1
|
Gervason S, Sen S, Fontecave M, Golinelli-Pimpaneau B. [4Fe-4S]-dependent enzymes in non-redox tRNA thiolation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119807. [PMID: 39106920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional modification of nucleosides in transfer RNAs (tRNAs) is an important process for accurate and efficient translation of the genetic information during protein synthesis in all domains of life. In particular, specific enzymes catalyze the biosynthesis of sulfur-containing nucleosides, such as the derivatives of 2-thiouridine (s2U), 4-thiouridine (s4U), 2-thiocytidine (s2C), and 2-methylthioadenosine (ms2A), within tRNAs. Whereas the mechanism that has prevailed for decades involved persulfide chemistry, more and more tRNA thiolation enzymes have now been shown to contain a [4Fe-4S] cluster. This review summarizes the information over the last ten years concerning the biochemical, spectroscopic and structural characterization of [4Fe-4S]-dependent non-redox tRNA thiolation enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gervason
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, Collège de France, Sorbonne Université, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Sambuddha Sen
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, Collège de France, Sorbonne Université, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Marc Fontecave
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, Collège de France, Sorbonne Université, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Béatrice Golinelli-Pimpaneau
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, Collège de France, Sorbonne Université, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231, Paris cedex 05, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hidese R, Ohira T, Sakakibara S, Suzuki T, Shigi N, Fujiwara S. Functional redundancy of ubiquitin-like sulfur-carrier proteins facilitates flexible, efficient sulfur utilization in the primordial archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis. mBio 2024; 15:e0053424. [PMID: 38975783 PMCID: PMC11323500 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00534-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) in eukaryotes and bacteria mediate sulfur transfer for the biosynthesis of sulfur-containing biomolecules and form conjugates with specific protein targets to regulate their functions. Here, we investigated the functions and physiological importance of Ubls in a hyperthermophilic archaeon by constructing a series of deletion mutants. We found that the Ubls (TK1065, TK1093, and TK2118) in Thermococcus kodakarensis are conjugated to their specific target proteins, and all three are involved in varying degrees in the biosynthesis of sulfur-containing biomolecules such as tungsten cofactor (Wco) and tRNA thiouridines. TK2118 (named UblB) is involved in the biosynthesis of Wco in a glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, which is required for glycolytic growth, whereas TK1093 (named UblA) plays a key role in the efficient thiolation of tRNAs, which contributes to cellular thermotolerance. Intriguingly, in the presence of elemental sulfur (S0) in the culture medium, defective synthesis of these sulfur-containing molecules in Ubl mutants was restored, indicating that T. kodakarensis can use S0 as an alternative sulfur source without Ubls. Our analysis indicates that the Ubl-mediated sulfur-transfer system in T. kodakarensis is important for efficient sulfur assimilation, especially under low S0 conditions, which may allow this organism to survive in a low sulfur environment.IMPORTANCESulfur is a crucial element in living organisms, occurring in various sulfur-containing biomolecules including iron-sulfur clusters, vitamins, and RNA thionucleosides, as well as the amino acids cysteine and methionine. In archaea, the biosynthesis routes and sulfur donors of sulfur-containing biomolecules are largely unknown. Here, we explored the functions of Ubls in the deep-blanched hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus kodakarensis. We demonstrated functional redundancy of these proteins in the biosynthesis of tungsten cofactor and tRNA thiouridines and the significance of these sulfur-carrier functions, especially in low sulfur environments. We propose that acquisition of a Ubl sulfur-transfer system, in addition to an ancient inorganic sulfur assimilation pathway, enabled the primordial archaeon to advance into lower-sulfur environments and expand their habitable zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Hidese
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohira
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satsuki Sakakibara
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Shigi
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Fujiwara
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jia H, Dantuluri S, Margulies S, Smith V, Lever R, Allers T, Koh J, Chen S, Maupin-Furlow JA. RecJ3/4-aRNase J form a Ubl-associated nuclease complex functioning in survival against DNA damage in Haloferax volcanii. mBio 2023; 14:e0085223. [PMID: 37458473 PMCID: PMC10470531 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00852-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleases are strictly regulated and often localized in the cell to avoid the uncontrolled degradation of DNA and RNA. Here, a new type of nuclease complex, composed of RecJ3, RecJ4, and aRNase J, was identified through its ATP-dependent association with the ubiquitin-like SAMP1 and AAA-ATPase Cdc48a. The complex was discovered in Haloferax volcanii, an archaeon lacking an RNA exosome. Genetic analysis revealed aRNase J to be essential and RecJ3, RecJ4, and Cdc48a to function in the recovery from DNA damage including genotoxic agents that generate double-strand breaks. The RecJ3:RecJ4:aRNase J complex (isolated in 2:2:1 stoichiometry) functioned primarily as a 3'-5' exonuclease in hydrolyzing RNA and ssDNA, with the mechanism non-processive for ssDNA. aRNase J could also be purified as a homodimer that catalyzed endoribonuclease activity and, thus, was not restricted to the 5'-3' exonuclease activity typical of aRNase J homologs. Moreover, RecJ3 and RecJ4 could be purified as a 560-kDa subcomplex in equimolar subunit ratio with nuclease