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Astaxanthin Ameliorates Diabetic Retinopathy in Swiss Albino Mice via Inhibitory Processes of Neuron-Specific Enolase Activity. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) occurs due to microvascular damage in retinal tissues provoked by high blood sugar levels. The available drugs for DR are limited. Astaxanthin (AST) has anti-hypertensive, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetic properties. However, the therapeutic effect of AST on DR remains elusive. The present study is designed to investigate the effects of AST on DR via inhibition of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) activity. DR was induced by the administration of streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg: intraperitoneal; and 20 μL of STZ: intravitreal) in mice. AST (10 and 20 mg/kg) was administered orally (p.o.) for 21 days. The DR associated visual changes were assessed at different time intervals via optokinetic motor response (OMR) and penta-maze (PM) tests. Blood glucose level as well as retinal catalase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), & neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were estimated. The reference drug i.e., dexamethasone (DEX, 10 mg/kg; p.o.) was administered for 21 days. The administration of AST showed significant ameliorative potential in DR. Hence, AST can be used as a natural medicine for the management of DR due to its potential antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and NSE inhibitory properties.
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Villar-Delfino PH, Gomes NAO, Christo PP, Nogueira-Machado JA, Volpe CMO. Edaravone Inhibits the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Phagocytosis- and PKC-Stimulated Granulocytes from Multiple Sclerosis Patients Edaravone Modulate Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2022; 14:11795735221092524. [PMID: 35599854 PMCID: PMC9121512 DOI: 10.1177/11795735221092524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of MS. Edaravone (EDV)
has been proposed as a therapeutic resource for central nervous system
diseases, and it was effective in reducing oxidative stress. However, the
antioxidant mechanisms of EDV are poorly studied. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effects of EDV on resting, phagocytosis, and
PKC-activated granulocytes derived from MS patients and a healthy control
group. Methods The effects of EDV on ROS production in phagocytosis (ROS production in the
presence of opsonized particles) and PKC-stimulated granulocytes were
evaluated in a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence method. Calphostin C was
used in some experiments to compare with those of EDV. Results EDV inhibited ROS production in phagocytosis of opsonized particles and
PKC-stimulated granulocytes from MS patients and healthy control group. In
the presence of calphostin C, the inhibition of ROS production was similar
to that observed with EDV. Conclusion These findings suggest the involvement of EDV on the ROS-PKC-NOX signaling
pathways modulating oxidative stress in MS. EDV represents a promising
treatment option to control oxidative innate immune response for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Villar-Delfino
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina-Biomedicina, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nathália Augusta Oliveira Gomes
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina-Biomedicina, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo Pereira Christo
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina-Biomedicina, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Nogueira-Machado
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina-Biomedicina, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Caroline Maria Oliveira Volpe
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina-Biomedicina, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Gut-Lung Dysbiosis Accompanied by Diabetes Mellitus Leads to Pulmonary Fibrotic Change through the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:838-856. [PMID: 33705752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that the lungs are an unavoidable target organ of diabetic complications. However, the pathologic mechanisms of diabetic lung injury are still controversial. This study demonstrated the dysbiosis of the gut and lung microbiome, pulmonary alveolar wall thickening, and fibrotic change in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis mice compared with controls. In both animal models, the NF-κB signaling pathway was activated in the lungs. Enhanced pulmonary alveolar well thickening and fibrotic change appeared in the lungs of transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active NF-κB mutant compared with wild type. When lincomycin hydrochloride-induced gut dysbiosis was ameliorated by fecal microbiota transplant, enhanced inflammatory response in the intestine and pulmonary fibrotic change in the lungs were significantly decreased compared with lincomycin hydrochloride-treated mice. Furthermore, the application of fecal microbiota transplant and baicalin could also redress the microbial dysbiosis of the gut and lungs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Taken together, these data suggest that multiple as yet undefined factors related to microbial dysbiosis of gut and lungs cause pulmonary fibrogenesis associated with diabetes mellitus through an NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Ahmad A, Nawaz MI, Siddiquei MM, Abu El-Asrar AM. Apocynin ameliorates NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) induced oxidative damage in the hypoxic human retinal Müller cells and diabetic rat retina. