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Lozano E, Sanchon-Sanchez P, Morente-Carrasco A, Chinchilla-Tábora LM, Mauriz JL, Fernández-Palanca P, Marin JJG, Macias RIR. Impact of Aberrant β-Catenin Pathway on Cholangiocarcinoma Heterogeneity. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081141. [PMID: 37190050 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The poor prognosis of most cases of advanced cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) constitutes a severe problem in modern oncology, which is aggravated by the fact that the incidence of this liver cancer is increasing worldwide and is often diagnosed late, when surgical removal is not feasible. The difficulty of dealing with this deadly tumor is augmented by the heterogeneity of CCA subtypes and the complexity of mechanisms involved in enhanced proliferation, apoptosis avoidance, chemoresistance, invasiveness, and metastasis that characterize CCA. Among the regulatory processes implicated in developing these malignant traits, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a pivotal role. Alteration of β-catenin expression and subcellular localization has been associated with worse outcomes in some CCA subtypes. This heterogeneity, which also affects cellular and in vivo models commonly used to study CCA biology and anticancer drug development, must be taken into account for CCA investigation to more accurately extrapolate basic laboratory research to the clinical situation. A better understanding of the altered Wnt/β-catenin pathway in relationship with the heterogeneous forms of CCA is mandatory for developing novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies for patients suffering from this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lozano
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM) Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Sanchon-Sanchez
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM) Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Morente-Carrasco
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM) Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Area of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos, 28032 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José L Mauriz
- Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Paula Fernández-Palanca
- Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Jose J G Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM) Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio I R Macias
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM) Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Wnt/β-catenin signaling as an emerging potential key pharmacological target in cholangiocarcinoma. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222119. [PMID: 32140709 PMCID: PMC7953494 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a fatal malignant tumor of biliary epithelial cells involving intra- or extra-hepatic bile ducts. The prognosis of CCA is generally poor due to its diagnosis at the late stages. The currently employed chemotherapeutic agents do not increase the survival rate in patients with unresectable CCA. Accordingly, there is a need to identify new therapeutic agents for the effective management of intra- and extra-hepatic CCA. Clinical as well as preclinical studies have suggested the key role of the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the induction and progression of CCA. There is an up-regulation of different Wnt ligands including Wnt2, Wnt3, Wnt5, Wnt7 and Wnt10 along with redistribution of β-catenin (more expression in the nucleus and lesser on the cell surface due to nuclear translocation of β-catenin) in different types of malignant biliary tumors. Apart from the role of this pathway in the induction and progression of CCA, this pathway is also involved in inducing multidrug resistance by inducing the expression of P-glycoprotein efflux pump on the cancer cells. These deleterious effects of Wnt/β-catenin signaling are mediated in association with other signaling pathways involving microRNAs (miRNAs), PI3K/AKT/PTEN/GSK-3β, retinoic acid receptors (RARs), dickkopf-1 (DKK1), protein kinase A regulatory subunit 1 α (PRKAR1A/PKAI), (SLAP), liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and CXCR4. The selective inhibitors of Wnt/β-catenin signaling may be potentially employed to overcome multidrug-resistant, fatal CCA. The present review discusses the role of Wnt/β-catenin along with its relation with other signaling pathways in the induction and progression of CCA.
