed in these cells, with only a limited increase in protein production. The data suggest that PAS is the product of a prolonged period of particle assembly due to delayed lysis. The increase in the cell surface area far exceeded the increase in phage holin production in the filamented host cells, leading to a relatively limited availability of intracellular holins for aggregating and forming holes in the host membrane. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress also led to an increased production of phages, while heat stress resulted in only a limited increase in phage production.IMPORTANCE Phage-antibiotic synergy (PAS) has been reported for a decade, but the underlying mechanism has never been vigorously investigated. This study shows the presence of PAS from a variety of phage-bacterium-antibiotic pairings. We show that increased phage production resulted directly from a lysis delay caused by the relative shortage of holin in filamented bacterial hosts in the presence of sublethal concentrations of stress-inducing substances, such as antibiotics and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Lee EY, Kim S, Kim MH. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, therapeutic targets for infectious diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:424-434. [PMID: 29890143 PMCID: PMC7092877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite remarkable advances in medical science, infection-associated diseases remain among the leading causes of death worldwide. There is a great deal of interest and concern at the rate at which new pathogens are emerging and causing significant human health problems. Expanding our understanding of how cells regulate signaling networks to defend against invaders and retain cell homeostasis will reveal promising strategies against infection. It has taken scientists decades to appreciate that eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) play a role as global cell signaling mediators to regulate cell homeostasis, beyond their intrinsic function as protein synthesis enzymes. Recent discoveries revealed that ubiquitously expressed standby cytoplasmic ARSs sense and respond to danger signals and regulate immunity against infections, indicating their potential as therapeutic targets for infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss ARS-mediated anti-infectious signaling and the emerging role of ARSs in antimicrobial immunity. In contrast to their ability to defend against infection, host ARSs are inevitably co-opted by viruses for survival and propagation. We therefore provide a brief overview of the communication between viruses and the ARS system. Finally, we discuss encouraging new approaches to develop ARSs as therapeutics for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Lee
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Liang D, Tian L, You R, Halpert MM, Konduri V, Baig YC, Paust S, Kim D, Kim S, Jia F, Huang S, Zhang X, Kheradmand F, Corry DB, Gilbert BE, Levitt JM, Decker WK. AIMp1 Potentiates T H1 Polarization and Is Critical for Effective Antitumor and Antiviral Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1801. [PMID: 29379495 PMCID: PMC5775236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) must integrate a broad array of environmental cues to exact control over downstream immune responses including TH polarization. The multienzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex component AIMp1/p43 responds to cellular stress and exerts pro-inflammatory functions; however, a role for DC-expressed AIMp1 in TH polarization has not previously been shown. Here, we demonstrate that the absence of AIMp1 in bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) significantly impairs cytokine and costimulatory molecule expression, p38 MAPK signaling, and TH1 polarization of cocultured T-cells while significantly dysregulating immune-related gene expression. These deficits resulted in significantly compromised BMDC vaccine-mediated protection against melanoma. AIMp1 within the host was also critical for innate and adaptive antiviral immunity against influenza virus infection in vivo. Cancer patients with AIMp1 expression levels in the highest tertiles exhibited a 70% survival advantage at 15-year postdiagnosis as determined by bioinformatics analysis of nearly 9,000 primary human tumor samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas database. These data establish the importance of AIMp1 for the effective governance of antitumor and antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ran You
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Matthew M Halpert
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vanaja Konduri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yunyu C Baig
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Doyeun Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Fuli Jia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Antibody-based Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Antibody-based Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David B Corry
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brian E Gilbert
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan M Levitt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - William K Decker
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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9
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Khachatoorian R, French SW. Chaperones in hepatitis C virus infection. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:9-35. [PMID: 26783419 PMCID: PMC4705456 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 3% of the world population or more than 185 million people worldwide. Each year, an estimated 350000-500000 deaths occur worldwide due to HCV-associated diseases including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is the most common indication for liver transplantation in patients with cirrhosis worldwide. HCV is an enveloped RNA virus classified in the genus Hepacivirus in the Flaviviridae family. The HCV viral life cycle in a cell can be divided into six phases: (1) binding and internalization; (2) cytoplasmic release and uncoating; (3) viral polyprotein translation and processing; (4) RNA genome replication; (5) encapsidation (packaging) and assembly; and (6) virus morphogenesis (maturation) and secretion. Many host factors are involved in the HCV life cycle. Chaperones are an important group of host cytoprotective molecules that coordinate numerous cellular processes including protein folding, multimeric protein assembly, protein trafficking, and protein degradation. All phases of the viral life cycle require chaperone activity and the interaction of viral proteins with chaperones. This review will present our current knowledge and understanding of the role of chaperones in the HCV life cycle. Analysis of chaperones in HCV infection will provide further insights into viral/host interactions and potential therapeutic targets for both HCV and other viruses.