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2099-2109. [PMID: 33515385 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a main producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may contribute to the early pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). ROS has harmful effects on endogenous neuro-survival factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) are necessary for the growth and survival of the retina. The role of NOX isoforms NOX4 in triggering ROS in DR is not clear. Here we determine the protective effects of a plant-derived NOX inhibitor apocynin (APO) on NOX4-induced ROS production which may contribute to the depletion of survival factors BDNF/SIRT1 or cell death in the diabetic retinas. Human retinal Müller glial cells (MGCs) were treated with hypoxia mimetic agent cobalt chloride (CoCl2) in the absence or presence of APO. Molecular analysis demonstrates that NOX4 is upregulated in CoCl2-treated MGCs and in the diabetic retinas. Increased NOX4 was accompanied by the downregulation of BDNF/SIRT1 expression or in the activation of apoptotic marker caspase-3. Whereas, APO treatment downregulates NOX4 and subsequently upregulates BDNF/SIRT1 or alleviate caspase-3 expression. Accordingly, in the diabetic retina we found a positive correlation in NOX4 vs ROS (p = 0.025; R2 = 0.488) and caspase-3 vs ROS (p = 0.04; R2 = 0.428); whereas a negative correlation in BDNF vs ROS (p = 0.009; R2 = 0.596) and SIRT1 vs ROS (p = 0.0003; R2 = 0.817) respectively. Taken together, NOX4-derived ROS could be a main contributor in downregulating BDNF/SIRT1 expression or in the activation of caspase-3. Whereas, APO treatment may minimize the deleterious effects occurring due to hyperglycemia and/or diabetic mimic hypoxic condition in early pathogenesis of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohd Imtiaz Nawaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed M Abu El-Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ding Y, Zhu W, Kong W, Li T, Zou P, Chen H. Edaravone attenuates neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus of rat traumatic brain injury model via activation of BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:514-522. [PMID: 33747286 PMCID: PMC7959085 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.89849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of our study was to explore the effects of edaravone on rats with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and investigate the underlying mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS All rats were separated randomly into 3 groups as follows: sham group (n = 25), TBI group (n = 25), TBI + edaravone group (n = 25). Edaravone was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a dose of 3 mg/kg at 30 min, 12 h, and 24 h after TBI. The neurological impairment and spatial cognitive function were assessed by the neurologic severity score (NSS) and Morris water maze (MWM), respectively. Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to determine the expression levels of caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB). Transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay as well as flow cytometry assay was used to determine the apoptosis rate of cells. RESULTS Edaravone administration significantly attenuated neurological impairment induced by TBI and promoted cognitive function outcome. The expression of BDNF and TrkB was elevated with treatment of edaravone, which was increased after TBI. The expression of apoptosis related proteins such as caspase-3 and Bax-2 was decreased while that of Bcl-2 was enhanced with edaravone administration following TBI. In addition, edaravone treatment reduced TBI-induced cell apoptosis in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that administration with edaravone was able to inhibit neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus in a rat TBI model. The neuroprotective function of edaravone may relate to modulation of the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexia Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Tuo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hongguang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Potilinski MC, Lorenc V, Perisset S, Gallo JE. Mechanisms behind Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in Diabetes and Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072351. [PMID: 32231131 PMCID: PMC7177797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes produces several changes in the body triggered by high glycemia. Some of these changes include altered metabolism, structural changes in blood vessels and chronic inflammation. The eye and particularly the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are not spared, and the changes eventually lead to cell loss and visual function impairment. Understanding the mechanisms resulting in RGC damage and loss from diabetic retinopathy is essential to find an effective treatment. This review focuses mainly on the signaling pathways and molecules involved in RGC loss and the potential therapeutic approaches for the prevention of this cell death. Throughout the manuscript it became evident that multiple factors of different kind are responsible for RGC damage. This shows that new therapeutic agents targeting several factors at the same time are needed. Alpha-1 antitrypsin as an anti-inflammatory agent may become a suitable option for the treatment of RGC loss because of its beneficial interaction with several signaling pathways involved in RGC injury and inflammation. In conclusion, alpha-1 antitrypsin may become a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of RGC loss and processes behind diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Constanza Potilinski
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Facultad de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Av. J.D. Perón 1500, 1629 Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (M.C.P.); (V.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Valeria Lorenc
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Facultad de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Av. J.D. Perón 1500, 1629 Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (M.C.P.); (V.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Sofía Perisset
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Facultad de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Av. J.D. Perón 1500, 1629 Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (M.C.P.); (V.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Juan Eduardo Gallo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Facultad de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Av. J.D. Perón 1500, 1629 Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (M.C.P.); (V.L.); (S.P.)