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3
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Tian X, Cao Z, Ding Q, Li Z, Zhang C. Prognostic value of multiple epithelial mesenchymal transition-associated proteins in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:2059-2065. [PMID: 31423278 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated proteins and their prognostic value in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). The expression of six EMT-associated proteins, including E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (Snail), Snail family transcriptional repressor 2 (Slug) and S100 calcium binding protein A4 (S100A4) was determined by immunohistochemistry in 109 patients with ICC who had received surgery. Survival analysis showed that patients with low E-cadherin expression (P<0.001) or high S100A4 (P<0.001) or Snail (P<0.001) expression had a reduced survival time. Based on the numbers of alterations in the expression of EMT-associated proteins as determined by immunohistochemical analysis, the patients were categorized as low (score, 0-3; n=75) or high (score, ≥4; n=34) EMT expression groups. The high EMT expression group was significantly associated with positive lymph node metastasis (P=0.023) and late Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage (P<0.001). Furthermore, patients in the high EMT expression group had a significantly poorer overall survival time than those in the low EMT expression group (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that EMT status was a significant independent predictor for overall survival time (P=0.004), and was linked to surgical margin (P=0.013) and TNM stage (P<0.001). In conclusion, the reduced expression of E-cadherin and high expression of Snail and S100A4 were significantly associated with the poor survival of patients with ICC after surgery. The EMT protein expression status was associated with ICC progression, and may be considered as an independent prognostic indicator for patients with ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguo Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhixin Cao
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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4
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Wei CY, Zhu MX, Lu NH, Peng R, Yang X, Zhang PF, Wang L, Gu JY. Bioinformatics-based analysis reveals elevated MFSD12 as a key promoter of cell proliferation and a potential therapeutic target in melanoma. Oncogene 2018; 38:1876-1891. [PMID: 30385854 PMCID: PMC6462865 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0531-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although recent therapeutic advances based on our understanding of molecular phenomena have prolonged the survival of melanoma patients, the prognosis of melanoma remains dismal and further understanding of the underlying mechanism of melanoma progression is needed. In this study, differential expression analyses revealed that many genes, including AKT1 and CDK2, play important roles in melanoma. Functional analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), obtained from the GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) database, indicated that high proliferative and metastatic abilities are the main characteristics of melanoma and that the PI3K and MAPK pathways play essential roles in melanoma progression. Among these DEGs, major facilitator superfamily domain-containing 12 (MFSD12) was found to have significantly and specifically upregulated expression in melanoma, and elevated MFSD12 level promoted cell proliferation by promoting cell cycle progression. Mechanistically, MFSD12 upregulation was found to activate PI3K signaling, and a PI3K inhibitor reversed the increase in cell proliferation endowed by MFSD12 upregulation. Clinically, high MFSD12 expression was positively associated with shorter overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in melanoma patients, and MFSD12 was an independent prognostic factor for OS and DFS in melanoma patients. Therapeutically, in vivo assays further confirmed that MFSD12 interference inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis in melanoma. In conclusion, elevated MFSD12 expression promotes melanoma cell proliferation, and MFSD12 is a valuable prognostic biomarker and promising therapeutic target in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yuan Wei
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Xuan Zhu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Hang Lu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Peng
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ying Gu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Zu C, Liu S, Cao W, Liu Z, Qiang H, Li Y, Cheng C, Ji L, Li J, Li J. MiR-590-3p suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma by inhibiting SIP1 expression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34698-34708. [PMID: 28423728 PMCID: PMC5471004 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional roles and clinical significances of miR-590-3p in ICC remain unclear. In the current study, we investigated the expression of miR-590-3p in tissues and sera of ICC by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We found miR-590-3p was significantly down-regulated in the sera and tissues of ICC patients, especially in those patients with lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis. AUC curves and Cox proportional hazards mode revealed serum miR-590-3p could be novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for ICC patients. MiR-590-3p dramatically suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, and invasion of ICC cells. SIP1 was identified as direct and functional target of miR-590-3p in ICC cells by luciferase assays. Finally, we found SIP1 expression was inversely correlated with miR-590-3p and closely related to diminished survival in ICC patients. These findings reveal functional and mechanistic roles of miR-590-3p and EMT activator SIP1 in the pathogenesis of ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Shizhang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Zongzhi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Hui Qiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Chong Cheng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Le Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Jianhui Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
