1
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Birch-Price Z, Hardy FJ, Lister TM, Kohn AR, Green AP. Noncanonical Amino Acids in Biocatalysis. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 38959423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, powerful genetic code reprogramming methods have emerged that allow new functional components to be embedded into proteins as noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) side chains. In this review, we will illustrate how the availability of an expanded set of amino acid building blocks has opened a wealth of new opportunities in enzymology and biocatalysis research. Genetic code reprogramming has provided new insights into enzyme mechanisms by allowing introduction of new spectroscopic probes and the targeted replacement of individual atoms or functional groups. NcAAs have also been used to develop engineered biocatalysts with improved activity, selectivity, and stability, as well as enzymes with artificial regulatory elements that are responsive to external stimuli. Perhaps most ambitiously, the combination of genetic code reprogramming and laboratory evolution has given rise to new classes of enzymes that use ncAAs as key catalytic elements. With the framework for developing ncAA-containing biocatalysts now firmly established, we are optimistic that genetic code reprogramming will become a progressively more powerful tool in the armory of enzyme designers and engineers in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Birch-Price
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Florence J Hardy
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Thomas M Lister
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Anna R Kohn
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Anthony P Green
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
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2
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Switzer HJ, Howard CA, Halonski JF, Peairs EM, Smith N, Zamecnik MP, Verma S, Young DD. Employing non-canonical amino acids towards the immobilization of a hyperthermophilic enzyme to increase protein stability. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8496-8501. [PMID: 36926306 PMCID: PMC10012417 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00392b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A carboxylesterase derived from Sulfolobus solfataricus P1 was immobilized onto an epoxy-activated Sepharose resin via non-canonical amino acids. The immobilized enzyme exhibited heightened performance in organic solvents, recyclability, and stability at room temperature for over two years. The incorporation of a non-canonical amino acid afforded a high degree of control over the bioorthogonal immobilization reaction. These results indicate that the specificity conferred by genetic code expansion produces advantages in protein immobilization and broadens the utility of such proteins to non-biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emily M Peairs
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary Williamsburg VA USA
| | - Nolan Smith
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary Williamsburg VA USA
| | | | - Sanjana Verma
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary Williamsburg VA USA
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3
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Engineering of enzymes using non-natural amino acids. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231590. [PMID: 35856922 PMCID: PMC9366748 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20220168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In enzyme engineering, the main targets for enhancing properties are enzyme activity, stereoselective specificity, stability, substrate range, and the development of unique functions. With the advent of genetic code extension technology, non-natural amino acids (nnAAs) are able to be incorporated into proteins in a site-specific or residue-specific manner, which breaks the limit of 20 natural amino acids for protein engineering. Benefitting from this approach, numerous enzymes have been engineered with nnAAs for improved properties or extended functionality. In this review, we focus on applications and strategies for using nnAAs in enzyme engineering. Notably, approaches to computational modelling of enzymes with nnAAs are also addressed. Finally, we discuss the bottlenecks that currently need to be addressed in order to realise the broader prospects of this genetic code extension technique.