activities mirroring the full RecJ3/4-aRNase J complex. These findings prompted reconstitution assays that suggested RecJ3/4 could suppress, alter, and/or outcompete the nuclease activities of aRNase J. Based on the phenotypic results, this control mechanism of aRNase J by RecJ3/4 is not necessary for cell growth but instead appears important for DNA repair. IMPORTANCE Nucleases are critical for various cellular processes including DNA replication and repair. Here, a dynamic type of nuclease complex is newly identified in the archaeon Haloferax volcanii, which is missing the canonical RNA exosome. The complex, composed of RecJ3, RecJ4, and aRNase J, functions primarily as a 3'-5' exonuclease and was discovered through its ATP-dependent association with the ubiquitin-like SAMP1 and Cdc48a. aRNase J alone forms a homodimer that has endonuclease function and, thus, is not restricted to 5'-3' exonuclease activity typical of other aRNase J enzymes. RecJ3/4 appears to suppress, alter, and/or outcompete the nuclease activities of aRNase J. While aRNase J is essential for growth, RecJ3/4, Cdc48a, and SAMPs are important for recovery against DNA damage. These biological distinctions may correlate with the regulated nuclease activity of aRNase J in the RecJ3/4-aRNaseJ complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Jia
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Swathi Dantuluri
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shae Margulies
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Victoria Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Lever
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Thorsten Allers
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Koh
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Julie A. Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alings F, Scharmann K, Eggers C, Böttcher B, Sokołowski M, Shvetsova E, Sharma P, Roth J, Rashiti L, Glatt S, Brunke S, Leidel SA. Ncs2* mediates in vivo virulence of pathogenic yeast through sulphur modification of cytoplasmic transfer RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:8133-8149. [PMID: 37462076 PMCID: PMC10450187 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens threaten ecosystems and human health. Understanding the molecular basis of their virulence is key to develop new treatment strategies. Here, we characterize NCS2*, a point mutation identified in a clinical baker's yeast isolate. Ncs2 is essential for 2-thiolation of tRNA and the NCS2* mutation leads to increased thiolation at body temperature. NCS2* yeast exhibits enhanced fitness when grown at elevated temperatures or when exposed to oxidative stress, inhibition of nutrient signalling, and cell-wall stress. Importantly, Ncs2* alters the interaction and stability of the thiolase complex likely mediated by nucleotide binding. The absence of 2-thiolation abrogates the in vivo virulence of pathogenic baker's yeast in infected mice. Finally, hypomodification triggers changes in colony morphology and hyphae formation in the common commensal pathogen Candida albicans resulting in decreased virulence in a human cell culture model. These findings demonstrate that 2-thiolation of tRNA acts as a key mediator of fungal virulence and reveal new mechanistic insights into the function of the highly conserved tRNA-thiolase complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Alings
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany
| | - Karin Scharmann
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany
| | - Cristian Eggers
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Böttcher
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mikołaj Sokołowski
- Max Planck Research Group at the Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ekaterina Shvetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Puneet Sharma
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joël Roth
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leon Rashiti
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Glatt
- Max Planck Research Group at the Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian A Leidel
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Couto-Rodríguez RL, Koh J, Chen S, Maupin-Furlow JA. Insights into the Lysine Acetylome of the Haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii during Oxidative Stress by Quantitative SILAC-Based Proteomics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1203. [PMID: 37371933 PMCID: PMC10294847 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress adaptation strategies are important to cell function and are linked to cardiac, neurodegenerative disease, and cancer. Representatives of the Archaea domain are used as model organisms based on their extreme tolerance to oxidants and close evolutionary relationship with eukaryotes. A study of the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii reveals lysine acetylation to be associated with oxidative stress responses. The strong oxidant hypochlorite: (i) stimulates an increase in lysine acetyltransferase HvPat2 to HvPat1 abundance ratios and (ii) selects for lysine deacetylase sir2 mutants. Here we report the dynamic occupancy of the lysine acetylome of glycerol-grown H. volcanii as it shifts in profile in response to hypochlorite. These findings are revealed by the: (1) quantitative multiplex proteomics of the SILAC-compatible parent and Δsir2 mutant strains and (2) label-free proteomics of H26 'wild type' cells. The results show that lysine acetylation is associated with key biological processes including DNA topology, central metabolism, cobalamin biosynthesis, and translation. Lysine acetylation targets are found conserved across species. Moreover, lysine residues modified by acetylation and ubiquitin-like sampylation are identified suggesting post-translational modification (PTM) crosstalk. Overall, the results of this study expand the current knowledge of lysine acetylation in Archaea, with the long-term goal to provide a balanced evolutionary perspective of PTM systems in living organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo L. Couto-Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Jin Koh
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Sixue Chen
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.K.); (S.C.)