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6
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Peng R, Zhang PF, Zhang C, Huang XY, Ding YB, Deng B, Bai DS, Xu YP. Elevated TRIM44 promotes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression by inducing cell EMT via MAPK signaling. Cancer Med 2018; 7:796-808. [PMID: 29446253 PMCID: PMC5852353 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical results for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) remain unsatisfactory due to the high rate of recurrence. Here, we investigated that the expression and roles of tripartite motif‐containing protein 44 (TRIM44) in human ICCs. Firstly, TRIM44 expression was analyzed in several kinds of cancers by referring to public Oncomine database, and the expressions of TRIM44 mRNA and protein were tested in ICC and corresponding paratumorous tissues. Secondly, functions and mechanisms of TRIM44 in ICC cells were further evaluated by TRIM44 interference and cDNA transfection. Finally, the prognostic role of TRIM44 was assessed by Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression. We found that TRIM44 expression was upregulated in ICC tissues compared with corresponding paratumorous tissues, which were consistent with the results from the public cancer database. Knockdown of TRIM44 repressed the invasion and migration of ICC cells, while increased the ICC cell apoptosis. Additionally, high level of TRIM44 was shown to induce ICC cell epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, a high level of TRIM44 was found to activate MAPK signaling, and a MEK inhibitor, AZD6244, reversed cell EMT and apoptosis endowed by TRIM44 overexpression. Clinically, TRIM44 expression was positively associated with large tumor size (P = 0.035), lymphatic metastasis (P = 0.008) and poor tumor differentiation (P = 0.036). Importantly, patients in TRIM44high group had shorter overall survival and higher cumulative rate of recurrence than patients in TRIM44low group. Our results suggest elevated TRIM44 promotes ICC development by inducing cell EMT and apoptosis resistance, and TRIM44 is a valuable prognostic biomarker and promising therapeutic target of ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Subei People's Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Yangzhou University Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Subei People's Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Yangzhou University Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Huang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan-Bing Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou No. 1, People's Hospital, The Second Clinical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou No. 1, People's Hospital, The Second Clinical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dou-Sheng Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Subei People's Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Yangzhou University Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Ping Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
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7
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Kang Q, Zou H, Yang X, Cai JB, Liu LX, Xie N, Wang LM, Li YH, Zhang XW. Characterization and prognostic significance of mortalin, Bcl-2 and Bax in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2161-2168. [PMID: 29434920 PMCID: PMC5777101 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is an aggressive type of cancer, and its incidence and mortality rates are increasing worldwide. Mortalin is a highly conserved chaperone protein involved in multiple pathological and physiological processes, including anti-apoptosis, carcinogenesis and metastasis. The Bcl-2 family of proteins can be divided into pro-survival and pro-apoptotic members, including B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-like protein 4 (Bax). The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between mortalin, Bcl-2 and Bax, as well as the prognostic significance of the combined expression of mortalin, Bcl-2 and Bax in ICC. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of mortalin, Bcl-2 and Bax in 116 ICC samples and to assess the association between expression of 3 markers and clinicopathological features of ICC patients. This revealed that ICC tumor tissues overexpressed mortalin and Bcl-2 and exhibited low expression of Bax in ICC tumor tissues compared with that in corresponding peritumoral samples. According to Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis, high expression of mortalin in ICC was positively correlated with Bcl-2 expression and negatively correlated with Bax expression. Furthermore, multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that mortalin was positively associated with Bcl-2, but not with Bax, in patients with ICC. Patients with ICC exhibiting high expression of mortalin/Bcl-2 or low expression of Bax were closely associated with a malignant ICC phenotype, a relatively low overall survival rate and a high recurrence rate. Multivariate analysis indicated that mortalin and Bcl-2 were independent prognostic indicators for ICC patients. Meanwhile, the concomitant overexpression of mortalin and Bcl-2 and the low expression of Bax were independent markers for predicting a relatively poor prognosis of ICC. The overexpression of mortalin and Bcl-2 and/or the low expression of Bax are implicated in the anti-apoptotic effect and tumor progression of ICC. Mortalin or Bcl-2, or a combination of mortalin, Bcl-2 and Bax may be used to predict the prognosis of ICC, as well as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Kang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650105, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650105, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Bin Cai