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4
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Pagar AD, Patil MD, Flood DT, Yoo TH, Dawson PE, Yun H. Recent Advances in Biocatalysis with Chemical Modification and Expanded Amino Acid Alphabet. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6173-6245. [PMID: 33886302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The two main strategies for enzyme engineering, directed evolution and rational design, have found widespread applications in improving the intrinsic activities of proteins. Although numerous advances have been achieved using these ground-breaking methods, the limited chemical diversity of the biopolymers, restricted to the 20 canonical amino acids, hampers creation of novel enzymes that Nature has never made thus far. To address this, much research has been devoted to expanding the protein sequence space via chemical modifications and/or incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs). This review provides a balanced discussion and critical evaluation of the applications, recent advances, and technical breakthroughs in biocatalysis for three approaches: (i) chemical modification of cAAs, (ii) incorporation of ncAAs, and (iii) chemical modification of incorporated ncAAs. Furthermore, the applications of these approaches and the result on the functional properties and mechanistic study of the enzymes are extensively reviewed. We also discuss the design of artificial enzymes and directed evolution strategies for enzymes with ncAAs incorporated. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives for biocatalysis using the expanded amino acid alphabet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D Pagar
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Mahesh D Patil
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dillon T Flood
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tae Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Philip E Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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5
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Drienovská I, Gajdoš M, Kindler A, Takhtehchian M, Darnhofer B, Birner-Gruenberger R, Dörr M, Bornscheuer UT, Kourist R. Folding Assessment of Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids Facilitates Expansion of Functional-Group Diversity for Enzyme Engineering. Chemistry 2020; 26:12338-12342. [PMID: 32347609 PMCID: PMC7590180 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protein design is limited by the diversity of functional groups provided by the canonical protein „building blocks“. Incorporating noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into enzymes enables a dramatic expansion of their catalytic features. For this, quick identification of fully translated and correctly folded variants is decisive. Herein, we report the engineering of the enantioselectivity of an esterase utilizing several ncAAs. Key for the identification of active and soluble protein variants was the use of the split‐GFP method, which is crucial as it allows simple determination of the expression levels of enzyme variants with ncAA incorporations by fluorescence. Several identified variants led to improved enantioselectivity or even inverted enantiopreference in the kinetic resolution of ethyl 3‐phenylbutyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Drienovská
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Matúš Gajdoš
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexia Kindler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Mahsa Takhtehchian
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Darnhofer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Patholoy, Diagnostic and Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstraße 24, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Patholoy, Diagnostic and Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Wien, Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstraße 24, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Mark Dörr
- Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
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6
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Bednar RM, Golbek TW, Kean KM, Brown WJ, Jana S, Baio JE, Karplus PA, Mehl RA. Immobilization of Proteins with Controlled Load and Orientation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:36391-36398. [PMID: 31525993 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials based on immobilized proteins are key elements of many biomedical and industrial technologies. However, applications are limited by an inability to precisely construct materials of high homogeneity and defined content. We present here a general "protein-limited immobilization" strategy by combining the rapid, bioorthogonal, and biocompatible properties of a tetrazine-strained trans-cyclooctene reaction with genetic code expansion to site-specifically place the tetrazine into a protein. For the first time, we use this strategy to immobilize defined amounts of oriented proteins onto beads and flat surfaces in under 5 min at submicromolar concentrations without compromising activity. This approach opens the door to generating and studying diverse protein-based biomaterials that are much more precisely defined and characterized, providing a greater ability to engineer properties across a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley M Bednar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Oregon State University , 2011 Agricultural & Life Sciences Building , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-7305 , United States
| | - Thaddeus W Golbek
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering , Oregon State University , 116 Johnson Hall, 105 SW 26th Street , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-7305 , United States
| | - Kelsey M Kean
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Oregon State University , 2011 Agricultural & Life Sciences Building , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-7305 , United States
| | - Wesley J Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Oregon State University , 2011 Agricultural & Life Sciences Building , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-7305 , United States
| | - Subhashis Jana
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Oregon State University , 2011 Agricultural & Life Sciences Building , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-7305 , United States
| | - Joe E Baio
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering , Oregon State University , 116 Johnson Hall, 105 SW 26th Street , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-7305 , United States
| | - P Andrew Karplus
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Oregon State University , 2011 Agricultural & Life Sciences Building , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-7305 , United States
| | - Ryan A Mehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Oregon State University , 2011 Agricultural & Life Sciences Building , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-7305 , United States
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7
