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Leo S, Narasimhan M, Rathinam S, Banerjee A. Biomarkers in diagnosing and therapeutic monitoring of tuberculosis: a review. Ann Med 2024; 56:2386030. [PMID: 39097795 PMCID: PMC11299445 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2386030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to pose a significant health challenge worldwide, emphasizing the importance of prompt diagnosis and efficient monitoring of treatment outcomes for effective disease control. Biomarkers have become increasingly important in the realm of TB diagnoses and treatment. The objective of this comprehensive review is to examine the present state of biomarkers employed in the diagnosis of TB, monitoring the response to treatment, and predicting treatment outcomes. In this study, we undertake a comprehensive examination of the diverse biomarkers utilized in TB diagnoses, spanning molecular, immunological, and other novel methodologies. Furthermore, we examine the potential of biomarkers in the context of therapeutic monitoring, assessment of treatment effectiveness, and anticipation of drug resistance. Additionally, this paper presents future prospects regarding the utilization of biomarkers in the therapy of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Leo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Meenakshi Narasimhan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sridhar Rathinam
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Miles JR, Lu P, Bai S, Aguillón-Durán GP, Rodríguez-Herrera JE, Gunn BM, Restrepo BI, Lu LL. Antigen specificity shapes antibody functions in tuberculosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.03.597169. [PMID: 38895452 PMCID: PMC11185737 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.03.597169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the number one infectious disease cause of death worldwide due to an incomplete understanding of immunity. Emerging data highlight antibody functions mediated by the Fc domain as immune correlates. However, the mechanisms by which antibody functions impact the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are unclear. Here, we examine how antigen specificity determined by the Fab domain shapes Fc effector functions against Mtb. Using the critical structural and secreted virulence proteins Mtb cell wall and ESAT-6 & CFP-10, we observe that antigen specificity alters subclass, antibody post-translational glycosylation, and Fc effector functions in TB patients. Moreover, Mtb cell wall IgG3 enhances disease through opsonophagocytosis of extracellular Mtb . In contrast, polyclonal and a human monoclonal IgG1 we generated targeting ESAT-6 & CFP-10 inhibit intracellular Mtb . These data show that antibodies have multiple roles in TB and antigen specificity is a critical determinant of the protective and pathogenic capacity.
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3
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Bernardini R, Tengattini S, Li Z, Piubelli L, Bavaro T, Modolea AB, Mattei M, Conti P, Marini S, Zhang Y, Pollegioni L, Temporini C, Terreni M. Effect of glycosylation on the affinity of the MTB protein Ag85B for specific antibodies: towards the design of a dual-acting vaccine against tuberculosis. Biol Direct 2024; 19:11. [PMID: 38268026 PMCID: PMC10809592 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-024-00454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To create a dual-acting vaccine that can fight against tuberculosis, we combined antigenic arabino-mannan analogues with the Ag85B protein. To start the process, we studied the impact of modifying different parts of the Ag85B protein on its ability to be recognized by antibodies. RESULTS Through our research, we discovered that three modified versions of the protein, rAg85B-K30R, rAg85B-K282R, and rAg85B-K30R/K282R, retained their antibody reactivity in healthy individuals and those with tuberculosis. To further test the specificity of the sugar AraMan for AraMan antibodies, we used Human Serum Albumin glycosylated with AraMan-IME and Ara3Man-IME. Our findings showed that this specific sugar was fully and specifically modified. Bio-panning experiments revealed that patients with active tuberculosis exhibited a higher antibody response to Ara3Man, a sugar found in lipoarabinomannan (LAM), which is a major component of the mycobacterial cell wall. Bio-panning with anti-LAM plates could eliminate this increased response, suggesting that the enhanced Ara3Man response was primarily driven by antibodies targeting LAM. These findings highlight the importance of Ara3Man as an immunodominant epitope in LAM and support its role in eliciting protective immunity against tuberculosis. Further studies evaluated the effects of glycosylation on the antibody affinity of recombinant Ag85B and its variants. The results indicated that rAg85B-K30R/K282R, when conjugated with Ara3Man-IME, demonstrated enhanced antibody recognition compared to unconjugated or non-glycosylated versions. CONCLUSIONS Coupling Ara3Man to rAg85B-K30R/K282R could lead to the development of effective dual-acting vaccines against tuberculosis, stimulating protective antibodies against both AraMan and Ag85B, two key tuberculosis antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bernardini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Center for Comparative Medicine, Alternative Techniques and Aquaculture (CIMETA), University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy.
| | - Sara Tengattini
- Drug Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Zhihao Li
- Parisian Institute of Molecular Chemistry, Sorbonne University, UMR CNRS 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Luciano Piubelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant, 3, Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Drug Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Anamaria Bianca Modolea
- Interdepartmental Center for Comparative Medicine, Alternative Techniques and Aquaculture (CIMETA), University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mattei
- Interdepartmental Center for Comparative Medicine, Alternative Techniques and Aquaculture (CIMETA), University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Marini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Parisian Institute of Molecular Chemistry, Sorbonne University, UMR CNRS 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant, 3, Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Caterina Temporini
- Drug Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Marco Terreni
- Drug Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, 27100, Italy
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4
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Nakayama H, Hanafusa K, Yamaji T, Oshima E, Hotta T, Takamori K, Ogawa H, Iwabuchi K. Phylactic role of anti-lipoarabinomannan IgM directed against mannan core during mycobacterial infection in macrophages. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 143:102391. [PMID: 37574397 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteria enter host phagocytes, such as macrophages by binding to several receptors on phagocytes. Several mycobacterial species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis have evolved systems to evade host bactericidal pathways. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is an essential mycobacterial molecule for both binding to phagocytes and escaping from bactericidal pathways. Integrin CD11b plays critical roles as a phagocytic receptor and contributes to host defense by mediating both nonopsonic and opsonic phagocytosis. However, the mechanisms by which CD11b-mediated phagocytosis associates with LAM and drives the phagocytic process of mycobacteria remain to be fully elucidated. We recently identified TMDU3 as anti-LAM IgM antibody against the mannan core of LAM. The present study investigated the roles of CD11b and TMDU3 in macrophage phagocytosis of mycobacteria and subsequent bactericidal lysosomal fusion to phagosomes. CD11b knockout cells generated by a CRISPR/Cas9 system showed significant attenuation of the ability to phagocytose non-opsonized mycobacteria and LAM-conjugated beads. Moreover, recombinant human CD11b protein was found to bind to LAM. TMDU3 markedly inhibited macrophage phagocytosis of non-opsonized mycobacteria. This antibody slightly increased the phagocytosis of mycobacteria under opsonized conditions, whereas it significantly enhanced CD11b-mediated bactericidal functions. Taken together, these results show a novel phylactic role of anti-LAM IgM during mycobacterial infection in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Nakayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Infection Control Nursing, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Kei Hanafusa
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamaji
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Oshima
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomomi Hotta
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Iwabuchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Infection Control Nursing, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
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5
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Nogueira BMF, Krishnan S, Barreto‐Duarte B, Araújo‐Pereira M, Queiroz ATL, Ellner JJ, Salgame P, Scriba TJ, Sterling TR, Gupta A, Andrade BB. Diagnostic biomarkers for active tuberculosis: progress and challenges. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14088. [PMID: 36314872 PMCID: PMC9728055 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality from a single infectious agent, despite being preventable and curable. Early and accurate diagnosis of active TB is critical to both enhance patient care, improve patient outcomes, and break Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) transmission cycles. In 2020 an estimated 9.9 million people fell ill from Mtb, but only a little over half (5.8 million) received an active TB diagnosis and treatment. The World Health Organization has proposed target product profiles for biomarker- or biosignature-based diagnostics using point-of-care tests from easily accessible specimens such as urine or blood. Here we review and summarize progress made in the development of pathogen- and host-based biomarkers for active TB diagnosis. We describe several unique patient populations that have posed challenges to development of a universal diagnostic TB biomarker, such as people living with HIV, extrapulmonary TB, and children. We also review additional limitations to widespread validation and utilization of published biomarkers. We conclude with proposed solutions to enhance TB diagnostic biomarker validation and uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betânia M F Nogueira