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Li-Xin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650105, P.R. China
| | - Nan Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650105, P.R. China.,Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Min Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650105, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Hua Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650105, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650105, P.R. China
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8
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Mino M, Kanno K, Okimoto K, Sugiyama A, Kishikawa N, Kobayashi T, Ono J, Izuhara K, Kobayashi T, Ohigashi T, Ohdan H, Tazuma S. Periostin promotes malignant potential by induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:1099-1109. [PMID: 29404445 PMCID: PMC5721406 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Periostin, a secreted matricellular protein, has been reported to induce epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), which increases motility and invasiveness in various epithelial cancer cells. Periostin is also overexpressed in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and suggested to be a biomarker for tumor progression and poor prognosis; however, its functional role in ICC is not fully understood. Here, we investigated whether periostin influences malignant potential through the induction of EMT in ICC. Analyses of surgical resected ICC specimens revealed that the gene expression of periostin was significantly higher in ICC tumors than in adjacent nontumor liver tissues and was closely correlated with the expression of mesenchymal markers, including N‐cadherin, vimentin, and fibronectin. However, the expression level of periostin varied in each case. Consistently, the expression of periostin in HuH28 (an undifferentiated ICC cell) was markedly higher than in HuCCT‐1 (a moderately differentiated ICC cell). In addition, high‐level secretion of periostin into culture media was observed in HuH28 but not in HuCCT‐1. To identify the biological significance of periostin in EMT, gene silencing of periostin by small interfering RNA was performed in HuH28 cells. Periostin knockdown in HuH28 cells significantly down‐regulated mesenchymal markers and up‐regulated epithelial markers, suggesting the reversal of EMT, namely mesenchymal‐epithelial transition. Along with these changes, cell proliferation was significantly suppressed by 52%. In addition, cell migration and invasion were significantly suppressed by 62% and 61%, respectively, with reduced gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2. Interestingly, chemosensitivity to gemcitabine was also significantly improved by periostin depletion. Conclusion: Periostin plays an important role in the regulation of malignant potential through EMT and is suggested to be a novel target for the treatment of ICC. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:1099–1109)
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Mino
- Department of General Internal Medicine Hiroshima University Hospital Hiroshima Japan
| | - Keishi Kanno
- Department of General Internal Medicine Hiroshima University Hospital Hiroshima Japan
| | - Kousuke Okimoto
- Department of General Internal Medicine Hiroshima University Hospital Hiroshima Japan
| | - Akiko Sugiyama
- Department of General Internal Medicine Hiroshima University Hospital Hiroshima Japan
| | - Nobusuke Kishikawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine Hiroshima University Hospital Hiroshima Japan
| | - Tomoki Kobayashi
- Department of General Internal Medicine Hiroshima University Hospital Hiroshima Japan
| | - Junya Ono
- Central Institute Shino-Test Corporation Kanagawa Japan
| | - Kenji Izuhara
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Saga Medical School Saga Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery Hiroshima University Hospital Hiroshima Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ohigashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services Hiroshima University Hospital Hiroshima Japan
| | - Hideki Ohdan
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery Hiroshima University Hospital Hiroshima Japan
| | - Susumu Tazuma
- Department of General Internal Medicine Hiroshima University Hospital Hiroshima Japan
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9
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Sia D, Villanueva A, Friedman SL, Llovet JM. Liver Cancer Cell of Origin, Molecular Class, and Effects on Patient Prognosis. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:745-761. [PMID: 28043904 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 728] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and therefore a major public health challenge. We review hypotheses of the cell of origin of liver tumorigenesis and clarify the classes of liver cancer based on molecular features and how they affect patient prognosis. Primary liver cancer comprises hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), and other rare tumors, notably fibrolamellar carcinoma and hepatoblastoma. The molecular and clinical features of HCC versus iCCA are distinct, but these conditions have overlapping risk factors and pathways of oncogenesis. A better understanding of the cell types originating liver cancer can aid in exploring molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and therapeutic options. Molecular studies have identified adult hepatocytes as the cell of origin. These cells have been proposed to transform directly into HCC cells (via a sequence of genetic alterations), to dedifferentiate into hepatocyte precursor cells (which then become HCC cells that express progenitor cell markers), or to transdifferentiate into