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Won Y, Pagar AD, Patil MD, Dawson PE, Yun H. Recent Advances in Enzyme Engineering through Incorporation of Unnatural Amino Acids. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Kofoed C, Riesenberg S, Šmolíková J, Meldal M, Schoffelen S. Semisynthesis of an Active Enzyme by Quantitative Click Ligation. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1169-1174. [PMID: 30883092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of clickable noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) has proven to an invaluable tool in chemical biology and protein science research. Nevertheless, the number of examples in which the method is used for preparative purposes is extremely limited. We report the synthesis of an active enzyme by quantitative, Cu(I)-catalyzed ligation of two inactive protein halves, expressed and equipped with an azide and alkyne moiety, respectively, through ncAA incorporation. The reported quantitative conversion is exceptional given the large size of the protein fragments and the fact that no linker or excess of either of the polypeptides was used. The triazole bridge formed between the ncAA side chains was shown to effectively mimic a natural protein loop, providing an enzyme with the same activity as its natural counterpart. We envision that this strategy, termed split-click protein chemistry, can be used for the production of proteins that are difficult to express as full-length entities. It also paves the way for the design of new proteins with tailor-made functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kofoed
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Stephan Riesenberg
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jaroslava Šmolíková
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Morten Meldal
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Sanne Schoffelen
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
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9
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Bi X, Yin J, Hemu X, Rao C, Tam JP, Liu CF. Immobilization and Intracellular Delivery of Circular Proteins by Modifying a Genetically Incorporated Unnatural Amino Acid. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2170-2175. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Bi
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | | | - Xinya Hemu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Chang Rao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - James P. Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
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10
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Abstract
Our understanding of the complex molecular processes of living organisms at the molecular level is growing exponentially. This knowledge, together with a powerful arsenal of tools for manipulating the structures of macromolecules, is allowing chemists to to harness and reprogram the cellular machinery in ways previously unimaged. Here we review one example in which the genetic code itself has been expanded with new building blocks that allow us to probe and manipulate the structures and functions of proteins with unprecedented precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D. Young
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary,
P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187 (USA)
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA),
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11
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Pickens CJ, Johnson SN, Pressnall MM, Leon MA, Berkland CJ. Practical Considerations, Challenges, and Limitations of Bioconjugation via Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:686-701. [PMID: 29287474 PMCID: PMC6310217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interrogating biological systems is often limited by access to biological probes. The emergence of "click chemistry" has revolutionized bioconjugate chemistry by providing facile reaction conditions amenable to both biologic molecules and small molecule probes such as fluorophores, toxins, or therapeutics. One particularly popular version is the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AAC) reaction, which has spawned new alternatives such as the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction, among others. This focused review highlights practical approaches to AAC reactions for the synthesis of peptide or protein bioconjugates and contrasts current challenges and limitations in light of recent advances in the field. The conical success of antibody drug conjugates has expanded the toolbox of linkers and payloads to facilitate practical applications of bioconjugation to create novel therapeutics and biologic probes. The AAC reaction in particular is poised to enable a large set of functionalized molecules as a combinatorial approach to high-throughput bioconjugate generation, screening, and honing of lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad J Pickens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - Stephanie N Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - Melissa M Pressnall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - Martin A Leon
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Kansas , , 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 W. 15th , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
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12
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Cha J, Kwon I. Purification-Free, Target-Selective Immobilization of a Protein from Cell Lysates. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700739. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Cha
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Inchan Kwon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
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13
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A Naturally Encoded Dipeptide Handle for Bioorthogonal Chan–Lam Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4015-4019. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Ohata J, Zeng Y, Segatori L, Ball ZT. A Naturally Encoded Dipeptide Handle for Bioorthogonal Chan–Lam Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ohata
- Department of Chemistry Rice University Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Yimeng Zeng
- Department of Chemical Biomolecular Engineering Rice University Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Laura Segatori
- Department of Chemical Biomolecular Engineering Rice University Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Zachary T. Ball
- Department of Chemistry Rice University Houston TX 77005 USA
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15
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Healey RD, Wojciechowski JP, Monserrat-Martinez A, Tan SL, Marquis CP, Sierecki E, Gambin Y, Finch AM, Thordarson P. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of N- and C-Terminal Protein Bioconjugates as G Protein-Coupled Receptor Agonists. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:403-409. [PMID: 29328675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonist protein, thaumatin, was site-specifically conjugated at the N- or C-terminus with a fluorophore for visualization of GPCR:agonist interactions. The N-terminus was specifically conjugated using a synthetic 2-pyridinecarboxyaldehyde reagent. The interaction profiles observed for N- and C-terminal conjugates were varied; N-terminal conjugates interacted very weakly with the GPCR of interest, whereas C-terminal conjugates bound to the receptor. These chemical biology tools allow interactions of therapeutic proteins:GPCR to be monitored and visualized. The methodology used for site-specific bioconjugation represents an advance in application of 2-pyridinecarboxyaldehydes for N-terminal specific bioconjugations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Healey