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Julie A. Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bimai O, Legrand P, Ravanat JL, Touati N, Zhou J, He N, Lénon M, Barras F, Fontecave M, Golinelli-Pimpaneau B. The thiolation of uridine 34 in tRNA, which controls protein translation, depends on a [4Fe-4S] cluster in the archaeum Methanococcus maripaludis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5351. [PMID: 37005440 PMCID: PMC10067955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32423-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiolation of uridine 34 in the anticodon loop of several tRNAs is conserved in the three domains of life and guarantees fidelity of protein translation. U34-tRNA thiolation is catalyzed by a complex of two proteins in the eukaryotic cytosol (named Ctu1/Ctu2 in humans), but by a single NcsA enzyme in archaea. We report here spectroscopic and biochemical experiments showing that NcsA from Methanococcus maripaludis (MmNcsA) is a dimer that binds a [4Fe-4S] cluster, which is required for catalysis. Moreover, the crystal structure of MmNcsA at 2.8 Å resolution shows that the [4Fe-4S] cluster is coordinated by three conserved cysteines only, in each monomer. Extra electron density on the fourth nonprotein-bonded iron most likely locates the binding site for a hydrogenosulfide ligand, in agreement with the [4Fe-4S] cluster being used to bind and activate the sulfur atom of the sulfur donor. Comparison of the crystal structure of MmNcsA with the AlphaFold model of the human Ctu1/Ctu2 complex shows a very close superposition of the catalytic site residues, including the cysteines that coordinate the [4Fe-4S] cluster in MmNcsA. We thus propose that the same mechanism for U34-tRNA thiolation, mediated by a [4Fe-4S]-dependent enzyme, operates in archaea and eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Bimai
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 8229, Sorbonne Université, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Pierre Legrand
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin BP48, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Luc Ravanat
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, UMR 5819, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Nadia Touati
- IR CNRS Renard, Chimie-ParisTech, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 8229, Sorbonne Université, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Nisha He
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 8229, Sorbonne Université, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Marine Lénon
- Stress Adaptation and Metabolism in Enterobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Barras
- Stress Adaptation and Metabolism in Enterobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Paris, France
| | - Marc Fontecave
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 8229, Sorbonne Université, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Béatrice Golinelli-Pimpaneau
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 8229, Sorbonne Université, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang Y, Lin M, Chen X, Zhao X, Chen L, Zhao M, Yao C, Sheng K, Yang Y, Ma G, Du A. The first apicoplast tRNA thiouridylase plays a vital role in the growth of Toxoplasma gondii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:947039. [PMID: 36046743 PMCID: PMC9420914 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.947039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common parasitic diseases in humans and almost all warm-blooded animals. Lys, Glu, and Gln-specific tRNAs contain a super-modified 2-thiourea (s2U) derivatives at the position 34, which is essential for all living organisms by maintaining the structural stability and aminoacylation of tRNA, and the precision and efficiency of codon recognition during protein translation. However, the enzyme(s) involved in this modification in T. gondii remains elusive. In this report, three putative tRNA-specific 2-thiolation enzymes were identified, of which two were involved in the s2U34 modification of tRNALys, tRNAGlu, and tRNAGln. One was named TgMnmA, an apicoplast-located tRNA-specific 2-thiolation enzyme in T. gondii. Knockout of TgMnmA showed that this enzyme is important for the lytic cycle of tachyzoites. Loss of TgMnmA also led to abnormities in apicoplast biogenesis and severely disturbed apicoplast genomic transcription. Notably, mice survived from the infection with 10 TgMnmA-KO RH tachyzoites. These findings provide new insights into s2U34 tRNA modification in Apicomplexa, and suggest TgMnmA, the first apicoplast tRNA thiouridylase identified in all apicomplexans, as a potential drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mi Lin
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - XianFeng Zhao
- Animals & Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center of Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingxiu Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Kaiyin Sheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangxu Ma
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aifang Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Aifang Du,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Weidenbach K, Gutt M, Cassidy L, Chibani C, Schmitz RA. Small Proteins in Archaea, a Mainly Unexplored World. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0031321. [PMID: 34543104 PMCID: PMC8765429 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00313-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, increasing numbers of small proteins have moved into the focus of science. Small proteins have been identified and characterized in all three domains of life, but the majority remains functionally uncharacterized, lack secondary structure, and exhibit limited evolutionary conservation. While quite a few have already been described for bacteria and eukaryotic organisms, the amount of known and functionally analyzed archaeal small proteins is still very limited. In this review, we compile the current state of research, show strategies for systematic approaches for global identification of small archaeal proteins, and address selected functionally characterized examples. Besides, we document exemplarily for one archaeon the tool development and optimization to identify small proteins using genome-wide approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Weidenbach
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Miriam Gutt
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Liam Cassidy
- AG Proteomics & Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Cynthia Chibani
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ruth A. Schmitz
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Prediction of the Iron–Sulfur Binding Sites in Proteins Using the Highly Accurate Three-Dimensional Models Calculated by AlphaFold and RoseTTAFold. INORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AlphaFold and RoseTTAFold are deep learning-based approaches that predict the structure of proteins from their amino acid sequences. Remarkable success has recently been achieved in the prediction accuracy of not only the fold of the target protein but also the position of its amino acid side chains. In this article, I question the accuracy of these methods to predict iron–sulfur binding sites. I analyze three-dimensional models calculated by AlphaFold and RoseTTAFold of Fe–S–dependent enzymes, for which no structure of a homologous protein has been solved experimentally. In all cases, the amino acids that presumably coordinate the cluster were gathered together and facing each other, which led to a quite accurate model of the Fe–S cluster binding site. Yet, cysteine candidates were often involved in intramolecular disulfide bonds, and the number and identity of the protein amino acids that should ligate the cluster were not always clear. The experimental structure determination of the protein with its Fe–S cluster and in complex with substrate/inhibitor/product is still needed to unambiguously visualize the coordination state of the cluster and understand the conformational changes occurring during catalysis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Biosynthesis and Degradation of Sulfur Modifications in tRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111937. [PMID: 34769366 PMCID: PMC8584467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Various sulfur-containing biomolecules include iron–sulfur clusters that act as cofactors for enzymes, sulfur-containing vitamins such as thiamin, and sulfur-modified nucleosides in RNA, in addition to methionine and cysteine in proteins. Sulfur-containing nucleosides are post-transcriptionally introduced into tRNA molecules, where they ensure precise codon recognition or stabilization of tRNA structure, thereby maintaining cellular proteome integrity. Modulating sulfur modification controls the translation efficiency of specific groups of genes, allowing organisms to adapt to specific environments. The biosynthesis of tRNA sulfur nucleosides involves elaborate ‘sulfur trafficking systems’ within cellular sulfur metabolism and ‘modification enzymes’ that incorporate sulfur atoms into tRNA. This review provides an up-to-date overview of advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms involved. It covers the functions, biosynthesis, and biodegradation of sulfur-containing nucleosides as well as the reaction mechanisms of biosynthetic enzymes catalyzed by the iron–sulfur clusters, and identification of enzymes involved in the de-modification of sulfur atoms of RNA. The mechanistic similarity of these opposite reactions is discussed. Mutations in genes related to these pathways can cause human diseases (e.g., cancer, diabetes, and mitochondrial diseases), emphasizing the importance of these pathways.