biliary-like cells (which give rise to iCCA). Alternatively, progenitor cells also give rise to HCCs and iCCAs with markers of progenitor cells. Advances in genome profiling and next-generation sequencing have led to the classification of HCCs based on molecular features and assigned them to categories such as proliferation-progenitor, proliferation-transforming growth factor β, and Wnt-catenin β1. iCCAs have been assigned to categories of proliferation and inflammation. Overall, proliferation subclasses are associated with a more aggressive phenotype and poor outcome of patients, although more specific signatures have refined our prognostic abilities. Analyses of genetic alterations have identified those that might be targeted therapeutically, such as fusions in the FGFR2 gene and mutations in genes encoding isocitrate dehydrogenases (in approximately 60% of iCCAs) or amplifications at 11q13 and 6p21 (in approximately 15% of HCCs). Further studies of these alterations are needed before they can be used as biomarkers in clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sia
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Divisions of Liver Diseases, Hematology, and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Divisions of Liver Diseases, Hematology, and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Divisions of Liver Diseases, Hematology, and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Josep M Llovet
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Divisions of Liver Diseases, Hematology, and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Liver Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, BCLC, Liver Unit, CIBEREHD, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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10
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Kang Q, Cai JB, Dong RZ, Liu LX, Zhang C, Zhang PF, Zou H, Xie N, Zhang L, Zhang XY, Song ZJ, Dong ZR, Hu MY, Huang XY, Zhang XW, Ke AW, Shi GM. Mortalin promotes cell proliferation and epithelial mesenchymal transition of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro. J Clin Pathol 2017; 70:677-683. [PMID: 28096273 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The prognosis of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) remains poor in terms of overall survival (OS) and recurrence rate. Mortalin, a stress chaperone, has been reported to be involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. However, its role in ICC has not been defined. METHODS Mortalin expression in tumour samples from patients with ICC was examined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, and correlation between its expression and clinicopathological features was assessed. In addition, invasion, migration proliferation and apoptosis, and the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers in ICC cells were assessed after mortalin depletion. Finally, the prognostic significance of mortalin in patients with ICC was further evaluated by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS We provide evidence that expression of mortalin in human ICC tissues is higher than that in matched peritumoural tissues. The interference of mortalin expression inhibited the proliferation and invasion of ICC cells in vitro. Mechanistically, inhibition of mortalin expression in ICC cells upregulated E-cadherin expression and decreased vimentin and snail expression. Clinically, a high level of mortalin in ICC samples was associated with loss of E-cadherin, and increased expression of vimentin and snail. Patients with ICC and high mortalin expression had a shorter OS and a higher recurrence rate. Multivariate analysis revealed that mortalin overexpression was an independent prognostic indicator for patients with ICC. CONCLUSIONS Mortalin may promote cell proliferation and invasion via induction of EMT of ICC cells. A high level of mortalin may be used as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for patients with ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Kang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China.,Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Bin Cai
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Zhao Dong
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Li-Xin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Nan Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Ji Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Ru Dong
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Yu Hu
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yong Huang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Wu Ke
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Ming Shi
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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11
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Zhu L, Huang F, Deng G, Nie W, Huang W, Xu H, Zheng S, Yi Z, Wan T. Knockdown of Sall4 inhibits intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell migration and invasion in ICC-9810 cells. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:5297-305. [PMID: 27601921 PMCID: PMC5005002 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s107214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of improvements in surgical technology, the resectability and curability of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) are still low. Our previous study showed that the strong Sal-like protein 4 (Sall4)-positive cases had shorter overall survival compared to Sall4-negative cases, indicating an oncogenic role of Sall4 in ICC. In this study, we aimed to explore the precise mechanism of Sall4 on ICC cell invasion and metastasis. We evaluated the expression of Sall4, PTEN, and Bmi-1 in 28 cases of adjacent tissues and 175 cases of ICC tissues by using immunohistochemical staining. We found that the expression of Sall4 and Bmi-1 was significantly increased in ICC tissues compared with the adjacent tissues, while PTEN expression was reduced in ICC tissues compared with the adjacent tissues, and there was a reverse relationship between Sall4 and PTEN in ICC, whereas there was a positive correlation in Sall4 and Bmi-1 expression in ICC. In addition, overall survival analysis showed that ICC patients with low PTEN exhibited a worse prognosis than ICC patients with high PTEN, and lower Bmi-1 expression showed a better prognosis than ICC patients with high Bmi-1. By a battery of experiments in vitro, we demonstrated that Sall4 promotes ICC cell proliferation, and progression of ICC might be through PTEN/PI3K/Akt and Bmi-1/Wnt/β-catenin signaling and enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition process. Thus, Sall4 may be a potential target for the treatment of ICC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feizhou Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanpin Nie