- School of Chemistry, the Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, §School of Medical Sciences, ‡EMBL Australia Node of Single Molecule Science, and ⊥School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, 2052 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Wojciechowski
- School of Chemistry, the Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, §School of Medical Sciences, ‡EMBL Australia Node of Single Molecule Science, and ⊥School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, 2052 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ana Monserrat-Martinez
- School of Chemistry, the Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, §School of Medical Sciences, ‡EMBL Australia Node of Single Molecule Science, and ⊥School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, 2052 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan L Tan
- School of Chemistry, the Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, §School of Medical Sciences, ‡EMBL Australia Node of Single Molecule Science, and ⊥School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, 2052 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher P Marquis
- School of Chemistry, the Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, §School of Medical Sciences, ‡EMBL Australia Node of Single Molecule Science, and ⊥School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, 2052 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma Sierecki
- School of Chemistry, the Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, §School of Medical Sciences, ‡EMBL Australia Node of Single Molecule Science, and ⊥School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, 2052 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yann Gambin
- School of Chemistry, the Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, §School of Medical Sciences, ‡EMBL Australia Node of Single Molecule Science, and ⊥School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, 2052 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angela M Finch
- School of Chemistry, the Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, §School of Medical Sciences, ‡EMBL Australia Node of Single Molecule Science, and ⊥School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, 2052 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry, the Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, §School of Medical Sciences, ‡EMBL Australia Node of Single Molecule Science, and ⊥School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, 2052 New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Agostini F, Völler J, Koksch B, Acevedo‐Rocha CG, Kubyshkin V, Budisa N. Biocatalysis with Unnatural Amino Acids: Enzymology Meets Xenobiology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9680-9703. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Agostini
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität Berlin Müller-Breslau-Strasse 10 10623 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry—Organic ChemistryFreie Universität Berlin Takustrasse 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jan‐Stefan Völler
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität Berlin Müller-Breslau-Strasse 10 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Beate Koksch
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry—Organic ChemistryFreie Universität Berlin Takustrasse 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Vladimir Kubyshkin
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität Berlin Müller-Breslau-Strasse 10 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Nediljko Budisa
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität Berlin Müller-Breslau-Strasse 10 10623 Berlin Germany
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17
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Biokatalyse mit nicht‐natürlichen Aminosäuren: Enzymologie trifft Xenobiologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Kwon I, Yang B. Bioconjugation and Active Site Design of Enzymes Using Non-natural Amino Acids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Inchan Kwon
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE) and ‡Department of Biomedical Science
and Engineering (BMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungseop Yang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE) and ‡Department of Biomedical Science
and Engineering (BMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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19
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Lim SI, Yang B, Jung Y, Cha J, Cho J, Choi ES, Kim YH, Kwon I. Controlled Orientation of Active Sites in a Nanostructured Multienzyme Complex. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39587. [PMID: 28004799 PMCID: PMC5177890 DOI: 10.1038/srep39587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multistep cascade reactions in nature maximize reaction efficiency by co-assembling related enzymes. Such organization facilitates the processing of intermediates by downstream enzymes. Previously, the studies on multienzyme nanocomplexes assembled on DNA scaffolds demonstrated that closer interenzyme distance enhances the overall reaction efficiency. However, it remains unknown how the active site orientation controlled at nanoscale can have an effect on multienzyme reaction. Here, we show that controlled alignment of active sites promotes the multienzyme reaction efficiency. By genetic incorporation of a non-natural amino acid and two compatible bioorthogonal chemistries, we conjugated mannitol dehydrogenase to formate dehydrogenase with the defined active site arrangement with the residue-level accuracy. The study revealed that the multienzyme complex with the active sites directed towards each other exhibits four-fold higher relative efficiency enhancement in the cascade reaction and produces 60% more D-mannitol than the other complex with active sites directed away from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, VA 22904, United States
| | - Byungseop Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghan Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Cha
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhwan Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sil Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwan Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Inchan Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, VA 22904, United States.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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20
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Maza JC, Nimmo ZM, Young DD. Expanding the scope of alkyne-mediated bioconjugations utilizing unnatural amino acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:88-91. [PMID: 26499242 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08287k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The importance of bioconjugates within the field of chemistry drives the need for novel methodologies for their preparation. Well-defined and stable bioconjugates are easily accessible via the utilization of unnatural amino acids (UAAs). As such, we have synthesized and incorporated two new UAAs into green fluorescent protein, and optimized a novel Cadiot-Chodkiewicz bioconjugation, effectively expanding the toolbox of chemical reactions that can be employed in the preparation of bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan C Maza
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA.
