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Kaushal A. Innate immune regulations and various siRNA modalities. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:2704-2718. [PMID: 37219704 PMCID: PMC10204684 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
RNAi therapeutics are designed to produce the precise silencing effects against the gene-linked diseases which were known to be untreatable in the past. The highly immunostimulatory nature of siRNA enhances the off-target effects and easily get attacked by nucleases; hence, their modulation is essentially required for accurate alterations to be made in the structures to intensify the pharmacological attributes. The phosphonate modifications act as shield against undue phosphorylation effects, and the molecular changes in ribose sugar lowers the level of immunogenicity and increases the binding efficacy. When bases are substituted with virtual/or pseudo bases, they eventually reduce the off-target effects. These changes modulate the nucleic acid sensors and control the hyper-activation of innate immune response. Various modification designs based on STC (universal pattern), ESC, ESC + (advanced patterns) and disubstrate have been explored to silence the gene expression of various diseases e.g., hepatitis, HIV, influenza, RSV, CNV and acute kidney injury. This review describes the various innovative siRNA therapeutics and their implications on the developed immune regulations to silence the disease effects. siRNA causes the silencing effects through RISC processing. The innate immune signalling is induced by both TLR-dependent and TLR-independent pathways. Modification chemistries are utilized to modulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Kaushal
- New Zealand Organization for Quality-Member, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Mass spectrometry analysis reveals differences in the host cell protein species found in pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. Biologicals 2018; 52:59-66. [PMID: 29361371 PMCID: PMC5910304 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) have been successfully used in clinical trials showing long term therapeutic benefits. Studying the role of cellular proteins in lentivirus HIV-1 life cycle can help understand virus assembly and budding, leading to improvement of LV production for gene therapy. Lentiviral vectors were purified using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The cellular protein composition of LVs produced by two different methods was compared: the transient transfection system pseudotyped with the VSV-G envelope, currently used in clinical trials, and a stable producer cell system using a non-toxic envelope derived from cat endogenous retrovirus RD114, RDpro. Proteins of LVs purified by size exclusion chromatography were identified by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). A smaller number of cellular protein species were detected in stably produced vectors compared to transiently produced vector samples. This may be due to the presence of co-purified VSV-G vesicles in transiently produced vectors. AHNAK (Desmoyokin) was unique to RDpro-Env vectors. The potential role in LV particle production of selected proteins identified by MS analysis including AHNAK was assessed using shRNA gene knockdown technique. Down-regulation of the selected host proteins AHNAK, ALIX, and TSG101 in vector producer cells did not result in a significant difference in vector production.
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Herrera-Carrillo E, Berkhout B. Novel AgoshRNA molecules for silencing of the CCR5 co-receptor for HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177935. [PMID: 28542329 PMCID: PMC5443530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic transplantation of blood stem cells from a CCR5-Δ32 homozygous donor to an HIV-infected individual, the "Berlin patient", led to a cure. Since then there has been a search for approaches that mimic this intervention in a gene therapy setting. RNA interference (RNAi) has evolved as a powerful tool to regulate gene expression in a sequence-specific manner and can be used to inactivate the CCR5 mRNA. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) molecules can impair CCR5 expression, but these molecules may cause unintended side effects and they will not be processed in cells that lack Dicer, such as monocytes. Dicer-independent RNAi pathways have opened opportunities for new AgoshRNA designs that rely exclusively on Ago2 for maturation. Furthermore, AgoshRNA processing yields a single active guide RNA, thus reducing off-target effects. In this study, we tested different AgoshRNA designs against CCR5. We selected AgoshRNAs that potently downregulated CCR5 expression on human T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and that had no apparent adverse effect on T cell development as assessed in a competitive cell growth assay. CCR5 knockdown significantly protected T cells from CCR5 tropic HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Herrera-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Yan M, Wen J, Liang M, Lu Y, Kamata M, Chen ISY. Modulation of Gene Expression by Polymer Nanocapsule Delivery of DNA Cassettes Encoding Small RNAs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127986. [PMID: 26035832 PMCID: PMC4452785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs, including siRNAs, gRNAs and miRNAs, modulate gene expression and serve as potential therapies for human diseases. Delivery to target cells remains the fundamental limitation for use of these RNAs in humans. To address this challenge, we have developed a nanocapsule delivery technology that encapsulates small DNA molecules encoding RNAs into a small (30nm) polymer nanocapsule. For proof of concept, we transduced DNA expression cassettes for three small RNAs. In one application, the DNA cassette encodes an shRNA transcriptional unit that downregulates CCR5 and protects from HIV-1 infection. The DNA cassette nanocapsules were further engineered for timed release of the DNA cargo for prolonged knockdown of CCR5. Secondly, the nanocapsules provide an efficient means for delivery of gRNAs in the CRISPR/Cas9 system to mutate integrated HIV-1. Finally, delivery of microRNA-125b to mobilized human CD34+ cells enhances survival and expansion of the CD34+ cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Min Liang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yunfeng Lu
- Department of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Masakazu Kamata
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Irvin S. Y. Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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