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade Federal da BahiaSalvadorBrazil,Instituto Couto MaiaSalvadorBrazil,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) InitiativeSalvadorBrazil
| | - Sonya Krishnan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Beatriz Barreto‐Duarte
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) InitiativeSalvadorBrazil,Curso de MedicinaUniversidade Salvador (UNIFACS)SalvadorBrazil,Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Clínica MédicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil,Laboratório de Inflamação e Biomarcadores, Instituto Gonçalo MonizFundação Oswaldo CruzSalvadorBrazil
| | - Mariana Araújo‐Pereira
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) InitiativeSalvadorBrazil,Laboratório de Inflamação e Biomarcadores, Instituto Gonçalo MonizFundação Oswaldo CruzSalvadorBrazil,Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal da BahiaSalvadorBrazil
| | - Artur T L Queiroz
- Instituto Couto MaiaSalvadorBrazil,Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Instituto Gonçalo MonizFundação Oswaldo CruzSalvadorBrazil
| | - Jerrold J Ellner
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Emerging PathogensRutgers‐New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkNJUSA
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Emerging PathogensRutgers‐New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkNJUSA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of PathologyUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Timothy R Sterling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Amita Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) InitiativeSalvadorBrazil,Curso de MedicinaUniversidade Salvador (UNIFACS)SalvadorBrazil,Laboratório de Inflamação e Biomarcadores, Instituto Gonçalo MonizFundação Oswaldo CruzSalvadorBrazil,Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal da BahiaSalvadorBrazil,Curso de MedicinaFaculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências (FTC)SalvadorBrazil,Curso de MedicinaEscola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP)SalvadorBrazil
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6
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Singh K, Kumar R, Umam F, Kapoor P, Sinha S, Aggarwal A. Distinct and shared B cell responses of tuberculosis patients and their household contacts. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276610. [PMID: 36282846 PMCID: PMC9595562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at identifying the B cell responses which could distinguish between 'latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)' and active TB disease. Study subjects were smear-positive TB patients (n = 54) and their disease-free household contacts (HHCs, n = 120). The sera were used for determination of antibody levels (ΔOD values) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis membrane (MtM) antigens by ELISA and for visualisation of seroreactive MtM antigens by immunoblotting. B cell subsets in whole blood samples were determined by flow cytometry. In TB sera, levels of IgG antibodies were significantly higher than IgM and IgA whereas IgM and IgA antibody levels were comparable. Conversely, HHC sera had significantly higher IgM antibody levels than IgG and IgA. The ratio of IgM to IgG antibodies in HHCs were also significantly higher than in patients. Immunoblotting revealed that some of the MtM antigens (<10, ~12 and ~25 kDa) reacted with TB as well as HHC sera whereas some other antigens (~16, ~36, ~45 and ~60 kDa) reacted with most of TB and a subset of HHC sera. Frequencies of classical memory B cells (cMBCs, CD19+CD27+) were significantly higher, and of IgG+ cMBCs were significantly lower in HHCs than in patients. Frequencies of IgA+ cMBCs in HHCs and patients were comparable but both were significantly higher than the corresponding frequencies of IgG+ cMBCs. Frequencies of IgA+ atypical MBCs (aMBCs, CD19+CD27-) in HHCs and patients were also comparable and significantly higher than the IgG+ aMBCs. The plasmablast (CD19+CD27++CD38++) frequencies in HHCs and patients were comparable. These results suggest that the IgM/IgG antibody ratio, antibody binding to selected MtM antigens and relative frequencies of MBC subsets could indicate protective or pathogenic immune responses following the primary infection with Mtb. Responses that orchestrate protection leading to a 'quiescent' LTBI may provide clues to an effective vaccination strategy against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Singh
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Fareha Umam
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Prerna Kapoor
- DOTS Centre, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sudhir Sinha
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
- * E-mail: (AA); (SS)
| | - Amita Aggarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
- * E-mail: (AA); (SS)
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7
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Carpenter SM, Lu LL. Leveraging Antibody, B Cell and Fc Receptor Interactions to Understand Heterogeneous Immune Responses in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830482. [PMID: 35371092 PMCID: PMC8968866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite over a century of research, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), continues to kill 1.5 million people annually. Though less than 10% of infected individuals develop active disease, the specific host immune responses that lead to Mtb transmission and death, as well as those that are protective, are not yet fully defined. Recent immune correlative studies demonstrate that the spectrum of infection and disease is more heterogenous than has been classically defined. Moreover, emerging translational and animal model data attribute a diverse immune repertoire to TB outcomes. Thus, protective and detrimental immune responses to Mtb likely encompass a framework that is broader than T helper type 1 (Th1) immunity. Antibodies, Fc receptor interactions and B cells are underexplored host responses to Mtb. Poised at the interface of initial bacterial host interactions and in granulomatous lesions, antibodies and Fc receptors expressed on macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T and B cells have the potential to influence local and systemic adaptive immune responses. Broadening the paradigm of protective immunity will offer new paths to improve diagnostics and vaccines to reduce the morbidity and mortality of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Carpenter
- Division of Infectious Disease and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Medical Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lenette L. Lu
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, United States
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8
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Nakayama H, Oshima E, Hotta T, Hanafusa K, Nakamura K, Yokoyama N, Ogawa H, Takamori K, Iwabuchi K. Identification of anti-lipoarabinomannan antibodies against mannan core and their effects on phagocytosis of mycobacteria by human neutrophils. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2022; 132:102165. [PMID: 35045376 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and M. avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) enter host phagocytes, such as neutrophils through lipoarabinomannan (LAM) binding to pattern-recognition receptors, inducing innate immune responses including phagocytosis. Phagocytosis of mycobacteria by human neutrophils depends on the binding of α(1 → 2)-monomannose branching α(1 → 6)-mannan core of LAM/lipomannan (LM), a common component among mycobacterial species, to lactosylceramide (LacCer)-enriched lipid microdomains. We investigated the binding specificities of several anti-LAM antibodies (Abs) to LAMs/LM and found anti-LAM monoclonal IgMs TMDU3 and LA066 were directed against mannan core. Each IgM showed different binding specificity to mannan core. Confocal and stimulated emission depletion microscopy revealed TMDU3 and LA066 strongly bind to MTB and MAC, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis revealed human neutrophils do not express Dectin-2, DC-SIGN or mannose receptor. Furthermore, neutrophil phagocytosis of mycobacteria was markedly inhibited by TMDU3 and LA066, respectively. Similarly, treatment of each mAb with neutrophils reduced the numbers of intracellular MAC. Together, our results suggest that the interaction of LacCer-enriched lipid microdomains with mannan core and its blocking are therapeutic or diagnostic targets for both TB and non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Nakayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Infection Control Nursing, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Eriko Oshima
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomomi Hotta
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kei Hanafusa
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kota Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Yokoyama
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Iwabuchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Infection Control Nursing, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.