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Hospital Universitario Austral, Av. Juan Perón 1500, 1629 Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-91164038725
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Liu F, Saul AB, Pichavaram P, Xu Z, Rudraraju M, Somanath PR, Smith SB, Caldwell RB, Narayanan SP. Pharmacological Inhibition of Spermine Oxidase Reduces Neurodegeneration and Improves Retinal Function in Diabetic Mice. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E340. [PMID: 31991839 PMCID: PMC7074464 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a significant cause of blindness in working-age adults worldwide. Lack of effective strategies to prevent or reduce vision loss is a major problem. Since the degeneration of retinal neurons is an early event in the diabetic retina, studies to characterize the molecular mechanisms of diabetes-induced retinal neuronal damage and dysfunction are of high significance. We have demonstrated that spermine oxidase (SMOX), a mediator of polyamine oxidation is critically involved in causing neurovascular damage in the retina. The involvement of SMOX in diabetes-induced retinal neuronal damage is completely unknown. Utilizing the streptozotocin-induced mouse model of diabetes, the impact of the SMOX inhibitor, MDL 72527, on neuronal damage and dysfunction in the diabetic retina was investigated. Retinal function was assessed by electroretinography (ERG) and retinal architecture was evaluated using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography. Retinal cryosections were prepared for immunolabeling of inner retinal neurons and retinal lysates were used for Western blotting. We observed a marked decrease in retinal function in diabetic mice compared to the non-diabetic controls. Treatment with MDL 72527 significantly improved the ERG responses in diabetic retinas. Diabetes-induced retinal thinning was also inhibited by the MDL 72527 treatment. Our analysis further showed that diabetes-induced retinal ganglion cell damage and neurodegeneration were markedly attenuated by MDL 72527 treatment. These results strongly implicate SMOX in diabetes-induced retinal neurodegeneration and visual dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.L.); (M.R.); (P.R.S.)
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Alan B. Saul
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Prahalathan Pichavaram
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Madhuri Rudraraju
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.L.); (M.R.); (P.R.S.)
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Payaningal R. Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.L.); (M.R.); (P.R.S.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Sylvia B. Smith
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ruth B. Caldwell
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - S. Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.L.); (M.R.); (P.R.S.)
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.B.S.); (P.P.); (Z.X.); (S.B.S.); (R.B.C.)
