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Kaspar R, Wahl HW, Diehl M. Awareness of Age-Related Gains and Losses in a National Sample of Adults Aged 80 Years and Older: Cross-Sectional Associations With Health Correlates. Innov Aging 2023; 7:igad044. [PMID: 37404455 PMCID: PMC10317143 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Advanced old age is a life stage with a high likelihood of age-related loss experiences. However, little is known about remaining gain experiences and their relation with perceived losses and health correlates in community-dwelling very old adults. Moreover, virtually nothing is known in this regard about the experiences of individuals in long-term care settings. First, we strived to establish the normative course of age-related gains and losses in advanced old age. Second, we examined whether such gain/loss perceptions in advanced aging moderated health correlates. Research Design and Methods Data came from the nationally representative survey "Old Age in Germany D80+" conducted in 2020/2021. The sample comprised 10 578 individuals aged 80-106 years, including 587 individuals in long-term care. We used the multidimensional Awareness of Age-Related Change (AARC) questionnaire and moderated regression to analyze associations with late-life health and functioning correlates. Results Levels of AARC-Gains were higher than those of AARC-Losses across most of the age range. Long-term care residents showed more AARC-Losses and fewer AARC-Gains compared with community-dwelling adults and contributed significantly to an overall negative balance of more losses than gains in those aged 90 years or older. Regarding functional health and autonomy, negative age effects were amplified by AARC-Losses, but buffered by AARC-Gains. A more positive ratio of gains-to-losses predicted better health and functioning. Discussion and Implications Findings suggest that the loss aspect of development in very late life might have been overstated in the existing literature. Perceived gains and losses are of critical importance for the understanding of health correlates in very old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kaspar
- Cologne Center for Ethics, Rights, Economics, and Social Sciences of Health, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Wahl
- Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Diehl
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Ayalon L, Dolberg P, Mikulionienė S, Perek-Białas J, Rapolienė G, Stypinska J, Willińska M, de la Fuente-Núñez V. A systematic review of existing ageism scales. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 54:100919. [PMID: 31228647 PMCID: PMC6745621 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ageism has been shown to have a negative impact on older people's health and wellbeing. Though multiple scales are currently being used to measure this increasingly important issue, syntheses of the psychometric properties of these scales are unavailable. This means that existing estimates of ageism prevalence may not be accurate. We conducted a systematic review aimed at identifying available ageism scales and evaluating their scope and psychometric properties. A comprehensive search strategy was used across fourteen different databases, including PubMed and CINAHL. Independent reviewers extracted data and appraised risk of bias following the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines. Of the 29,664 records identified, 106 studies, assessing 11 explicit scales of ageism, were eligible for inclusion. Only one scale, the 'Expectations Regarding Aging' met minimum requirements for psychometric validation (i.e., adequate content validity, structural validity and internal consistency). Still, this scale only assesses the 'stereotype' dimension of ageism, thus failing to evaluate the other two ageism dimensions (prejudice and discrimination). This paper highlights the need to develop and validate a scale that accounts for the multidimensional nature of ageism. Having a scale that can accurately measure ageism prevalence is key in a time of increasing and rapid population ageing, where the magnitude of this phenomenon may be increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Ayalon
- Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | | | - Sarmitė Mikulionienė
- Institute of Sociology, Lithuanian Social Research Centre, Vilnius, LT-01108, Lithuania
| | - Jolanta Perek-Białas
- Institute of Sociology and Center of Evaluation and Public Policy Analysis, Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Cracow, 31-004, Poland
| | - Gražina Rapolienė
- Institute of Sociology, Lithuanian Social Research Centre, Vilnius, LT-01108, Lithuania
| | - Justyna Stypinska
- Free University Berlin, Institute for East European Studies, Department of Sociology, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Monika Willińska
- School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, 551 11, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Vânia de la Fuente-Núñez
- Department on Ageing and Life Course, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, Geneva, 1221, Switzerland.