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9
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Hermann C, King CG. TB or not to be: what specificities and impact do antibodies have during tuberculosis? OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab015. [PMID: 36845566 PMCID: PMC9914581 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. The primary barrier to the development of an effective tuberculosis vaccine is our failure to fully understand the fundamental characteristics of a protective immune response. There is an increasing evidence that mobilization of antibody and B cell responses during natural Mtb infection and vaccination play a role in host protection. Several studies have assessed the levels of Mtb-specific antibodies induced during active disease as well as the potential of monoclonal antibodies to modulate bacterial growth in vitro and in vivo. A major limitation of these studies, however, is that the specific antigens capable of eliciting humoral responses are largely unknown. As a result, information about antibody dynamics and function, which might fundamentally transform our understanding of host Mtb immunity, is missing. Importantly, Mtb infection also induces the recruitment, accumulation and colocalization of B and T cells in the lung, which are positively correlated with protection in humans and animal models of disease. These ectopic lymphoid tissues generally support local germinal center reactions for the proliferation and ongoing selection of effector and memory B cells in the mucosa. Efforts to leverage such responses for human health, however, require a more complete understanding of how antibodies and B cells contribute to the local and systemic host Mtb immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Hermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carolyn G King
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland,Correspondence address. Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland. Tel: +41 61 265 3874; E-mail:
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10
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McGuire MK, Randall AZ, Seppo AE, Järvinen KM, Meehan CL, Gindola D, Williams JE, Sellen DW, Kamau-Mbuthia EW, Kamundia EW, Mbugua S, Moore SE, Prentice AM, Foster JA, Otoo GE, Rodríguez JM, Pareja RG, Bode L, McGuire MA, Campo JJ. Multipathogen Analysis of IgA and IgG Antigen Specificity for Selected Pathogens in Milk Produced by Women From Diverse Geographical Regions: The INSPIRE Study. Front Immunol 2021; 11:614372. [PMID: 33643297 PMCID: PMC7905217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.614372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding provides defense against infectious disease during early life. The mechanisms underlying this protection are complex but likely include the vast array of immune cells and components, such as immunoglobulins, in milk. Simply characterizing the concentrations of these bioactives, however, provides only limited information regarding their potential relationships with disease risk in the recipient infant. Rather, understanding pathogen and antigen specificity profiles of milk-borne immunoglobulins might lead to a more complete understanding of how maternal immunity impacts infant health and wellbeing. Milk produced by women living in 11 geographically dispersed populations was applied to a protein microarray containing antigens from 16 pathogens, including diarrheagenic E. coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other pathogens of global health concern, and specific IgA and IgG binding was measured. Our analysis identified novel disease-specific antigen responses and suggests that some IgA and IgG responses vary substantially within and among populations. Patterns of antibody reactivity analyzed by principal component analysis and differential reactivity analysis were associated with either lower-to-middle-income countries (LMICs) or high-income countries (HICs). Antibody levels were generally higher in LMICs than HICs, particularly for Shigella and diarrheagenic E. coli antigens, although sets of S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, and some M. tuberculosis antigens were more reactive in HICs. Differential responses were typically specific to canonical immunodominant antigens, but a set of nondifferential but highly reactive antibodies were specific to antigens possibly universally recognized by antibodies in human milk. This approach provides a promising means to understand how breastfeeding and human milk protect (or do not protect) infants from environmentally relevant pathogens. Furthermore, this approach might lead to interventions to boost population-specific immunity in at-risk breastfeeding mothers and their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Arlo Z Randall
- Antigen Discovery Incorporated, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Antti E Seppo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Kirsi M Järvinen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Courtney L Meehan
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Debela Gindola
- Department of Anthropology, Hawassa University, Awasa, Ethiopia
| | - Janet E Williams
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Daniel W Sellen
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Samwel Mbugua
- Department of Human Nutrition, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya
| | - Sophie E Moore
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Andrew M Prentice
- MRC Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - James A Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Gloria E Otoo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Juan M Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lars Bode
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Joseph J Campo
- Antigen Discovery Incorporated, Irvine, CA, United States
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11
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Immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis membrane-associated antigens including alpha crystallin can potentially discriminate between latent infection and active tuberculosis disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228359. [PMID: 32004357 PMCID: PMC6994005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in expression of membrane antigens may accompany the transition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) from ‘dormant’ to ‘active’ states. We have determined whether antibody and T cell responses to Mtb membrane (MtM)-associated antigens, especially the latency-induced protein alpha crystallin (Acr), can discriminate between latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active TB (ATB) disease. Study subjects comprised a previously described cohort of healthcare workers (HCWs, n = 43) and smear-positive ATB patients (n = 10). HCWs were further categorized as occupational contacts (OC, n = 30), household contacts of TB (HC, n = 8) and cured TB (CTB, n = 5). Levels (ΔOD) of serum antibody isotypes (IgG, IgA and IgM) were determined by ELISA and blood T cell proliferative responses were determined by flow cytometry using Ki67 protein as marker for DNA synthesis. Antibodies to MtM and Acr were predominantly IgG and their levels in HCWs and ATB did not differ significantly. However, HCWs showed a significantly higher level of anti-MtM IgM and a significantly lower level of anti-Acr IgA antibodies than the ATB patients. Also, a larger proportion of HCWs showed a high (>1) ΔODAcr/ΔODMtM ratio for IgG. HCWs also showed a higher, though not significantly different from ATB, avidity of anti-MtM (IgG) antibodies. A higher proportion of HCWs (35% of OC, 62.5% of HC and 20% of CTB), compared with ATB (10%) showed a positive T cell response to Acr along with significant difference (P <0.05) between HC and ATB. A significant correlation (r = 0.60, P <0.0001) was noted between T cell responses of HCWs towards Acr and MtM (reported earlier by us) and both responses tended to decline with rising exposure to the infection. Even so, positive responses to Acr (38.5%) were significantly lower than to MtM (92%). Neither antibody nor T cell responses to either antigen appeared affected by BCG vaccination or reactivity to tuberculin. Results of the study suggest that the levels of IgM antibodies to MtM, IgA antibodies to Acr and proliferative T cell responses to both the antigens can potentially discriminate between LTBI and active TB disease. They also underscore the necessity of SOPs for antibody assays.