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Augustine J, Troendle EP, Barabas P, McAleese CA, Friedel T, Stitt AW, Curtis TM. The Role of Lipoxidation in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:621938. [PMID: 33679605 PMCID: PMC7935543 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.621938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids can undergo modification as a result of interaction with reactive oxygen species (ROS). For example, lipid peroxidation results in the production of a wide variety of highly reactive aldehyde species which can drive a range of disease-relevant responses in cells and tissues. Such lipid aldehydes react with nucleophilic groups on macromolecules including phospholipids, nucleic acids, and proteins which, in turn, leads to the formation of reversible or irreversible adducts known as advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs). In the setting of diabetes, lipid peroxidation and ALE formation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of macro- and microvascular complications. As the most common diabetic complication, retinopathy is one of the leading causes of vision loss and blindness worldwide. Herein, we discuss diabetic retinopathy (DR) as a disease entity and review the current knowledge and experimental data supporting a role for lipid peroxidation and ALE formation in the onset and development of this condition. Potential therapeutic approaches to prevent lipid peroxidation and lipoxidation reactions in the diabetic retina are also considered, including the use of antioxidants, lipid aldehyde scavenging agents and pharmacological and gene therapy approaches for boosting endogenous aldehyde detoxification systems. It is concluded that further research in this area could lead to new strategies to halt the progression of DR before irreversible retinal damage and sight-threatening complications occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josy Augustine
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Evan P. Troendle
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Barabas
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Corey A. McAleese
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Friedel
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Alan W. Stitt
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Tim M. Curtis
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Tim M. Curtis,
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Narayanan SP, Shosha E, D Palani C. Spermine oxidase: A promising therapeutic target for neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104299. [PMID: 31207342 PMCID: PMC7011157 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), is a significant public health issue and the leading cause of blindness in working-aged adults worldwide. The vision loss associated with DR affects patients' quality of life and has negative social and psychological effects. In the past, diabetic retinopathy was considered as a vascular disease; however, it is now recognized to be a neuro-vascular disease of the retina. Current therapies for DR, such as laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF therapy, treat advanced stages of the disease, particularly the vasculopathy and have adverse side effects. Unavailability of effective treatments to prevent the incidence or progression of DR is a major clinical problem. There is a great need for therapeutic interventions capable of preventing retinal damage in DR patients. A growing body of evidence shows that neurodegeneration is an early event in DR pathogenesis. Therefore, studies of the underlying mechanisms that lead to neurodegeneration are essential for identifying new therapeutic targets in the early stages of DR. Deregulation of the polyamine metabolism is implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, renal failure, and diabetes. Spermine Oxidase (SMOX) is a highly inducible enzyme, and its dysregulation can alter polyamine homeostasis. The oxidative products of polyamine metabolism are capable of inducing cell damage and death. The current review provides insight into the SMOX-regulated molecular mechanisms of cellular damage and dysfunction, and its potential as a therapeutic target for diabetic retinopathy. Structural and functional changes in the diabetic retina and the mechanisms leading to neuronal damage (excitotoxicity, loss of neurotrophic factors, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction etc.) are also summarized in this review. Furthermore, existing therapies and new approaches to neuroprotection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States; Augusta University Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States.
| | - Esraa Shosha
- Augusta University Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Chithra D Palani
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States; Augusta University Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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10