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu Y, Zhang L, Ou S, Wang R, Wang Y, Chu C, Yao S. Natural variations of SLG1 confer high-temperature tolerance in indica rice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5441. [PMID: 33116138 PMCID: PMC7595236 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With global warming and climate change, breeding crop plants tolerant to high-temperature stress is of immense significance. tRNA 2-thiolation is a highly conserved form of tRNA modification among living organisms. Here, we report the identification of SLG1 (Slender Guy 1), which encodes the cytosolic tRNA 2-thiolation protein 2 (RCTU2) in rice. SLG1 plays a key role in the response of rice plants to high-temperature stress at both seedling and reproductive stages. Dysfunction of SLG1 results in plants with thermosensitive phenotype, while overexpression of SLG1 enhances the tolerance of plants to high temperature. SLG1 is differentiated between the two Asian cultivated rice subspecies, indica and japonica, and the variations at both promoter and coding regions lead to an increased level of thiolated tRNA and enhanced thermotolerance of indica rice varieties. Our results demonstrate that the allelic differentiation of SLG1 confers indica rice to high-temperature tolerance, and tRNA thiolation pathway might be a potential target in the next generation rice breeding for the warming globe. Understanding the mechanism of high-temperature tolerance will help to breed crops adaptive to warming climate. Here, the authors show SLG1, a cytosolic tRNA 2-thiolation protein 2 encoding gene, is differentiated between the two Asian cultivated rice subspecies and confers high temperature tolerance of indica rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Shujun Ou
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Ruci Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yueming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Shanguo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shigi N, Horitani M, Miyauchi K, Suzuki T, Kuroki M. An ancient type of MnmA protein is an iron-sulfur cluster-dependent sulfurtransferase for tRNA anticodons. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 26:240-250. [PMID: 31801798 PMCID: PMC7025502 DOI: 10.1261/rna.072066.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is an adaptor molecule indispensable for assigning amino acids to codons on mRNA during protein synthesis. 2-thiouridine (s2U) derivatives in the anticodons (position 34) of tRNAs for glutamate, glutamine, and lysine are post-transcriptional modifications essential for precise and efficient codon recognition in all organisms. s2U34 is introduced either by (i) bacterial MnmA/eukaryote mitochondrial Mtu1 or (ii) eukaryote cytosolic Ncs6/archaeal NcsA, and the latter enzymes possess iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster. Here, we report the identification of novel-type MnmA homologs containing three conserved Cys residues, which could support Fe-S cluster binding and catalysis, in a broad range of bacteria, including thermophiles, Cyanobacteria, Mycobacteria, Actinomyces, Clostridium, and Helicobacter Using EPR spectroscopy, we revealed that Thermus thermophilus MnmA (TtMnmA) contains an oxygen-sensitive [4Fe-4S]-type cluster. Efficient in vitro formation of s2U34 in tRNALys and tRNAGln by holo-TtMnmA occurred only under anaerobic conditions. Mutational analysis of TtMnmA suggested that the Fe-S cluster is coordinated by the three conserved Cys residues (Cys105, Cys108, and Cys200), and is essential for its activity. Evolutionary scenarios for the sulfurtransferases, including the Fe-S cluster containing Ncs6/NcsA s2U thiouridylases and several distantly related sulfurtransferases, are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shigi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Masaki Horitani
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Kenjyo Miyauchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Misao Kuroki
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rhodanese-Like Domain Protein UbaC and Its Role in Ubiquitin-Like Protein Modification and Sulfur Mobilization in Archaea. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00254-19. [PMID: 31085691 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00254-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-like protein (Ubl) modification targets proteins for transient inactivation and/or proteasome-mediated degradation in archaea. Here the rhodanese-like domain (RHD) protein UbaC (HVO_1947) was found to copurify with the E1-like enzyme (UbaA) of the Ubl modification machinery in the archaeon Haloferax volcanii UbaC was shown to be important for Ubl ligation, particularly for the attachment of the Ubl SAMP2/3s to protein targets after exposure to oxidants (NaOCl, dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], and methionine sulfoxide [MetO]) and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. While UbaC was needed for ligation of the Ubl SAMP1 to MoaE (the large subunit of molybdopterin synthase), it was not important in the formation of oxidant-induced SAMP1 protein conjugates. Indicative of defects in sulfur relay, mutation of ubaC impaired molybdenum cofactor (Moco)-dependent DMSO reductase activity and cell survival at elevated temperature, suggesting a correlation with defects in the 2-thiolated state of wobble uridine tRNA. Overall, the archaeal stand-alone RHD UbaC has an important function in Ubl ligation and is associated with sulfur relay processes.IMPORTANCE Canonical E2 Ub/Ubl-conjugating enzymes are not conserved in the dual-function Ubl systems associated with protein modification and sulfur relay. Instead, the C-terminal RHDs of E1-RHD fusion proteins are the apparent E2 modules of these systems in eukaryotes. E1s that lack an RHD are common in archaea. Here we identified an RHD (UbaC) that serves as an apparent E2 analog with the E1-like UbaA in the dual-function Ubl sampylation system of archaea. Unlike the eukaryotic E1-RHD fusion, the archaeal RHD is a stand-alone protein. This new insight suggests that E1 function in Ubl pathways could be influenced by shifts in RHD abundance and/or competition with other protein partners in the cell.