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12
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Zhou KL, Li X, Zhang XL, Pan Q. Mycobacterial mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan: a modulator bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1168-1177. [PMID: 31379262 PMCID: PMC6713153 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1649097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) is a high molecular mass amphipathic lipoglycan identified in pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) and M. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). ManLAM, serves as both an immunogen and a modulator of the host immune system, and its critical role in mycobacterial survival during infection has been well-characterized. ManLAM can be recognized by various types of receptors on both innate and adaptive immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, natural killer T (NKT) cells, T cells and B cells. MamLAM has been shown to affect phagocytosis, cytokine production, antigen presentation, T cell activation and polarization, as well as antibody production. Exploring the mechanisms underlying the roles of ManLAM during mycobacterial infection will aid in improving tuberculosis (TB) prevention, diagnosis and treatment interventions. In this review, we highlight the interaction between ManLAM and receptors, intracellular signalling pathways triggered by ManLAM and its roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Liang Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institue, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,b The eighth hospital of Wuhan , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institue, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lian Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institue, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Pan
- a State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institue, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
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13
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Vasina DV, Kleymenov DA, Manuylov VA, Mazunina EP, Koptev EY, Tukhovskaya EA, Murashev AN, Gintsburg AL, Gushchin VA, Tkachuk AP. First-In-Human Trials of GamTBvac, a Recombinant Subunit Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate: Safety and Immunogenicity Assessment. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040166. [PMID: 31683812 PMCID: PMC6963980 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is known to be the biggest global health problem, causing the most deaths by a single infectious agent. Vaccine-development efforts are extremely important. This paper represents the results of the first-in-human trial of recombinant subunit tuberculosis vaccine GamTBvac in a Phase I study. GamTBvac is a new BCG booster candidate vaccine containing dextran-binding domain modified Ag85a and ESAT6-CFP10 MTB antigens and CpG ODN adjuvant, formulated with dextrans. Safety and immunogenicity of GamTBvac were estimated in an open-label clinical trial on 60 Mycobacterium tuberculosis uninfected (MTB-uninfected) volunteers previously-vaccinated with Bacillus Calmette—Guérin vaccine (BCG). The candidate vaccine had an acceptable safety profile and was well-tolerated. Three different vaccine doses with a double-immunization scheme were assessed for immunogenicity and induced a significant increase in IFN-γ in-house IGRA response and IgG ELISA analysis. Among them, the half dose vaccine group (containing DBD-ESAT6-CFP10, 12.5 μg; DBD-Ag85a, 12.5 μg; CpG (ODN 2216), 75 μg; DEAE-Dextran 500 kDa, 250 μg; and Dextran 500 kDa, 5 mg) provided high, early and stable in time immune response specific to both protein antigen fusions and is proposed for the further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V Vasina
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Denis A Kleymenov
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Victor A Manuylov
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elena P Mazunina
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Egor Yu Koptev
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elena A Tukhovskaya
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Arkady N Murashev
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Alexander L Gintsburg
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
- Infectology Department, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir A Gushchin
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Artem P Tkachuk
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
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14
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Correia-Neves M, Sundling C, Cooper A, Källenius G. Lipoarabinomannan in Active and Passive Protection Against Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1968. [PMID: 31572351 PMCID: PMC6749014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are important immunomodulators in tuberculosis. In particular, lipoarabinomannan (LAM) has a profound effect on the innate immune response. LAM and its structural variants can be recognized by and activate human CD1b-restricted T cells, and emerging evidence indicates that B cells and antibodies against LAM can modulate the immune response to Mtb. Anti-LAM antibodies are induced during Mtb infection and after bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination, and monoclonal antibodies against LAM have been shown to confer protection by passive administration in mice and guinea pigs. In this review, we describe the immune response against LAM and the potential use of the mannose-capped arabinan moiety of LAM in the construction of vaccine candidates against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Cooper
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group (LTBRG), Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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García-Martínez M, Vázquez-Flores L, Álvarez-Jiménez VD, Castañeda-Casimiro J, Ibáñez-Hernández M, Sánchez-Torres LE, Barrios-Payán J, Mata-Espinosa D, Estrada-Parra S, Chacón-Salinas R, Serafín-López J, Wong-Baeza I, Hernández-Pando R, Estrada-García I. Extracellular vesicles released by J774A.1 macrophages reduce the bacterial load in macrophages and in an experimental mouse model of tuberculosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:6707-6719. [PMID: 31692512 PMCID: PMC6708438 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s203507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death by an infectious microorganism worldwide. Conventional treatment lasts at least six months and has adverse effects; therefore, it is important to find therapeutic alternatives that reduce the bacterial load and may reduce the treatment duration. The immune response against tuberculosis can be modulated by several mechanisms, including extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are nano-sized membrane-bound structures that constitute an efficient communication mechanism among immune cells. Methods The EVs released by the J774A.1 mouse macrophage cell line, both spontaneously (S-EV) and after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Mtb-EV), were purified by ultra-centrifugation and size-exclusion chromatography. The size distribution and chemical composition of these EVs were evaluated, and their effect on the bacterial load and the production of cytokines was determined in both in vitro and in vivo models of M. tuberculosis infection. Results Mtb-EV are larger than S-EV, they contain M. tuberculosis-specific antigens (not detected in EVs released from M. fortuitum-infected J774A.1 cells) and are rich in phosphatidylserine, present in their outer membrane layer. S-EV, but not Mtb-EV, reduced the bacterial load and the production of MCP-1 and TNF-α in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages, and these effects were reversed when phosphatidylserine was blocked with annexin V. Both S-EV and Mtb-EV significantly reduced the lung bacterial load in mice infected with M. tuberculosis after 60 days of treatment, but they had no effect on survival or on the lung pneumonic area of these mice. Conclusion J774A.1 macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv released EVs that differed in size and phosphatidylserine content from spontaneously released EVs, and these EVs also had different biological effects: S-EV reduced the mycobacterial load and the cytokine production in vitro (through a phosphatidylserine-dependent mechanism), while both EVs reduced the lung bacterial load in vivo. These results are the basis for further experiments to evaluate whether EVs improve the efficiency of the conventional treatment for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano García-Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Vázquez-Flores
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Violeta D Álvarez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioseguridad Nivel 3, Centro Médico Naval (CEMENAV), Secretaría de Marina Armada de México (Semar), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Castañeda-Casimiro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ibáñez-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luvia Enid Sánchez-Torres
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Barrios-Payán
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jeanet Serafín-López
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isabel Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iris Estrada-García
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Correia-Neves M, Fröberg G, Korshun L, Viegas S, Vaz P, Ramanlal N, Bruchfeld J, Hamasur B, Brennan P, Källenius G. Biomarkers for tuberculosis: the case for lipoarabinomannan. ERJ Open Res 2019; 5:00115-2018. [PMID: 30775376 PMCID: PMC6368998 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00115-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is considered the most onerous of infectious diseases according to recent reports from the World Health Organization. Available tests for TB diagnosis present severe limitations, and a reliable point-of-care (POC) diagnostic test does not exist. Neither is there a test to discern between the different stages of TB, and in particular to predict which patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and no clinical signs are more at risk of advancing to overt disease. We here review the usefulness of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (LAM) as a diagnostic marker for active and latent TB and, also, aspects of the immune response to LAM relevant to such tests. There is a high potential for urinary LAM-based POC tests for the diagnosis of active TB. Some technical challenges to optimised sensitivity of the test will be detailed. A method to quantify LAM in urine or serum should be further explored as a test of treatment effect. Recent data on the immune response to LAM suggest that markers for host response to LAM should be investigated for a prognostic test to recognise individuals at the greatest risk of disease activation. There is a high potential for a urinary LAM-based point-of-care test to diagnose TB. Markers for host response to LAM should be explored to identify those at highest risk of developing active TB.http://ow.ly/FyCs30n4uFE