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Yang XF, Huang YX, Lan M, Zhang TR, Zhou J. Protective Effects of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor on Retinal Vasculature and Cells in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Mice. Chin Med J (Engl) 2019; 131:75-81. [PMID: 29271384 PMCID: PMC5754962 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.221263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has been reported to possess various pharmacological effects, including displaying vascular and neuroprotective properties, during retinal disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the vascular and structural changes in the retina of diabetic mice and to explore whether LIF prevents experimental diabetes-induced retinal injury in the early stages. METHODS Diabetes was induced in C57Bl/6J mice with streptozotocin (STZ) injections. Successful diabetic animal models were randomly separated into two groups: the diabetic group (n = 15) and the LIF-treated group (n = 15). Normal C57BL/6 mice served as the normal control group (n = 14). Recombinant human LIF was intravitreally injected 8 weeks after the diabetic model was successfully established. Retinas were collected and evaluated using histological and immunohistochemical techniques, and flat-mounted retinas and Western blotting were performed at 18 weeks after the induction of diabetes and 2 days after the intravitreal injection of LIF. The analysis of variance test were used. RESULTS Histological analysis showed that there were fewer retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the inner nuclear layer (INL) became thinner in the diabetic model group (RGC 21.8 ± 4.0 and INL 120.2 ± 4.6 μm) compared with the normal control group (RGC 29.0 ± 6.7, t = -3.02, P = 0.007; INL 150.7 ± 10.6 μm, t = -8.88, P < 0.001, respectively). After LIF treatment, the number of RGCs (26.9 ± 5.3) was significantly increased (t = 3.39, P = 0.030) and the INL (134.5 ± 14.2 μm) was thicker compared to the diabetic group (t = 2.75, P = 0.013). In the anti-Brn-3a-labeled retinas, the number of RGCs in the LIF-treated group (3926.0 ± 143.9) was obviously increased compared to the diabetic group (3507.7 ± 286.1, t = 2.38, P = 0.030), while no significance was found between the LIF-treated group and the control group (4188.3 ± 114.7, t = -2.47, P = 0.069). Flat-mounted retinas demonstrated that a disorganized, dense distribution of the vessel was prominent in the diabetic model group. Vessel distribution in the LIF-treated mouse group was typical and the thickness was uniform. The levels of phosphosignal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation were obviously higher in the LIF-injected retinas than those in the diabetic control group (t = 3.85, P = 0.019) and the normal control (t = -3.20, P = 0.019). CONCLUSION The present study provides evidence that LIF treatment protects the integrity of the vasculature and prevents retinal injury in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy in STZ-induced diabetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fen Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ying-Xiang Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ming Lan
- Institute of Laboratory Animals of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Tao-Ran Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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11
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Akaiwa K, Namekata K, Azuchi Y, Guo X, Kimura A, Harada C, Mitamura Y, Harada T. Edaravone suppresses retinal ganglion cell death in a mouse model of normal tension glaucoma. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2934. [PMID: 28703795 PMCID: PMC5550882 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma, one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness, is characterized by progressive degeneration of optic nerves and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). In the mammalian retina, excitatory amino-acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) is expressed in neural cells, including RGCs. Loss of EAAC1 leads to RGC degeneration without elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and exhibits glaucomatous pathology including glutamate neurotoxicity and oxidative stress. In the present study, we found that edaravone, a free radical scavenger that is used for treatment of acute brain infarction and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), reduces oxidative stress and prevents RGC death and thinning of the inner retinal layer in EAAC1-deficient (KO) mice. In addition, in vivo electrophysiological analyses demonstrated that visual impairment in EAAC1 KO mice was ameliorated with edaravone treatment, clearly establishing that edaravone beneficially affects both histological and functional aspects of the glaucomatous retina. Our findings raise intriguing possibilities for the management of glaucoma by utilizing a widely prescribed drug for the treatment of acute brain infarction and ALS, edaravone, in combination with conventional treatments to lower IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Akaiwa
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Namekata
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Azuchi
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kimura
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Mitamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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12
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Thomas CN, Berry M, Logan A, Blanch RJ, Ahmed Z. Caspases in retinal ganglion cell death and axon regeneration. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17032. [PMID: 29675270 PMCID: PMC5903394 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) are terminally differentiated CNS neurons that possess limited endogenous regenerative capacity after injury and thus RGC death causes permanent visual loss. RGC die by caspase-dependent mechanisms, including apoptosis, during development, after ocular injury and in progressive degenerative diseases of the eye and optic nerve, such as glaucoma, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy and multiple sclerosis. Inhibition of caspases through genetic or pharmacological approaches can arrest the apoptotic cascade and protect a proportion of RGC. Novel findings have also highlighted a pyroptotic role of inflammatory caspases in RGC death. In this review, we discuss the molecular signalling mechanisms of apoptotic and inflammatory caspase responses in RGC specifically, their involvement in RGC degeneration and explore their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe N Thomas