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Rinkel WD, Aziz MH, Van Neck JW, Cabezas MC, van der Ark LA, Coert JH. Development of grading scales of pedal sensory loss using Mokken scale analysis on the Rotterdam Diabetic Foot Study Test Battery data. Muscle Nerve 2019; 60:520-527. [PMID: 31281987 PMCID: PMC6852564 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Loss of sensation due to diabetes-related neuropathy often leads to diabetic foot ulceration. Several test instruments are used to assess sensation, such as static and moving 2-point discrimination (S2PD, M2PD), monofilaments, and tuning forks. METHODS Mokken scale analysis was applied to the Rotterdam Diabetic Foot Study data to select hierarchies of tests to construct measurement scales. RESULTS We developed 39-item and 31-item scales to measure loss of sensation for research purposes and a 13-item scale for clinical practice. All instruments were strongly scalable and reliable. The 39 items can be classified into 5 hierarchically ordered core clusters: S2PD, M2PD, vibration sense, monofilaments, and prior ulcer or amputation. DISCUSSION Guided by the presented scales, clinicians may better classify the grade of sensory loss in diabetic patients' feet. Thus, a more personalized approach concerning individual recommendations, intervention strategies, and patient information may be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem D Rinkel
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Hosein Aziz
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Van Neck
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel Castro Cabezas
- Department of Internal Medicine/Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Andries van der Ark
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Henk Coert
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Buckinx F, Charles A, Rygaert X, Reginster JY, Adam S, Bruyère O. Own attitude toward aging among nursing home residents: results of the SENIOR cohort. Aging Clin Exp Res 2018; 30:1151-1159. [PMID: 30051416 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-018-1013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stereotypes associated with aging are of great concern as extensive literature emphasizes its deleterious effects on physical and mental health of the elderly. AIM To assess the relationship between the attitude toward aging and the frailty status of nursing homes residents. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of the data collected at baseline in the SENIOR cohort was conducted. All subjects received a diagnosis of frailty based on the Fried's criteria. They also responded to the Attitude to Aging Questionnaire (AAQ) and other questions assessing their subjective age, the age at which someone stops being considered young or is considered old and the open-ended Image-of-Aging question to evaluate the relationship between their perception of aging and their frailty status. RESULTS 272 nursing home residents (83.9 ± 8.19 years; 75% women) participated in this study. Out of them, 54 (19.9%) were frail, 182 (66.9%) were pre-frail, and 36 (13.2%) were robust. According to the AAQ questionnaire, frail subjects have a more negative perception of aging (score of 80.3 ± 10.2 points) than pre-frail subjects (83.6 ± 10.8) and robust subjects (86.5 ± 10.5) (p = 0.02). However, the three groups did not differ in the age that would mark, to their opinion, the end of youth (p = 0.93) or the beginning of old age (p = 0.98). The subjective age, rapported by nursing home residents, was not significantly different according to their frailty status. At least, based on the Open-Ended Image of Aging question, the residents' vision of aging was not different according to the frailty status (p = 0.52). CONCLUSION Based on the AAQ, frail subjects have more negative attitude to ageing compared to non-frail ones.
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Rejeh N, Heravi-Karimooi M, Vaismoradi M, Griffiths P, Nikkhah M, Bahrami T. Psychometric properties of the Farsi version of Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire in Iranian older adults. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:1531-1542. [PMID: 29026291 PMCID: PMC5626237 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s139321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attitudes to the aging process are affected by the individual's sociocultural background. The measurement of this important concept among older people in various societies requires the use of tools that are able to demonstrate both reliability and validity. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to translate and validate the Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire (AAQ) and investigate its psychometric features among Iranian older people. METHODS In this methodological study, the Farsi version of the AAQ was validated among 400 Iranian older adults who were members of citizen clubs in an urban area of Iran. Content, face and construct (exploratory factor analysis) validities of the AAQ were assessed. In addition, its reliability was assessed in terms of internal consistency and stability. For discriminant validity, the discriminant power of the AAQ in terms of gender and education levels was evaluated. Criterion validity showed a significant correlation between the most subscales of the AAQ and the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. RESULTS The exploratory factor analysis confirmed the construct validity of the AAQ. The result of the test-retest reliability with a 2-week interval was satisfactory and reported as r=0.90 (p<0.001). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was reported as 0.75 for the whole instrument and 0.85-0.93 for its dimensions. There were associations between the AAQ subscales, SF-36 quality of life (r=0.56, p<0.001) and WHOQOL-BREF (r=0.78, p<0.001), indicating an appropriate convergent validity. The ability to discriminate between male and female participants and those with lower and higher education levels was demonstrated, thus lending support to claims for adequate known-group validity. CONCLUSION The Farsi version of the AAQ showed favorable validity and reliability. Therefore, it can be used for assessing attitudes toward aging among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Rejeh