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabrielle Fröberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dept of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sofia Viegas
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Paula Vaz
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique.,Fundação Ariel Glaser Contra o SIDA Pediátrico, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nehaben Ramanlal
- Fundação Ariel Glaser Contra o SIDA Pediátrico, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Judith Bruchfeld
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dept of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beston Hamasur
- Biopromic AB, Solna, Sweden.,Dept of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Brennan
- Dept of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Webster GR, van Dolleweerd C, Guerra T, Stelter S, Hofmann S, Kim M, Teh AY, Diogo GR, Copland A, Paul MJ, Hart P, Reljic R, Ma JK. A polymeric immunoglobulin-antigen fusion protein strategy for enhancing vaccine immunogenicity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1983-1996. [PMID: 29682888 PMCID: PMC6230950 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a strategy based on polymeric immunoglobulin G scaffolds (PIGS) was used to produce a vaccine candidate for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A genetic fusion construct comprising genes encoding the mycobacterial Ag85B antigen, an immunoglobulin γ-chain fragment and the tailpiece from immunoglobulin μ chain was engineered. Expression was attempted in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and in Nicotiana benthamiana. The recombinant protein assembled into polymeric structures (TB-PIGS) in N. benthamiana, similar in size to polymeric IgM. These complexes were subsequently shown to bind to the complement protein C1q and FcγRs with increased affinity. Modification of the N-glycans linked to TB-PIGS by removal of xylose and fucose residues that are normally found in plant glycosylated proteins also resulted in increased affinity for low-affinity FcγRs. Immunization studies in mice indicated that TB-PIGS are highly immunogenic with and without adjuvant. However, they did not improve protective efficacy in mice against challenge with M. tuberculosis compared to conventional vaccination with BCG, suggesting that additional or alternative antigens may be needed to protect against this disease. Nevertheless, these results establish a novel platform for producing polymeric antigen-IgG γ-chain molecules with inherent functional characteristics that are desirable in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina R. Webster
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Thais Guerra
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Szymon Stelter
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Sven Hofmann
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Mi‐Young Kim
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Audrey Y‐H. Teh
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Gil Reynolds Diogo
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Alastair Copland
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Mathew J. Paul
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Peter Hart
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Julian K‐C. Ma
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
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18
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Kimuda SG, Biraro IA, Bagaya BS, Raynes JG, Cose S. Characterising antibody avidity in individuals of varied Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection status using surface plasmon resonance. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205102. [PMID: 30312318 PMCID: PMC6185725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence supporting a role for antibodies in protection against tuberculosis (TB), with functional antibodies being described in the latent state of TB infection. Antibody avidity is an important determinant of antibody-mediated protection. This study characterised the avidity of antibodies against Ag85A, an immunodominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) antigen and constituent of several anti-TB vaccine candidates, in individuals of varied M.tb infection status. Avidity of Ag85A specific antibodies was measured in 30 uninfected controls, 34 individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI) and 75 active pulmonary TB (APTB) cases, employing the more commonly used chaotrope-based dissociation assays, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Chaotrope-based assays indicated that APTB was associated with a higher antibody avidity index compared to uninfected controls [adjusted geometric mean ratio (GMR): 1.641, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.153, 2.337, p = 0.006, q = 0.018] and to individuals with LTBI [adjusted GMR: 1.604, 95% CI: 1.282, 2.006, p < 0.001, q <0.001]. SPR assays showed that APTB was associated with slower dissociation rates, an indication of higher avidity, compared to uninfected controls (adjusted GMR: 0.796, 95% CI: 0.681, 0.932, p = 0.004, q = 0.012) and there was also weak evidence of more avid antibodies in the LTBI compared to the uninfected controls (adjusted GMR: 0.871, 95% CI: 0.763, 0.994, p = 0.041, q = 0.123). We found no statistically significant differences in anti-Ag85A antibody avidity between the APTB and LTBI groups. This study shows that antibodies of increased avidity are generated against a principle vaccine antigen in M.tb infected individuals. It would be important to determine whether TB vaccines are able to elicit a similar response. Additionally, more research is needed to determine whether antibody avidity is important in protection against infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G. Kimuda
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/ Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Irene Andia Biraro
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/ Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard S. Bagaya
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John G. Raynes
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Cose
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/ Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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19
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O'Shea MK, Tanner R, Müller J, Harris SA, Wright D, Stockdale L, Stylianou E, Satti I, Smith SG, Dunbar J, Fletcher TE, Dedicoat M, Cunningham AF, McShane H. Immunological correlates of mycobacterial growth inhibition describe a spectrum of tuberculosis infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14480. [PMID: 30262883 PMCID: PMC6160428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A major contribution to the burden of Tuberculosis (TB) comes from latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections (LTBI) becoming clinically active. TB and LTBI probably exist as a spectrum and currently there are no correlates available to identify individuals with LTBI most at risk of developing active disease. We set out to identify immune parameters associated with ex vivo mycobacterial growth control among individuals with active TB disease or LTBI to define the spectrum of TB infection. We used a whole blood mycobacterial growth inhibition assay to generate a functional profile of growth control among individuals with TB, LTBI or uninfected controls. We subsequently used a multi-platform approach to identify an immune signature associated with this profile. We show, for the first time, that patients with active disease had the greatest control of mycobacterial growth, whilst there was a continuum of responses among latently infected patients, likely related to the degree of immune activation in response to bacillary load. Control correlated with multiple factors including inflammatory monocytes, activated and atypical memory B cells, IgG1 responses to TB-specific antigens and serum cytokines/chemokines. Our findings offer a method to stratify subclinical TB infections and the future potential to identify individuals most at risk of progressing to active disease and benefit from chemoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K O'Shea
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Rachel Tanner
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julius Müller
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie A Harris
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Danny Wright
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Stockdale
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Elena Stylianou
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iman Satti
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven G Smith
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - James Dunbar
- The Friarage Hospital, Northallerton, Yorkshire, UK
| | | | | | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Longitudinal Evaluation of Humoral Immunity and Bacterial and Clinical Parameters Reveals That Antigen-Specific Antibodies Suppress Inflammatory Responses in Active Tuberculosis Patients. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:4928757. [PMID: 30069487 PMCID: PMC6057312 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4928757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel tuberculosis vaccine to replace BCG has long been desired. However, recent vaccine trials focused on cell-mediated immunity have failed to produce promising results. It is worth noting that most commercially available successful vaccines rely on humoral immunity. To establish a basic understanding of humoral immunity against tuberculosis, we analyzed and evaluated longitudinal levels and avidity of immunoglobulin to various tuberculosis antigens compared with bacterial and clinical parameters during treatment. We found that levels of IgG antibodies against HrpA and HBHA prior to treatment exhibited a positive correlation with bacterial burden. Analysis of changes in CRP during treatment revealed an association with high levels of specific IgG and IgA antibodies against mycobacterial antigens. Levels of CRP prior to treatment were negatively associated with IgG avidity to CFP-10 and MDP1 and IgA avidity to HrpA, while IgA avidity to MDP1 and Acr exhibited a negative correlation with CRP levels after 60 days of treatment. These results may provide insight for the development of a novel tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidate to induce protective humoral immunity against tuberculosis.