Collapse
|
14
|
Clouet-d'Orval B, Batista M, Bouvier M, Quentin Y, Fichant G, Marchfelder A, Maier LK. Insights into RNA-processing pathways and associated RNA-degrading enzymes in Archaea. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:579-613. [PMID: 29684129 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-processing pathways are at the centre of regulation of gene expression. All RNA transcripts undergo multiple maturation steps in addition to covalent chemical modifications to become functional in the cell. This includes destroying unnecessary or defective cellular RNAs. In Archaea, information on mechanisms by which RNA species reach their mature forms and associated RNA-modifying enzymes are still fragmentary. To date, most archaeal actors and pathways have been proposed in light of information gathered from Bacteria and Eukarya. In this context, this review provides a state of the art overview of archaeal endoribonucleases and exoribonucleases that cleave and trim RNA species and also of the key small archaeal proteins that bind RNAs. Furthermore, synthetic up-to-date views of processing and biogenesis pathways of archaeal transfer and ribosomal RNAs as well as of maturation of stable small non-coding RNAs such as CRISPR RNAs, small C/D and H/ACA box guide RNAs, and other emerging classes of small RNAs are described. Finally, prospective post-transcriptional mechanisms to control archaeal messenger RNA quality and quantity are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Clouet-d'Orval
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Manon Batista
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Bouvier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Quentin
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Gwennaele Fichant
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shigi N. Recent Advances in Our Understanding of the Biosynthesis of Sulfur Modifications in tRNAs. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2679. [PMID: 30450093 PMCID: PMC6225789 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential element in all living organisms. In tRNA molecules, there are many sulfur-containing nucleosides, introduced post-transcriptionally, that function to ensure proper codon recognition or stabilization of tRNA structure, thereby enabling accurate and efficient translation. The biosynthesis of tRNA sulfur modifications involves unique sulfur trafficking systems that are closely related to cellular sulfur metabolism, and “modification enzymes” that incorporate sulfur atoms into tRNA. Herein, recent biochemical and structural characterization of the biosynthesis of sulfur modifications in tRNA is reviewed, with special emphasis on the reaction mechanisms of modification enzymes. It was recently revealed that TtuA/Ncs6-type 2-thiouridylases from thermophilic bacteria/archaea/eukaryotes are oxygen-sensitive iron-sulfur proteins that utilize a quite different mechanism from other 2-thiouridylase subtypes lacking iron-sulfur clusters such as bacterial MnmA. The various reaction mechanisms of RNA sulfurtransferases are also discussed, including tRNA methylthiotransferase MiaB (a radical S-adenosylmethionine-type iron-sulfur enzyme) and other sulfurtransferases involved in both primary and secondary sulfur-containing metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shigi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Seth-Pasricha M, Senn S, Sanman LE, Bogyo M, Nanda V, Bidle KA, Bidle KD. Catalytic linkage between caspase activity and proteostasis in Archaea. Environ Microbiol 2018; 21:286-298. [PMID: 30370585 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The model haloarchaeon, Haloferax volcanii possess an extremely high, and highly specific, basal caspase activity in exponentially growing cells that closely resembles caspase-4. This activity is specifically inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-FMK, and has no cross-reactivity with other known protease families. Although it is one of the dominant cellular proteolytic activities in exponentially growing H. volcanii cells, the interactive cellular roles remain unknown and the protein(s) responsible for this activity remain elusive. Here, biochemical purification and in situ trapping with caspase targeted covalent inhibitors combined with genome-enabled proteomics, structural analysis, targeted gene knockouts and treatment with canavanine demonstrated a catalytic linkage between caspase activity and thermosomes, proteasomes and cdc48b, a cell division protein and proteasomal degradation facilitating ATPase, as part of an 'interactase' of stress-related protein complexes with an established link to the unfolded protein response (UPR). Our findings provide novel cellular and biochemical context for the observed caspase activity in Archaea and add new insight to understanding the role of this activity, implicating their possible role in the establishment of protein stress and ER associated degradation pathways in Eukarya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansha Seth-Pasricha
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Stefan Senn
- Abteilung für Chemie und Bioanalytik, Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Laura E Sanman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vikas Nanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kelly A Bidle
- Department of Biology, Behavioral Neuroscience, and Health Sciences, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Kay D Bidle