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaopeng Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjie Yi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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12
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Zhu Z, Chen W, Yin X, Lai J, Wang Q, Liang L, Wang W, Wang A, Zheng C. WAVE3 Induces EMT and Promotes Migration and Invasion in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:1950-60. [PMID: 26971088 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin-homologous protein 3 (WAVE3) plays a critical role in cancer progression and metastasis. However, the specific role of WAVE3 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) has not been studied. AIMS This study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of WAVE3 in the progression and metastasis of ICC. METHODS The expression of WAVE3 in ICC tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Western blot analysis was utilized to detect the expression of WAVE3 in ICC cells. A transwell assay was used to assess the potential for migration and invasion. The expression of WAVE3 in CC-LP-1 cells was knocked down by small interfering RNA (siRNA) interference. RESULTS The expression of WAVE3 in ICC tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues. The overall survival was lower in the subgroup of ICC patients with higher WAVE3 expression compared to the subgroup with a lower level of WAVE3 expression. WAVE3 expression was an adverse prognostic factor for ICC patients. CC-LP-1 cells expressed higher levels of WAVE3 protein compared to RBE cells and human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells, which correlated with greater migration and invasion capabilities compared with the RBE cells. After the transfection of CC-LP-1 cells with WAVE3 siRNA, the level of WAVE3 protein was significantly decreased, accompanied by a marked reduction in migration, invasion and proliferation. Moreover, after the knockdown of WAVE3 expression in CC-LP-1 cells, the protein levels of Slug and Vimentin were significantly decreased, while that of E-cadherin was significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS WAVE3 may represent a new adverse prognostic factor for patients with ICC. This protein enhances migration and invasion capabilities in ICC, most likely through the induction of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Zhu
- Department of Pancreato-biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pancreato-biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yin
- Department of Pancreato-biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiaming Lai
- Department of Pancreato-biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pancreato-biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lijian Liang
- Department of Pancreato-biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anxun Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoxu Zheng
- Department of Pancreato-biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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13
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Brivio S, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Strazzabosco M. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Invasiveness: What Can We Learn from Cholangiocarcinoma? J Clin Med 2015; 4:2028-41. [PMID: 26703747 PMCID: PMC4693158 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4121958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its well-established role in embryo development, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been proposed as a general mechanism favoring tumor metastatization in several epithelial malignancies. Herein, we review the topic of EMT in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a primary liver cancer arising from the epithelial cells lining the bile ducts (cholangiocytes) and characterized by an abundant stromal reaction. CCA carries a dismal prognosis, owing to a pronounced invasiveness and scarce therapeutic opportunities. In CCA, several reports indicate that cancer cells acquire a number of EMT biomarkers and functions. These phenotypic changes are likely induced by both autocrine and paracrine signals released in the tumor microenvironment (cytokines, growth factors, morphogens) and intracellular stimuli (microRNAs, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes) variably associated with specific disease mechanisms, including chronic inflammation and hypoxia. Nevertheless, evidence supporting a complete EMT of neoplastic cholangiocytes into stromal cells is lacking, and the gain of EMT-like changes by CCA cells rather reflects a shift towards an enhanced pro-invasive phenotype, likely induced by the tumor stroma. This concept may help to identify new biomarkers of early metastatic behavior along with potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brivio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, Viale Colombo 3, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, Viale Colombo 3, 35131 Padua, Italy.
- Liver Center, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, TAC Building, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy.