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Turner J, Torrelles JB. Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4953419. [PMID: 29722821 PMCID: PMC5930247 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM), present in all members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and in other pathogenic Mycobacterium spp, is a high molecular mass amphipathic lipoglycan with a defined critical role in mycobacterial survival during infection. In particular, ManLAM is well-characterized for its importance in providing M. tuberculosis a safe portal of entry to phagocytes, regulating the intracellular trafficking network, as well as immune responses of infected host cells. These ManLAM immunological characteristics are thought to be linked to the subtle but unique and well-defined structural characteristics of this molecule, including but not limited to the degree of acylation, the length of the D-mannan and D-arabinan cores, the length of the mannose caps, as well as the presence of other acidic constituents such as succinates, lactates and/or malates, and also the presence of 5-methylthioxylosyl. The impact of all these structural features on ManLAM spatial conformation and biological functions during M. tuberculosis infection is still uncertain. In this review, we dissect the relationship between ManLAM structure and biological function addressing how this relationship determines M. tuberculosis interactions with host cells, and how it aids this exceptional pathogen during the course of infection.
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MESH Headings
- Acylation
- Carbohydrate Sequence
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/chemistry
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Mannose/chemistry
- Mannose/immunology
- Mannose Receptor
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/immunology
- Microbial Viability
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/chemistry
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/genetics
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/immunology
- Phagocytes/immunology
- Phagocytes/microbiology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Complement/genetics
- Receptors, Complement/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptors/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptors/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Turner
- Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-5301, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-5301, USA
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22
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Hamidon NH, Suraiya S, Sarmiento ME, Acosta A, Norazmi MN, Lim TS. Immune TB Antibody Phage Display Library as a Tool To Study B Cell Immunity in TB Infections. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:852-868. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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23
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Patin EC, Orr SJ, Schaible UE. Macrophage Inducible C-Type Lectin As a Multifunctional Player in Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:861. [PMID: 28791019 PMCID: PMC5525440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) is an innate immune receptor on myeloid cells sensing diverse entities including pathogens and damaged cells. Mincle was first described as a receptor for the mycobacterial cell wall glycolipid, trehalose-6,6′-dimycolate, or cord factor, and the mammalian necrotic cell-derived alarmin histone deacetylase complex unit Sin3-associated protein 130. Upon engagement by its ligands, Mincle induces secretion of innate cytokines and other immune mediators modulating inflammation and immunity. Since its discovery more than 25 years ago, the understanding of Mincle’s immune function has made significant advances in recent years. In addition to mediating immune responses to infectious agents, Mincle has been linked to promote tumor progression, autoimmunity, and sterile inflammation; however, further studies are required to completely unravel the complex role of Mincle in these distinct host responses. In this review, we discuss recent findings on Mincle’s biology with an emphasis on its diverse functions in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C Patin
- Priority Area Infections, Department Cellular Microbiology, Forschungszentrum Borstel, and German Center for Infection Research, TTU-TB, Borstel, Germany.,Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Selinda Jane Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- Priority Area Infections, Department Cellular Microbiology, Forschungszentrum Borstel, and German Center for Infection Research, TTU-TB, Borstel, Germany
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24
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Abstract
Immunology is a central theme when it comes to tuberculosis (TB). The outcome of human infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the ability of the immune response to clear or contain the infection. In cases where this fails, the bacterium replicates, disseminates within the host, and elicits a pathologic inflammatory response, and disease ensues. Clinical presentation of TB disease is remarkably heterogeneous, and the disease phenotype is largely dependent on host immune status. Onward transmission of M. tuberculosis to new susceptible hosts is thought to depend on an excessive inflammatory response causing a breakdown of the lung matrix and formation of lung cavities. But this varies in cases of underlying immunological dysfunction: for example, HIV-1 infection is associated with less cavitation, while diabetes mellitus comorbidity is associated with increased cavitation and risk of transmission. In compliance with the central theme of immunology in tuberculosis, we rely on detection of an adaptive immune response, in the form of interferon-gamma release assays or tuberculin skin tests, to diagnose infection with M. tuberculosis. Here we review the immunology of TB in the human host, focusing on cellular and humoral adaptive immunity as well as key features of innate immune responses and the underlying immunological dysfunction which associates with human TB risk factors. Our review is restricted to human immunology, and we highlight distinctions from the immunological dogma originating from animal models of TB, which pervade the field.
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25
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Zhao J, Matsuba T, Zhang X, Leano S, Nakajima C, Chagan-Yasutan H, Telan EF, Suzuki Y, Hattori T. Comparison of antibody responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen Rv0679c in tuberculosis patients from the endemic and non-endemic regions of the Beijing genotype: a case control study. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:344. [PMID: 28506215 PMCID: PMC5433171 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strains of the Beijing genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) are reportedly associated with the virulence of tuberculosis (TB) infection, unfavorable outcomes of anti-TB treatment, and the global TB pandemic. Rv0679c, a hypothetical membrane protein related to host cell invasion, has a Beijing genotype-specific mutation at residue 142 (Asn142Lys). Antigenicity differences between Rv0679c-Asn142 (N-type) and Rv0679c-Lys142 (K-type) have been previously observed in mice antigen-antibody responses. However, the immune response to Rv0679c in humans remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the anti-Rv0679c immune response in TB patients from the endemic and non-endemic regions of the Beijing MTB genotype. Methods We analyzed the Rv0679c-specific antibody responses in 84 subjects from the endemic region of the Beijing genotype MTB in China, including 45 pulmonary TB patients (C-PTB) and 39 healthy controls (C-HC), and 81 subjects from the Philippines (the endemic region of the non-Beijing genotype), including 51 pulmonary TB patients (P-PTB) and 30 healthy controls (P-HC). Anti-tuberculous-glycolipid (TBGL) antigen was used as the control antibody. Results TBGL IgG titers were higher in both C-PTB and P-PTB than those in their corresponding HC (C-PTB median 4.2, P-PTB median 11.2; C-PTB vs. P-PTB, p > 0.05), suggesting immune response comparability in PTB from two different countries. C-PTB showed a higher response compared to C-HC for anti-K-type IgG (53.3%) than anti-N-type IgG (6.67%); this response was not observed in P-PTB (both N-type and K-type 9.80%). Conclusion Dimorphic antigen Rv0679c was found to be associated with distinct immune response patterns, indicating the role of Beijing/non-Beijing genotype of MTB in stimulating specific responses in TB patients from the endemic region of Beijing MTB. Meanwhile, reactions to Rv0679c in patients and HC from non-endemic regions of the Beijing MTB may be caused by the response to the common epitope of Rv0679c N/K-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingge Zhao
- Laboratory of Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuba
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan Univeristy, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Susan Leano
- STD AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory, San Lazaro Hospital, Quiricada Street, 1003, Manila, Philippines
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.,The Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Haorile Chagan-Yasutan
- Laboratory of Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Elizabeth Freda Telan
- STD AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory, San Lazaro Hospital, Quiricada Street, 1003, Manila, Philippines
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.,The Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Graduate School of Health Science Studies, Kibi International University, 8 Igamachi, Takahashi, 716-8508, Japan.