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hori H, Kawamura T, Awai T, Ochi A, Yamagami R, Tomikawa C, Hirata A. Transfer RNA Modification Enzymes from Thermophiles and Their Modified Nucleosides in tRNA. Microorganisms 2018; 6:E110. [PMID: 30347855 PMCID: PMC6313347 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, numerous modified nucleosides in tRNA as well as tRNA modification enzymes have been identified not only in thermophiles but also in mesophiles. Because most modified nucleosides in tRNA from thermophiles are common to those in tRNA from mesophiles, they are considered to work essentially in steps of protein synthesis at high temperatures. At high temperatures, the structure of unmodified tRNA will be disrupted. Therefore, thermophiles must possess strategies to stabilize tRNA structures. To this end, several thermophile-specific modified nucleosides in tRNA have been identified. Other factors such as RNA-binding proteins and polyamines contribute to the stability of tRNA at high temperatures. Thermus thermophilus, which is an extreme-thermophilic eubacterium, can adapt its protein synthesis system in response to temperature changes via the network of modified nucleosides in tRNA and tRNA modification enzymes. Notably, tRNA modification enzymes from thermophiles are very stable. Therefore, they have been utilized for biochemical and structural studies. In the future, thermostable tRNA modification enzymes may be useful as biotechnology tools and may be utilized for medical science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hori
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Takuya Kawamura
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Takako Awai
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Anna Ochi
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Ryota Yamagami
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Chie Tomikawa
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Akira Hirata
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fellner M, Hausinger RP, Hu J. A structural perspective on the PP-loop ATP pyrophosphatase family. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:607-622. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1516728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Fellner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert P. Hausinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Koh CS, Sarin LP. Transfer RNA modification and infection – Implications for pathogenicity and host responses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:419-432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Hepowit NL, de Vera IMS, Cao S, Fu X, Wu Y, Uthandi S, Chavarria NE, Englert M, Su D, Sӧll D, Kojetin DJ, Maupin-Furlow JA. Mechanistic insight into protein modification and sulfur mobilization activities of noncanonical E1 and associated ubiquitin-like proteins of Archaea. FEBS J 2017; 283:3567-3586. [PMID: 27459543 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we provide the first detailed biochemical study of a noncanonical E1-like enzyme with broad specificity for cognate ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins that mediates Ubl protein modification and sulfur mobilization to form molybdopterin and thiolated tRNA. Isothermal titration calorimetry and in vivo analyses proved useful in discovering that environmental conditions, ATP binding, and Ubl type controlled the mechanism of association of the Ubl protein with its cognate E1-like enzyme (SAMP and UbaA of the archaeon Haloferax volcanii, respectively). Further analysis revealed that ATP hydrolysis triggered the formation of thioester and peptide bonds within the Ubl:E1-like complex. Importantly, the thioester was an apparent precursor to Ubl protein modification but not sulfur mobilization. Comparative modeling to MoeB/ThiF guided the discovery of key residues within the adenylation domain of UbaA that were needed to bind ATP as well as residues that were specifically needed to catalyze the downstream reactions of sulfur mobilization and/or Ubl protein modification. UbaA was also found to be Ubl-automodified at lysine residues required for early (ATP binding) and late (sulfur mobilization) stages of enzyme activity revealing multiple layers of autoregulation. Cysteine residues, distinct from the canonical E1 'active site' cysteine, were found important in UbaA function supporting a model that this noncanonical E1 is structurally flexible in its active site to allow Ubl~adenylate, Ubl~E1-like thioester and cysteine persulfide(s) intermediates to form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel L Hepowit
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ian Mitchelle S de Vera
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Shiyun Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xian Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yifei Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sivakumar Uthandi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nikita E Chavarria
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Markus Englert
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dieter Sӧll
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Julie A Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nonredox thiolation in tRNA occurring via sulfur activation by a [4Fe-4S] cluster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7355-7360. [PMID: 28655838 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700902114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur is present in several nucleosides within tRNAs. In particular, thiolation of the universally conserved methyl-uridine at position 54 stabilizes tRNAs from thermophilic bacteria and hyperthermophilic archaea and is required for growth at high temperature. The simple nonredox substitution of the C2-uridine carbonyl oxygen by sulfur is catalyzed by tRNA thiouridine synthetases called TtuA. Spectroscopic, enzymatic, and structural studies indicate that TtuA carries a catalytically essential [4Fe-4S] cluster and requires ATP for activity. A series of crystal structures shows that (i) the cluster is ligated by only three cysteines that are fully conserved, allowing the fourth unique iron to bind a small ligand, such as exogenous sulfide, and (ii) the ATP binding site, localized thanks to a protein-bound AMP molecule, a reaction product, is adjacent to the cluster. A mechanism for tRNA sulfuration is suggested, in which the unique iron of the catalytic cluster serves to bind exogenous sulfide, thus acting as a sulfur carrier.