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10
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Liang D, Halpert MM, Konduri V, Decker WK. Stepping Out of the Cytosol: AIMp1/p43 Potentiates the Link Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:367-81. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1077829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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11
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Schon HT, Weiskirchen R. Immunomodulatory effects of transforming growth factor-β in the liver. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2015; 3:386-406. [PMID: 25568862 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.11.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family are potent regulatory cytokines that affect multiple cell types of the immune system mediating pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses. In the liver, TGF-β is produced by a multitude of non-parenchymal liver cells including hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), Kupffer cells (KCs), and dendritic cells (DCs) as well as natural killer (NK) T cells among other hepatic lymphocytes. The effect of TGF-β on other cells is highly versatile. In concert with other soluble factors, it controls the maturation, differentiation and activity of various T cell subsets that either prevent or actuate infections, graft-versus-host reactions, immune diseases, and cancer formation. During the last decades, it became evident that some TGFB1 polymorphisms are associated with the pathogenesis of hepatic disease and that plasma TGF-β is a suitable biomarker to detect liver lesions. Moreover, since TGF-β has capacity to influence the quantity and quality of T cell subsets as well as their activity, it is obvious that a well-balanced TGF-β activity is essential for liver homeostasis. In the present review, we highlight some pivotal functions of TGF-β in hepatic immunobiology. We discuss its regulatory function on adaptive immunity, the impact on differentiation of various T cell subsets, its crosstalk with Toll like receptor signaling, and its contribution to functional impairment of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Theo Schon
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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12
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Liu X, Xu Z, Zhu L, Liao S, Guo W. Transcriptome analysis of porcine thymus following porcine cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113921. [PMID: 25423176 PMCID: PMC4244220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) is a major immunosuppressive virus that mainly affects the immune function of T lymphocytes and macrophages. Despite being widely distributed around the world, no significantly different PCMV serotypes have been found. Moreover, the molecular immunosuppressive mechanisms of PCMV, along with the host antiviral mechanisms, are still not well characterized. To understand the potential impact of PCMV on the function of immune organs, we examined the transcriptome of PCMV-infected thymuses by microarray analysis. We identified 5,582 genes that were differentially expressed as a result of PCMV infection. Of these, 2,161 were upregulated and 3,421 were downregulated compared with the uninfected group. We confirmed the expression of 13 differentially expressed immune-related genes using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, and further confirmed the expression of six of those cytokines by western blot. Gene ontology, gene interaction networks, and KEGG pathway analysis of our results indicated that PCMV regulates multiple functional pathways, including the immune system, cellular and metabolic processes, networks of cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, the TGF-β signaling pathway, the lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway, and the TNF-α signaling pathway. Our study is the first comprehensive attempt to explore the host transcriptional response to PCMV infection in the porcine immune system. It provides new insights into the immunosuppressive molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis of PCMV. This previously unrecognized endogenous antiviral mechanism has implications for the development of host-directed strategies for the prevention and treatment of immunosuppressive viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya' an, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya' an, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya' an, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ling Zhu
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya' an, China
| | - Shan Liao
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya' an, China
| | - Wanzhu Guo
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya' an, China
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