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26
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Latently and uninfected healthcare workers exposed to TB make protective antibodies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5023-5028. [PMID: 28438994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611776114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Igs in natural protection against infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB, is controversial. Although passive immunization with mAbs generated against mycobacterial antigens has shown protective efficacy in murine models of infection, studies in B cell-depleted animals only showed modest phenotypes. We do not know if humans make protective antibody responses. Here, we investigated whether healthcare workers in a Beijing TB hospital-who, although exposed to suprainfectious doses of pathogenic Mtb, remain healthy-make antibody responses that are effective in protecting against infection by Mtb. We tested antibodies isolated from 48 healthcare workers and compared these with 12 patients with active TB. We found that antibodies from 7 of 48 healthcare workers but none from active TB patients showed moderate protection against Mtb in an aerosol mouse challenge model. Intriguingly, three of seven healthcare workers who made protective antibody responses had no evidence of prior TB infection by IFN-γ release assay. There was also good correlation between protection observed in vivo and neutralization of Mtb in an in vitro human whole-blood assay. Antibodies mediating protection were directed against the surface of Mtb and depended on both immune complexes and CD4+ T cells for efficacy. Our results indicate that certain individuals make protective antibodies against Mtb and challenge paradigms about the nature of an effective immune response to TB.
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27
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Patin EC, Geffken AC, Willcocks S, Leschczyk C, Haas A, Nimmerjahn F, Lang R, Ward TH, Schaible UE. Trehalose dimycolate interferes with FcγR-mediated phagosome maturation through Mincle, SHP-1 and FcγRIIB signalling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174973. [PMID: 28384255 PMCID: PMC5383150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), contains an abundant cell wall glycolipid and a crucial virulence factor, trehalose-6,6’-dimycolate (TDM). TDM causes delay of phagosome maturation and thus promotes survival of mycobacteria inside host macrophages by a not fully understood mechanism. TDM signals through the Monocyte-INducible C-type LEctin (Mincle), a recently identified pattern recognition receptor. Here we show that recruitment of Mincle by TDM coupled to immunoglobulin (Ig)G-opsonised beads during Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated phagocytosis interferes with phagosome maturation. In addition, modulation of phagosome maturation by TDM requires SH2-domain-containing inositol polyphosphate 5’ phosphatase (SHP-1) and the FcγRIIB, which strongly suggests inhibitory downstream signalling of Mincle during phagosome formation. Overall, our study reveals important mechanisms contributing to the virulence of TDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C Patin
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Anna C Geffken
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Sam Willcocks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Leschczyk
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Albert Haas
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erwin- Germany
| | - Roland Lang
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theresa H Ward
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Borstel, Germany
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28
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Difference in Antibody Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens in Japanese Tuberculosis Patients Infected with the Beijing/Non-Beijing Genotype. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:4797856. [PMID: 28182078 PMCID: PMC5274661 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4797856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Beijing genotype Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), notorious for its virulence and predisposition to relapse, could be identified by spoligotyping based on genetic heterogeneity. The plasma samples from 20 cases of Beijing and 16 cases of non-Beijing MTB infected individuals and 24 healthy controls (HCs) were collected, and antibodies against 11 antigens (Rv0679c142Asn, Rv0679c142Lys, Ag85B, Ag85A, ARC, TDM-M, TDM-K, HBHA, MDP-1, LAM, and TBGL) were measured by ELISA. Compared to the HCs, the MTB infected subjects showed higher titers of anti-Ag85B IgG (positivity 58.2%) and anti-ACR IgG (positivity 48.2%). Of note, anti-ACR IgG showed higher titer in Beijing MTB infected tuberculosis (TB) patients than in HC (Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.05), while the levels of anti-Ag85B, anti-TBGL, anti-TDM-K, and anti-TDM-M IgG were higher in non-Beijing TB patients than in HC. Moreover, anti-Ag85B IgG showed higher response in non-Beijing TB patients than in Beijing TB patients (p < 0.05; sensitivity, 76.9% versus 44.4%). The sensitivity and specificity analysis showed that 78.8% Beijing infected individuals were negative in anti-TBGL-IgG or/and anti-Ag85B-IgG, while 75.0% of those were positive in anti-TBGL-IgA or/and anti-ACR-IgG tests. These results indicate the possibility of developing antibody-based test to identify Beijing MTB.
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29
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Fletcher HA, Schrager L. TB vaccine development and the End TB Strategy: importance and current status. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2017; 110:212-8. [PMID: 27076508 PMCID: PMC4830404 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trw016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
TB is now the leading, global cause of death due to a single infectious microbe. To achieve the End TB vision of reducing TB by 90% by 2035 we will need new interventions. The objectives of this manuscript are to summarize the status of the clinical TB vaccine pipeline; to assess the challenges facing the TB development field; and to discuss some of the key strategies being embraced by the field to overcome these challenges. Currently, 8 of the 13 vaccines in clinical development are subunit vaccines; 6 of these contain or express either Ag85A or Ag85B proteins. A major challenge to TB vaccine development is the lack of diversity in both the antigens included in TB vaccines, and the immune responses elicited by TB vaccine candidates. Both will need to be expanded to maximise the potential for developing a successful candidate by 2025. Current research efforts are focused on broadening both antigen selection and the range of vaccine-mediated immune responses. Previous and ongoing TB vaccine efficacy trials have built capacity, generated high quality data on TB incidence and prevalence, and provided insight into immune correlates of risk of TB disease. These gains will enable the design of better TB vaccines and, importantly, move these vaccines into efficacy trials more rapidly and at a lower cost than was possible for previous TB vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen A Fletcher
- Immunology and Infection Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK, W1CE7HT
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Jacobs AJ, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton GR, McShane H, Wilkinson RJ. Antibodies and tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101:102-113. [PMID: 27865379 PMCID: PMC5120988 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem internationally, causing 9.6 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths worldwide in 2014. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine is the only licensed vaccine against TB, but its protective effect does not extend to controlling the development of infectious pulmonary disease in adults. The development of a more effective vaccine against TB is therefore a pressing need for global health. Although it is established that cell-mediated immunity is necessary for the control of latent infection, the presupposition that such immunity is sufficient for vaccine-induced protection has recently been challenged. A greater understanding of protective immunity against TB is required to guide future vaccine strategies against TB. In contrast to cell-mediated immunity, the human antibody response against M.tb is conventionally thought to exert little immune control over the course of infection. Humoral responses are prominent during active TB disease, and have even been postulated to contribute to immunopathology. However, there is evidence to suggest that specific antibodies may limit the dissemination of M.tb, and potentially also play a role in prevention of infection via mucosal immunity. Further, antibodies are now understood to confer protection against a range of intracellular pathogens by modulating immunity via Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis. In this review, we will explore the evidence that antibody-mediated immunity could be reconsidered in the search for new vaccine strategies against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative and Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
| | | | - Gavin R Screaton
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative and Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 2AT, United Kingdom
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31