Collapse
|
23
|
Biosynthesis of Sulfur-Containing tRNA Modifications: A Comparison of Bacterial, Archaeal, and Eukaryotic Pathways. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7010027. [PMID: 28287455 PMCID: PMC5372739 DOI: 10.3390/biom7010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational tRNA modifications have very broad diversity and are present in all domains of life. They are important for proper tRNA functions. In this review, we emphasize the recent advances on the biosynthesis of sulfur-containing tRNA nucleosides including the 2-thiouridine (s2U) derivatives, 4-thiouridine (s4U), 2-thiocytidine (s2C), and 2-methylthioadenosine (ms2A). Their biosynthetic pathways have two major types depending on the requirement of iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters. In all cases, the first step in bacteria and eukaryotes is to activate the sulfur atom of free l-cysteine by cysteine desulfurases, generating a persulfide (R-S-SH) group. In some archaea, a cysteine desulfurase is missing. The following steps of the bacterial s2U and s4U formation are Fe–S cluster independent, and the activated sulfur is transferred by persulfide-carrier proteins. By contrast, the biosynthesis of bacterial s2C and ms2A require Fe–S cluster dependent enzymes. A recent study shows that the archaeal s4U synthetase (ThiI) and the eukaryotic cytosolic 2-thiouridine synthetase (Ncs6) are Fe–S enzymes; this expands the role of Fe–S enzymes in tRNA thiolation to the Archaea and Eukarya domains. The detailed reaction mechanisms of Fe–S cluster depend s2U and s4U formation await further investigations.
Collapse
|
24
|
Knüppel R, Kuttenberger C, Ferreira-Cerca S. Toward Time-Resolved Analysis of RNA Metabolism in Archaea Using 4-Thiouracil. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:286. [PMID: 28286499 PMCID: PMC5323407 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaea are widespread organisms colonizing almost every habitat on Earth. However, the molecular biology of archaea still remains relatively uncharacterized. RNA metabolism is a central cellular process, which has been extensively analyzed in both bacteria and eukarya. In contrast, analysis of RNA metabolism dynamic in archaea has been limited to date. To facilitate analysis of the RNA metabolism dynamic at a system-wide scale in archaea, we have established non-radioactive pulse labeling of RNA, using the nucleotide analog 4-thiouracil (4TU) in two commonly used model archaea: the halophile Euryarchaeota Haloferax volcanii, and the thermo-acidophile Crenarchaeota Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. In this work, we show that 4TU pulse labeling can be efficiently performed in these two organisms in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, our results suggest that uracil prototrophy had no critical impact on the overall 4TU incorporation in RNA molecules. Accordingly, our work suggests that 4TU incorporation can be widely performed in archaea, thereby expanding the molecular toolkit to analyze archaeal gene expression network dynamic in unprecedented detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Knüppel
- Biochemistry III, Institute for Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Kuttenberger
- Biochemistry III, Institute for Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Ferreira-Cerca
- Biochemistry III, Institute for Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dantuluri S, Wu Y, Hepowit NL, Chen H, Chen S, Maupin-Furlow JA. Proteome targets of ubiquitin-like samp1ylation are associated with sulfur metabolism and oxidative stress in Haloferax volcanii. Proteomics 2016; 16:1100-10. [PMID: 26841191 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Small archeal modifier proteins (SAMPs) are related to ubiquitin in tertiary structure and in their isopeptide linkage to substrate proteins. SAMPs also function in sulfur mobilization to form biomolecules such as molybdopterin and thiolated tRNA. While SAMP1 is essential for anaerobic growth and covalently attached to lysine residues of its molybdopterin synthase partner MoaE (K240 and K247), the full diversity of proteins modified by samp1ylation is not known. Here, we expand the knowledge of proteins isopeptide linked to SAMP1. LC-MS/MS analysis of -Gly-Gly signatures derived from SAMP1 S85R conjugates cleaved with trypsin was used to detect sites of sampylation (23 lysine residues) that mapped to 11 target proteins. Many of the identified target proteins were associated with sulfur metabolism and oxidative stress including MoaE, SAMP-activating E1 enzyme (UbaA), methionine sulfoxide reductase homologs (MsrA and MsrB), and the Fe-S assembly protein SufB. Several proteins were found to have multiple sites of samp1ylation, and the isopeptide linkage at SAMP3 lysines (K18, K55, and K62) revealed hetero-SAMP chain topologies. Follow-up affinity purification of selected protein targets (UbaA and MoaE) confirmed the LC-MS/MS results. 3D homology modeling suggested sampy1ylation is autoregulatory in inhibiting the activity of its protein partners (UbaA and MoaE), while occurring on the surface of some protein targets, such as SufB and MsrA/B. Overall, we provide evidence that SAMP1 is a ubiquitin-like protein modifier that is relatively specific in tagging its protein partners as well as proteins associated with oxidative stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Dantuluri
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Yifei Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.,College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Nathaniel L Hepowit
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Sixue Chen
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Julie A Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
A [3Fe-4S] cluster is required for tRNA thiolation in archaea and eukaryotes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12703-12708. [PMID: 27791189 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615732113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sulfur-containing nucleosides in transfer RNA (tRNAs) are present in all three domains of life; they have critical functions for accurate and efficient translation, such as tRNA structure stabilization and proper codon recognition. The tRNA modification enzymes ThiI (in bacteria and archaea) and Ncs6 (in archaea and eukaryotic cytosols) catalyze the formation of 4-thiouridine (s4U) and 2-thiouridine (s2U), respectively. The ThiI homologs were proposed to transfer sulfur via cysteine persulfide enzyme adducts, whereas the reaction mechanism of Ncs6 remains unknown. Here we show that ThiI from the archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis contains a [3Fe-4S] cluster that is essential for its tRNA thiolation activity. Furthermore, the archaeal and eukaryotic Ncs6 homologs as well as phosphoseryl-tRNA (Sep-tRNA):Cys-tRNA synthase (SepCysS), which catalyzes the Sep-tRNA to Cys-tRNA conversion in methanogens, also possess a [3Fe-4S] cluster similar to the methanogenic archaeal ThiI. These results suggest that the diverse tRNA thiolation processes in archaea and eukaryotic cytosols share a common mechanism dependent on a [3Fe-4S] cluster for sulfur transfer.