| | - Zachary M Nimmo
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA.
| | - Douglas D Young
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA.
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21
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Yang ST, Lim SI, Kiessling V, Kwon I, Tamm LK. Site-specific fluorescent labeling to visualize membrane translocation of a myristoyl switch protein. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32866. [PMID: 27605302 PMCID: PMC5015116 DOI: 10.1038/srep32866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence approaches have been widely used for elucidating the dynamics of protein-membrane interactions in cells and model systems. However, non-specific multi-site fluorescent labeling often results in a loss of native structure and function, and single cysteine labeling is not feasible when native cysteines are required to support a protein's folding or catalytic activity. Here, we develop a method using genetic incorporation of non-natural amino acids and bio-orthogonal chemistry to site-specifically label with a single fluorescent small molecule or protein the myristoyl-switch protein recoverin, which is involved in rhodopsin-mediated signaling in mammalian visual sensory neurons. We demonstrate reversible Ca(2+)-responsive translocation of labeled recoverin to membranes and show that recoverin favors membranes with negative curvature and high lipid fluidity in complex heterogeneous membranes, which confers spatio-temporal control over down-stream signaling events. The site-specific orthogonal labeling technique is promising for structural, dynamical, and functional studies of many lipid-anchored membrane protein switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Tae Yang
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Volker Kiessling
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Inchan Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Lukas K. Tamm
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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22
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Wong HE, Pack SP, Kwon I. Positional effects of hydrophobic non-natural amino acid mutagenesis into the surface region of murine dihydrofolate reductase on enzyme properties. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Jung S, Kwon I. Expansion of bioorthogonal chemistries towards site-specific polymer–protein conjugation. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistries have been used to achieve polymer-protein conjugation with the retained critical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Secheon Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju 61005
- Republic of Korea
| | - Inchan Kwon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju 61005
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering
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24
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Rösner D, Schneider T, Schneider D, Scheffner M, Marx A. Click chemistry for targeted protein ubiquitylation and ubiquitin chain formation. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:1594-611. [PMID: 26401915 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe a simple protocol for the efficient generation of site-specific ubiquitin-protein conjugates using click chemistry. By using two different methods to expand the genetic code, the two bio-orthogonal functionalities that are necessary for Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), an alkyne and an azide, are co-translationally incorporated into the proteins of interest with unnatural amino acids. Protein ubiquitylation is subsequently carried out with the purified proteins in vitro by CuAAC. In addition, we provide a protocol for the incorporation of two unnatural amino acids into a single ubiquitin, resulting in a 'bifunctional' protein that contains both an alkyne and an azide functionality, thereby enabling assembly of free ubiquitin chains as well as ubiquitin chains conjugated to a target protein. Our procedure enables the synthesis of nonhydrolyzable ubiquitin-protein conjugates within 1 week (given that the relevant cDNAs are at hand), and it yields conjugates in milligram quantities from 1-liter expression cultures. The approach described herein is faster and less laborious than other methods, and it requires only standard molecular biology equipment. Moreover, the protocol can be readily adapted to achieve conjugation at any site of any target protein, which facilitates the generation of custom-tailored ubiquitin-protein conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rösner
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tatjana Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniel Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biology, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Scheffner
- Department of Biology, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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25
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Ravikumar Y, Nadarajan SP, Hyeon Yoo T, Lee CS, Yun H. Incorporating unnatural amino acids to engineer biocatalysts for industrial bioprocess applications. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1862-76. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Effects of Non-Natural Amino Acid Incorporation into the Enzyme Core Region on Enzyme Structure and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22735-53. [PMID: 26402667 PMCID: PMC4613333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Techniques to incorporate non-natural amino acids (NNAAs) have enabled biosynthesis of proteins containing new building blocks with unique structures, chemistry, and reactivity that are not found in natural amino acids. It is crucial to understand how incorporation of NNAAs affects protein function because NNAA incorporation may perturb critical function of a target protein. This study investigates how the site-specific incorporation of NNAAs affects catalytic properties of an enzyme. A NNAA with a hydrophobic and bulky sidechain, 3-(2-naphthyl)-alanine (2Nal), was site-specifically incorporated at six different positions in the hydrophobic core of a model enzyme, murine dihydrofolate reductase (mDHFR). The mDHFR variants with a greater change in van der Waals volume upon 2Nal incorporation exhibited a greater reduction in the catalytic efficiency. Similarly, the steric incompatibility calculated using RosettaDesign, a protein stability calculation program, correlated with the changes in the catalytic efficiency.