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Kumar SK, Singh P, Sinha S. Naturally produced opsonizing antibodies restrict the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human macrophages by augmenting phagosome maturation. Open Biol 2015; 5:150171. [PMID: 26674415 PMCID: PMC4703058 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the hypothesis that serum antibodies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis present in naturally infected healthy subjects of a tuberculosis (TB) endemic area could create and/or sustain the latent form of infection. All five apparently healthy Indian donors showed high titres of serum antibodies against M. tuberculosis cell membrane antigens, including lipoarabinomannan and alpha crystallin. Uptake and killing of bacilli by the donor macrophages was significantly enhanced following their opsonization with antibody-rich, heat-inactivated autologous sera. However, the capability to opsonize was apparent for antibodies against some and not other antigens. High-content cell imaging of infected macrophages revealed significantly enhanced colocalization of the phagosome maturation marker LAMP-1, though not of calmodulin, with antibody-opsonized compared with unopsonized M. tuberculosis. Key enablers of macrophage microbicidal action--proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-6), phagosome acidification, inducible NO synthase and nitric oxide--were also significantly enhanced following antibody opsonization. Interestingly, heat-killed M. tuberculosis also elevated these mediators to the levels comparable to, if not higher than, opsonized M. tuberculosis. Results of the study support the emerging view that an efficacious vaccine against TB should, apart from targeting cell-mediated immunity, also generate 'protective' antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Kumar
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Padam Singh
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sudhir Sinha
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
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Senoputra MA, Shiratori B, Hasibuan FM, Koesoemadinata RC, Apriani L, Ashino Y, Ono K, Oda T, Matsumoto M, Suzuki Y, Alisjahbana B, Hattori T. Diagnostic value of antibody responses to multiple antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in active and latent tuberculosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 83:278-85. [PMID: 26307672 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the antibody responses to 10 prospective Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) antigens and evaluated their ability to discriminate between latent (LTBI) and active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Our results indicate that plasma levels of anti-α-crystallin (ACR), antilipoarabinomannan, anti-trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate, and anti-tubercular-glycolipid antigen antibodies were higher in patients with active TB, compared to those in the LTBI and control subjects. No differences in the antibodies were observed between the control and LTBI subjects. Antibodies against the glycolipid antigens could not distinguish between Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)-negative TB patients and MAC-infected LTBI individuals. The most useful serological marker was antibodies to ACR, with MAC-negative TB patients having higher titers than those observed in MAC-positive LTBI and control subjects. Our data indicate that antibody to ACR is a promising target for the serological diagnosis of patients with active TB patients. When dealing with antiglycolipid antibodies, MAC coinfection should always be considered in serological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Andrian Senoputra
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 21 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Miyagi, Japan; Public Health Science Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Eicjkman 38, Bandung, 40161, West Java, Indonesia.
| | - Beata Shiratori
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 21 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Miyagi, Japan; Division of Disaster-related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan; Japan International Corporation of Welfare Services, 2-3-20 Toranomon YHK Bldg. 4F, Toranomon, Minato-ku, 105-0001 Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Fakhrial Mirwan Hasibuan
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 21 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Miyagi, Japan; Public Health Science Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Eicjkman 38, Bandung, 40161, West Java, Indonesia.
| | | | - Lika Apriani
- TB-HIV Research Center, Medical faculty, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Eicjkman 38, Bandung, 40161, West Java, Indonesia.
| | - Yugo Ashino
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 21 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Miyagi, Japan; Division of Disaster-related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Kenji Ono
- Microbiological Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, 771-0192 Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Oda
- Microbiological Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, 771-0192 Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Makoto Matsumoto
- Microbiological Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, 771-0192 Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020 Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Bachti Alisjahbana
- TB-HIV Research Center, Medical faculty, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Eicjkman 38, Bandung, 40161, West Java, Indonesia.
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 21 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Miyagi, Japan; Division of Disaster-related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan.
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Korioth-Schmitz B, Perley CC, Sixsmith JD, Click EM, Lee S, Letvin NL, Frothingham R. Rhesus immune responses to SIV Gag expressed by recombinant BCG vectors are independent from pre-existing mycobacterial immunity. Vaccine 2015; 33:5715-5722. [PMID: 26192357 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG (rBCG) vector expressing HIV transgenes is an attractive candidate as a dual vaccine against HIV and TB. However, pre-existing immune responses to mycobacteria may influence immune responses to rBCG. We analyzed data from a rhesus rBCG trial to determine the effect of pre-existing mycobacterial immune responses on the vaccine-induced responses to the vector and expressed transgene. METHODS Indian-origin rhesus macaques were primed with rBCG expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag and boosted with attenuated vaccinia NYVAC gag-pol. Mycobacteria responses were measured by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) purified protein derivative (PPD) interferon-γ ELISpot and Mtb whole cell lysate (WCL) ELISA. SIV Gag responses were measured by SIV Gag ELISpot and by p11C tetramer binding. RESULTS Baseline Mtb PPD ELISpot responses and Mtb WCL antibody responses in rhesus macaques overlapped those in human populations. Cellular and antibody responses boosted sharply 4 weeks after rBCG vaccination. Mtb WCL antibody titers at 4 weeks correlated with baseline titers. Primates vaccinated with rBCG developed strong SIV Gag ELISpot and p11C tetramer responses after rBCG prime and NYVAC boost. There were no correlations between the pre-existing mycobacterial immune responses and the SIV Gag T cell responses after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Rhesus immune responses to SIV Gag expressed by rBCG vectors were independent from pre-existing anti-mycobacterial immunity. Rhesus macaques may serve as a surrogate for investigations of pre-existing anti-mycobacterial immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Korioth-Schmitz
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Casey C Perley
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Jaimie D Sixsmith
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Eva M Click
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Norman L Letvin
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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Effects of Serial Skin Testing with Purified Protein Derivative on the Level and Quality of Antibodies to Complex and Defined Antigens in Mycobacterium bovis-Infected Cattle. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:641-9. [PMID: 25855555 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00119-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Several serological tests designed to detect antibodies to immunodominant Mycobacterium bovis antigens have recently emerged as ancillary tests for the detection of bovine tuberculosis in cattle, particularly when used after the injection of purified protein derivative (PPD) for skin testing, which significantly boosts M. bovis-specific antibody responses. The present findings demonstrate the onset and duration of boosted antibody responses after the injection of M. bovis PPD for the caudal fold test (CFT) and Mycobacterium avium and M. bovis PPDs for the comparative cervical test (CCT), administered in series in cattle experimentally infected with M. bovis. While skin tests boosted the responses to certain antigens (i.e., MPB83 and MPB70), they did not affect the responses to other antigens (e.g., ESAT-6, CFP10, MPB59, and MPB64). Administration of the CCT 105 days after the CFT resulted in an even greater secondary boost in antibody responses to MPB83 and MPB70 and to a proteinase K-digested whole-cell sonicate (WCS-PK) of M. bovis. Both IgM and IgG contributed to the initial boost in the MPB83/MPB70-specific antibody response after the CFT. The secondary boost after the CCT was primarily due to increased IgG levels. Also, the avidity of antibodies to MPB83 and MPB70 increased after the CCT in M. bovis-infected cattle. The avidity of antibodies to the WCS-PK antigens increased in the interval between the CFT and the CCT but did not increase further after the CCT. Together, these findings demonstrate that the administration of PPDs for skin tests results in additive enhancement (i.e., when the CFT and CCT are performed in series), both qualitative and quantitative, of MPB83/MPB70-specific antibody responses.
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