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin Berry
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard J Blanch
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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13
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Zhang J, Liu R, Kuang HY, Gao XY, Liu HL. Protective treatments and their target retinal ganglion cells in diabetic retinopathy. Brain Res Bull 2017; 132:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Retinal Diseases Associated with Oxidative Stress and the Effects of a Free Radical Scavenger (Edaravone). OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9208489. [PMID: 28194256 PMCID: PMC5286467 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9208489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in developing and accelerating retinal diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). An excess amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to functional and morphological impairments in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), endothelial cells, and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Here we demonstrate that edaravone, a free radical scavenger, decreased apoptotic cell death, oxidative damage to DNA and lipids, and angiogenesis through inhibiting JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in AMD, glaucoma, DR, and RVO animal models. These data suggest that the therapeutic strategy for targeting oxidative stress may be important for the treatment of these ocular diseases, and edaravone may be useful for treating retinal diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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15
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Masuda T, Shimazawa M, Takata S, Nakamura S, Tsuruma K, Hara H. Edaravone is a free radical scavenger that protects against laser-induced choroidal neovascularization in mice and common marmosets. Exp Eye Res 2016; 146:196-205. [PMID: 27018216 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a main characteristic in exudative type of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of edaravone, a free radical scavenger on laser-induced CNV. CNV was induced by laser photocoagulation to the subretinal choroidal area of mice and common marmosets. Edaravone was administered either intraperitoneally twice a day for 2 weeks or intravenously just once after laser photocoagulation. The effects of edaravone on laser-induced CNV were evaluated by fundus fluorescein angiography, CNV area measurements, and the expression of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) modified proteins, a marker of oxidative stress. Furthermore, the effects of edaravone on the production of H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced cell proliferation were evaluated using human retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE-19) and human retinal microvascular endothelial cells, respectively. CNV areas in the edaravone-treated group were significantly smaller in mice and common marmosets. The expression of 4-HNE modified proteins was upregulated 3 h after laser photocoagulation, and intravenously administered edaravone decreased it. In in vitro studies, edaravone inhibited H2O2-induced ROS production and VEGF-induced cell proliferation. These findings suggest that edaravone may protect against laser-induced CNV by inhibiting oxidative stress and endothelial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Masuda
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Takata
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuruma
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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16
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The Neuropilin-1 Inhibitor, ATWLPPR Peptide, Prevents Experimental Diabetes-Induced Retinal Injury by Preserving Vascular Integrity and Decreasing Oxidative Stress. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142571. [PMID: 26554379 PMCID: PMC4640834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein. As a VEGF co-receptor, NRP1 significantly enhances VEGFR2 signaling and promotes vascular permeability and migration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an NRP-1 inhibitor, ATWLPPR peptide, on the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: a Normal group, a Diabetes (DB) ATWLPPR treatment group and a DB saline group. Electroretinography (ERG), fundus fluorescence angiography (FFA) and leukostasis were examined to evaluate the retinal injury induced by diabetes at the end of the fifth week after STZ injection. Occludin expression and extravasation of albumin were measured to determine the extent of vascular injury. The oxidative stress level and the levels of inflammation-associated proteins were also assayed. The results indicated that treatment with ATWLPPR prevents the abnormal condition of ERG (amplitudes of b-wave decreased and implicit time increased) and vascular injury (occludin degradation and increase in extravasated albumin). These effects were associated with a reduction in the oxidase stress level and the expression of VEGF, GFAP, and ICAM-1. We conclude that ATWLPPR, an NRP-1 inhibitor, may reduce the early retinal damage induced by diabetes by preserving vascular integrity and decreasing the oxidative stress level. Blockade of NRP-1 may be a new therapeutic strategy for the early stages of DR.
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17
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Zhang C, Wang Z, Zhao J, Li Q, Huang C, Zhu L, Lu D. Neuroprotective Effect of Lutein on NMDA-Induced Retinal Ganglion Cell Injury in Rat Retina. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:531-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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