- Liver Center, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, TAC Building, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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14
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Sox9 expression in carcinogenesis and its clinical significance in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2015; 47:1067-75. [PMID: 26341967 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas develop through a multi-step carcinogenesis. Precancerous lesions are defined as biliary intraepithelial neoplasia. Sex determining region Y-box9 (Sox9) is required for the normal differentiation of the biliary tract. AIMS To evaluate the Sox9 expression in carcinogenesis and its correlation with clinicopathological features in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS Sox9 expression in normal epithelium, biliary intraepithelial neoplasia, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were investigated immunohistochemically using 43 specimens of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Sox9 expression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was compared with the clinicopathological features. The molecular effects of Sox9 were investigated by gene transfection to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. RESULTS Sox9 expression was decreased from the normal epithelium to the biliary intraepithelial neoplasia in a stepwise fashion. In 51.2% (22/43) of the patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, Sox9 expression was positive, and Sox9 expression was significantly associated with the biliary infiltration (P=0.034) and poor overall survival (P=0.039). Upregulation of Sox9 promoted the cell migration and invasion, and decreased the E-cadherin expression and increased the vimentin and α-SMA expression in cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Decreased Sox9 expression may be related to the early stage of the carcinogenesis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Sox9 overexpression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is related to biliary infiltration and poorer prognosis, and it promotes cell migration and invasion, via the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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15
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Qiang Y, Chen Z. Epithelial mesenchymal transition related molecular markers and invasion and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4051-4059. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i25.4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a major cause of death in patients with solid tumors. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process in which the epithelial cells are transformed into the stroma cells. This process is accompanied by changes in gene expression and cell phenotype, which are often activated during tumor invasion and metastasis. Cholangiocarcinoma is a kind of malignancy originating from the bile duct epithelium, and its main biological characteristics are early invasion, metastasis and recurrence. The research of cholangiocarcinoma metastasis could provide a theoretical basis for the development of new treatment strategies to manage this malignancy. This paper reviews the roles of EMT related molecular markers metastasis in the invasion and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma.
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16
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Woods LT, Camden JM, El-Sayed FG, Khalafalla MG, Petris MJ, Erb L, Weisman GA. Increased Expression of TGF-β Signaling Components in a Mouse Model of Fibrosis Induced by Submandibular Gland Duct Ligation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123641. [PMID: 25955532 PMCID: PMC4425516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multi-functional cytokine with a well-described role in the regulation of tissue fibrosis and regeneration in the liver, kidney and lung. Submandibular gland (SMG) duct ligation and subsequent deligation in rodents is a classical model for studying salivary gland damage and regeneration. While previous studies suggest that TGF-β may contribute to salivary gland fibrosis, the expression of TGF-β signaling components has not been investigated in relation to mouse SMG duct ligation-induced fibrosis and regeneration following ductal deligation. Following a 7 day SMG duct ligation, TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 were significantly upregulated in the SMG, as were TGF-β receptor 1 and downstream Smad family transcription factors in salivary acinar cells, but not in ductal cells. In acinar cells, duct ligation also led to upregulation of snail, a Smad-activated E-cadherin repressor and regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, whereas in ductal cells upregulation of E-cadherin was observed while snail expression was unchanged. Upregulation of these TGF-β signaling components correlated with upregulation of fibrosis markers collagen 1 and fibronectin, responses that were inhibited by administration of the TGF-β receptor 1 inhibitors SB431542 or GW788388. After SMG regeneration following a 28 day duct deligation, TGF-β signaling components and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers returned to levels similar to non-ligated controls. The results from this study indicate that increased TGF-β signaling contributes to duct ligation-induced changes in salivary epithelium that correlate with glandular fibrosis. Furthermore, the reversibility of enhanced TGF-β signaling in acinar cells of duct-ligated mouse SMG after deligation indicates that this is an ideal model for studying TGF-β signaling mechanisms in salivary epithelium as well as mechanisms of fibrosis initiation and their resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T. Woods
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jean M. Camden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Farid G. El-Sayed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mahmoud G. Khalafalla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Laurie Erb
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gary A. Weisman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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