- Elderly Care Research Centre, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majideh Heravi-Karimooi
- Elderly Care Research Centre, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Pauline Griffiths
- College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Maryam Nikkhah
- Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Bahrami
- Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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A Validation of the French Version of the Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire (AAQ): Factor Structure, Reliability and Validity. Psychol Belg 2016; 56:80-100. [PMID: 30479430 PMCID: PMC5854168 DOI: 10.5334/pb.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire (AAQ) was developed to measure attitudes toward the aging process as a personal experience from the perspective of older people. The present study aimed to validate the French version of the AAQ. Participants and methods: This study examined factor structure, acceptability, reliability and validity of the AAQ's French version in 238 Belgian adults aged 60 years or older. In addition, participants provided information on demographics, self-perception of their mental and physical health (single items), quality of life (WHOQOL-OLD) and social desirability (DS-36). Results: Exploratory Factor Analysis produced a three-factor solution accounting for 36.9% of the variance. No floor or ceiling effects were found. The internal consistency, measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the AAQ subscales were 0.62 (Physical Change), 0.74 (Psychological Growth), and 0.75 (Psychosocial Loss). A priori expected associations were found between AAQ subscales, self-reported health and quality of life, indicating good convergent validity. The scale also showed a good ability to discriminate between people with lower and higher education levels, supporting adequate known-groups validity. Finally, we confirmed the need to control for social desirability biases when assessing self-reported attitudes toward one's own aging. Conclusion: The data support the usefulness of the French version of the AAQ for the assessment of attitudes toward their own aging in older people.
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Snowden A, Watson R, Stenhouse R, Hale C. Emotional Intelligence and Nurse Recruitment: Rasch and confirmatory factor analysis of the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire short form. J Adv Nurs 2015; 71:2936-49. [DOI: 10.1111/jan.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger Watson
- University of Hull; UK
- University of Western Sydney; New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Claire Hale
- University of Leeds; UK
- Institute for Innovation in Professional Practice in the School of Healthcare; Leeds UK
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Watson R, Wang W, Thompson DR. Violations of local stochastic independence exaggerate scalability in Mokken scaling analysis of the Chinese Mandarin SF-36. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2014; 12:149. [PMID: 25358430 PMCID: PMC4220047 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-014-0149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work using Mokken scaling analysis with the SF-36 has found subscales appearing to show excellent Mokken scaling properties. However, the values of scalability of the subscales are very large, raising the possibility that these are artificially high and this may result from violations of local stochastic independence between items. OBJECTIVES To analyse selected items from the Chinese Mandarin form of the SF-36 scale using Mokken scaling and to investigate if violations of local stochastic independence exaggerate scalability. METHODS Exploratory Mokken scaling analysis was run using the online public domain software R by entering 19 items from the Chinese Mandarin form of the SF-36 items into the analysis. The items in the resulting scales, judged by the size of Loevinger's coefficient, were analysed for violations of monotony, 95% confidence intervals and invariant item ordering, including inspection of item pair plots. RESULTS Two Mokken scales were obtained, one including items from the Physical Functioning subscale, and one including items from the Mental Health subscale of the Chinese Mandarin form of the SF-36. The Physical Functioning scale was very strong according to Loevinger's coefficient with high invariant item ordering; the Mental Health scale was moderately strong with weak invariant item ordering. CONCLUSION The strength of the Physical Functioning Mokken scale derived from the Chinese Mandarin form of the SF-36 is probably the result of an item chain and item overlap which violate local stochastic independence. This is due to the nature of the items in the Physical Functioning subscale, all of which relate to physical ability and some of which can only be achieved if previous items in the subscale have been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Watson
- />Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
| | - Wenru Wang
- />Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David R Thompson
- />Centre for the Heart and Mind, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
- />Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3050 Australia
- />Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia
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