Collapse
|
27
|
Clouet-d’Orval B, Phung DK, Langendijk-Genevaux PS, Quentin Y. Universal RNA-degrading enzymes in Archaea: Prevalence, activities and functions of β-CASP ribonucleases. Biochimie 2015; 118:278-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
28
|
Cao S, Hepowit N, Maupin-Furlow JA. Ubiquitin-Like Protein SAMP1 and JAMM/MPN+ Metalloprotease HvJAMM1 Constitute a System for Reversible Regulation of Metabolic Enzyme Activity in Archaea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128399. [PMID: 26010867 PMCID: PMC4443979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin/ubiquitin-like (Ub/Ubl) proteins are involved in diverse cellular processes by their covalent linkage to protein substrates. Here, we provide evidence for a post-translational modification system that regulates enzyme activity which is composed of an archaeal Ubl protein (SAMP1) and a JAMM/MPN+ metalloprotease (HvJAMM1). Molybdopterin (MPT) synthase activity was found to be inhibited by covalent linkage of SAMP1 to the large subunit (MoaE) of MPT synthase. HvJAMM1 was shown to cleave the covalently linked inactive form of SAMP1-MoaE to the free functional individual SAMP1 and MoaE subunits of MPT synthase, suggesting reactivation of MPT synthase by this metalloprotease. Overall, this study provides new insight into the broad idea that Ub/Ubl modification is a post-translational process that can directly and reversibly regulate the activity of metabolic enzymes. In particular, we show that Ub/Ubl linkages on the active site residues of an enzyme (MPT synthase) can inhibit its catalytic activity and that the enzyme can be reactivated through cleavage by a JAMM/MPN+ metalloprotease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel Hepowit
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abbreviated Pathway for Biosynthesis of 2-Thiouridine in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:1952-62. [PMID: 25825430 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02625-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The 2-thiouridine (s(2)U) modification of the wobble position in glutamate, glutamine, and lysine tRNA molecules serves to stabilize the anticodon structure, improving ribosomal binding and overall efficiency of the translational process. Biosynthesis of s(2)U in Escherichia coli requires a cysteine desulfurase (IscS), a thiouridylase (MnmA), and five intermediate sulfur-relay enzymes (TusABCDE). The E. coli MnmA adenylates and subsequently thiolates tRNA to form the s(2)U modification. Bacillus subtilis lacks IscS and the intermediate sulfur relay proteins, yet its genome contains a cysteine desulfurase gene, yrvO, directly adjacent to mnmA. The genomic synteny of yrvO and mnmA combined with the absence of the Tus proteins indicated a potential functionality of these proteins in s(2)U formation. Here, we provide evidence that the B. subtilis YrvO and MnmA are sufficient for s(2)U biosynthesis. A conditional B. subtilis knockout strain showed that s(2)U abundance correlates with MnmA expression, and in vivo complementation studies in E. coli IscS- or MnmA-deficient strains revealed the competency of these proteins in s(2)U biosynthesis. In vitro experiments demonstrated s(2)U formation by YrvO and MnmA, and kinetic analysis established a partnership between the B. subtilis proteins that is contingent upon the presence of ATP. Furthermore, we observed that the slow-growth phenotype of E. coli ΔiscS and ΔmnmA strains associated with s(2)U depletion is recovered by B. subtilis yrvO and mnmA. These results support the proposal that the involvement of a devoted cysteine desulfurase, YrvO, in s(2)U synthesis bypasses the need for a complex biosynthetic pathway by direct sulfur transfer to MnmA. IMPORTANCE The 2-thiouridine (s(2)U) modification of the wobble position in glutamate, glutamine, and lysine tRNA is conserved in all three domains of life and stabilizes the anticodon structure, thus guaranteeing fidelity in translation. The biosynthesis of s(2)U in Escherichia coli requires seven proteins: the cysteine desulfurase IscS, the thiouridylase MnmA, and five intermediate sulfur-relay enzymes (TusABCDE). Bacillus subtilis and most Gram-positive bacteria lack a complete set of biosynthetic components. Interestingly, the mnmA coding sequence is located adjacent to yrvO, encoding a cysteine desulfurase. In this work, we provide evidence that the B. subtilis YrvO is able to transfer sulfur directly to MnmA. Both proteins are sufficient for s(2)U biosynthesis in a pathway independent of the one used in E. coli.
Collapse
|
30
|
Jüdes A, Ebert F, Bär C, Thüring KL, Harrer A, Klassen R, Helm M, Stark MJ, Schaffrath R. Urmylation and tRNA thiolation functions of ubiquitin-like Uba4·Urm1 systems are conserved from yeast to man. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:904-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|