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27
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Ta DT, Redeker ES, Billen B, Reekmans G, Sikulu J, Noben JP, Guedens W, Adriaensens P. An efficient protocol towards site-specifically clickable nanobodies in high yield: cytoplasmic expression in Escherichia coli combined with intein-mediated protein ligation. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:351-63. [PMID: 26243885 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, several expression strategies were investigated in order to develop a generic, highly productive and efficient protocol to produce nanobodies modified with a clickable alkyne function at their C-terminus via the intein-mediated protein ligation (IPL) technique. Hereto, the nanobody targeting the vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (NbVCAM1) was used as a workhorse. The highlights of the protocol can be ascribed to a cytoplasmic expression of the nanobody-intein-chitin-binding domain fusion protein in the Escherichia coli SHuffle(®) T7 cells with a C-terminal extension, i.e. LEY, EFLEY or His6 spacer peptide, in the commonly used Luria-Bertani medium. The combination of these factors led to a high yield (up to 22 mg/l of culture) and nearly complete alkynation efficiency of the C-terminally modified nanobody via IPL. This yield can even be improved to ∼45 mg/l in the EnPresso(®) growth system but this method is more expensive and time-consuming. The resulting alkynated nanobodies retained excellent binding capacity towards the recombinant human VCAM1. The presented protocol benefits from time- and cost-effectiveness, which allows a feasible production up-scaling of generic alkynated nanobodies. The production of high quantities of site-specifically modified nanobodies paves the way to new biosurface applications that demand for a homogeneously oriented nanobody coupling. Prospectively, the alkynated nanobodies can be covalently coupled to a multitude of azide-containing counterparts, e.g. contrast labeling agents, particles or surfaces for numerous innovative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Tien Ta
- Biomolecule Design Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan-Building D, Diepenbeek BE-3590, Belgium Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Can Tho University of Technology, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Erik Steen Redeker
- Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Brecht Billen
- Biomolecule Design Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan-Building D, Diepenbeek BE-3590, Belgium
| | - Gunter Reekmans
- Applied and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan-Building D, Diepenbeek BE-3590, Belgium
| | - Josephine Sikulu
- Biomolecule Design Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan-Building D, Diepenbeek BE-3590, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Noben
- Biomedical Research Institute (Biomed) and School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Hasselt University, Agoralaan-Building C, Diepenbeek BE-3590, Belgium
| | - Wanda Guedens
- Biomolecule Design Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan-Building D, Diepenbeek BE-3590, Belgium
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Biomolecule Design Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan-Building D, Diepenbeek BE-3590, Belgium Applied and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan-Building D, Diepenbeek BE-3590, Belgium
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28
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Lim SI, Hahn YS, Kwon I. Site-specific albumination of a therapeutic protein with multi-subunit to prolong activity in vivo. J Control Release 2015; 207:93-100. [PMID: 25862515 PMCID: PMC4430413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Albumin fusion/conjugation (albumination) has been an effective method to prolong in vivo half-life of therapeutic proteins. However, its broader application to proteins with complex folding pathway or multi-subunit is restricted by incorrect folding, poor expression, heterogeneity, and loss of native activity of the proteins linked to albumin. We hypothesized that the site-specific conjugation of albumin to a permissive site of a target protein will expand the utilities of albumin as a therapeutic activity extender to proteins with a complex structure. We show here the genetic incorporation of a non-natural amino acid (NNAA) followed by chemoselective albumin conjugation to prolong therapeutic activity in vivo. Urate oxidase (Uox), a therapeutic enzyme for treatment of hyperuricemia, is a homotetramer with multiple surface lysines, limiting conventional approaches for albumination. Incorporation of p-azido-l-phenylalanine into two predetermined positions of Uox allowed site-specific linkage of dibenzocyclooctyne-derivatized human serum albumin (HSA) through strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). The bio-orthogonality of SPAAC resulted in the production of a chemically well-defined conjugate, Uox-HSA, with a retained enzymatic activity. Uox-HSA had a half-life of 8.8 h in mice, while wild-type Uox had a half-life of 1.3 h. The AUC increased 5.5-fold (1657 vs. 303 mU/mL x h). These results clearly demonstrated that site-specific albumination led to the prolonged enzymatic activity of Uox in vivo. Site-specific albumination enabled by NNAA incorporation and orthogonal chemistry demonstrates its promise for the development of long-acting protein therapeutics with high potency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, VA 22904, United States
| | - Young S Hahn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, VA 22908, United States
| | - Inchan Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, VA 22904, United States; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Lim SI, Kwon I. Bioconjugation of therapeutic proteins and enzymes using the expanded set of genetically encoded amino acids. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:803-15. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1048504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA and
| | - Inchan Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA and
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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30
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Lim SI, Yoon S, Kim YH, Kwon I. Site-specific bioconjugation of an organometallic electron mediator to an enzyme with retained photocatalytic cofactor regenerating capacity and enzymatic activity. Molecules 2015; 20:5975-86. [PMID: 25853315 PMCID: PMC6272604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20045975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis consists of a series of reactions catalyzed by redox enzymes to synthesize carbohydrates using solar energy. In order to take the advantage of solar energy, many researchers have investigated artificial photosynthesis systems mimicking the natural photosynthetic enzymatic redox reactions. These redox reactions usually require cofactors, which due to their high cost become a key issue when constructing an artificial photosynthesis system. Combining a photosensitizer and an Rh-based electron mediator (RhM) has been shown to photocatalytically regenerate cofactors. However, maintaining the high concentration of cofactors available for efficient enzymatic reactions requires a high concentration of the expensive RhM; making this process cost prohibitive. We hypothesized that conjugation of an electron mediator to a redox enzyme will reduce the amount of electron mediators necessary for efficient enzymatic reactions. This is due to photocatalytically regenerated NAD(P)H being readily available to a redox enzyme, when the local NAD(P)H concentration near the enzyme becomes higher. However, conventional random conjugation of RhM to a redox enzyme will likely lead to a substantial loss of cofactor regenerating capacity and enzymatic activity. In order to avoid this issue, we investigated whether bioconjugation of RhM to a permissive site of a redox enzyme retains cofactor regenerating capacity and enzymatic activity. As a model system, a RhM was conjugated to a redox enzyme, formate dehydrogenase obtained from Thiobacillus sp. KNK65MA (TsFDH). A RhM-containing azide group was site-specifically conjugated to p-azidophenylalanine introduced to a permissive site of TsFDH via a bioorthogonal strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition and an appropriate linker. The TsFDH-RhM conjugate exhibited retained cofactor regenerating capacity and enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Sungho Yoon
- Department of Bio & Nano Chemistry, Kookmin University, 861-1 Jeoungnung-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea.
| | - Yong Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Korea.
| | - Inchan Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Korea.
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31
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Enhanced Enzyme Stability Through Site-Directed Covalent Immobilization. J Biotechnol 2015; 193:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Lim SI, Cho J, Kwon I. Double clicking for site-specific coupling of multiple enzymes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:13607-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04611d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel strategy to site-specifically couple multiple enzymes using two compatible click chemistries and site-specific incorporation of a clickable non-natural amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Virginia
- Charlottesville
- USA
| | - Jinhwan Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju
- Republic of Korea
| | - Inchan Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Virginia
- Charlottesville
- USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
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