1
|
Zandt MV, Pittenger C. Sexual dimorphism in histamine regulation of striatal dopamine. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.20.595049. [PMID: 38826392 PMCID: PMC11142073 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.20.595049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Many neuropsychiatric disorders show sex differences in prevalence and presentation. For example, Tourette's Syndrome (TS) is diagnosed 3-5 times more often in males. Dopamine modulation of the basal ganglia is implicated in numerous neuropsychiatric conditions, including TS. Motivated by an unexpected genetic finding in a family with TS, we previously characterized the modulation of striatal dopamine by histamine. Methods We used microdialysis to analyze striatal dopamine response to the targeted infusion of histamine and histamine agonists. siRNA knockdown of histamine receptors was used to identify the cellular mediators of observed effects. Results Intracerebroventricular histamine reduced striatal dopamine in male mice, replicating previous work. Unexpectedly, histamine increased striatal dopamine in females. Targeted infusion of selected agonists revealed that the effect in males depends on H2R receptors in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Knockdown of H2R in SNc GABAergic neurons abrogated the effect, identifying these cells as a key locus of histamine's regulation of dopamine in males. In females, in contrast, H2R had no role; instead, H3R agonists in the striatum increased striatal dopamine. Strikingly, the effect of histamine on dopamine in females was modulated by the estrous cycle, appearing in estrus/proestrus but not in metestrus/diestrus. Conclusions These findings confirm the regulation of striatal dopamine by histamine but identify marked sexual dimorphism in and estrous modulation of this effect. These findings may shed light on the mechanistic underpinnings of other sex differences in the striatal circuitry, perhaps including the marked sex differences seen in TS and related neuropsychiatric conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Van Zandt
- Pittenger Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Pittenger Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale School of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, USA
- Center for Brain and Mind Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
- Wu-Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dopamine transporter silencing in the rat: systems-level alterations in striato-cerebellar and prefrontal-midbrain circuits. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2329-2339. [PMID: 35246636 PMCID: PMC9126810 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Silencing of dopamine transporter (DAT), a main controlling factor of dopaminergic signaling, results in biochemical and behavioral features characteristic for neuropsychiatric diseases with presumed hyperdopaminergia including schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Investigation of DAT silencing thus provides a transdiagnostic approach towards a systems-level understanding of common underlying pathways. Using a high-field multimodal imaging approach and a highly sensitive cryogenic coil, we integrated structural, functional and metabolic investigations in tandem with behavioral assessments on a newly developed preclinical rat model, comparing DAT homozygous knockout (DAT-KO, N = 14), heterozygous knockout (N = 8) and wild-type male rats (N = 14). We identified spatially distributed structural and functional brain alterations encompassing motor, limbic and associative loops that demonstrated strong behavioral relevance and were highly consistent across imaging modalities. DAT-KO rats manifested pronounced volume loss in the dorsal striatum, negatively correlating with cerebellar volume increase. These alterations were associated with hyperlocomotion, repetitive behavior and loss of efficient functional small-world organization. Further, prefrontal and midbrain regions manifested opposite changes in functional connectivity and local network topology. These prefrontal disturbances were corroborated by elevated myo-inositol levels and increased volume. To conclude, our imaging genetics approach provides multimodal evidence for prefrontal-midbrain decoupling and striato-cerebellar neuroplastic compensation as two key features of constitutive DAT blockade, proposing them as transdiagnostic mechanisms of hyperdopaminergia. Thus, our study connects developmental DAT blockade to systems-level brain changes, underlying impaired action inhibition control and resulting in motor hyperactivity and compulsive-like features relevant for ADHD, schizophrenia and OCD.
Collapse
|
3
|
De Serrano AR, Hughes KA, Rodd FH. Paternal exposure to a common pharmaceutical (Ritalin) has transgenerational effects on the behaviour of Trinidadian guppies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3985. [PMID: 33597600 PMCID: PMC7889922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence is emerging that paternal effects, the nongenetic influence of fathers on their offspring, can be transgenerational, spanning several generations. Methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH; e.g. Ritalin) is a dopaminergic drug that is highly prescribed to adolescent males for the treatment of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. It has been suggested that MPH could cause transgenerational effects because MPH can affect the male germline in rodents and because paternal effects have been observed in individuals taking similar drugs (e.g. cocaine). Despite these concerns, the transgenerational effects of paternal MPH exposure are unknown. Therefore, we exposed male and female Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to a low, chronic dose of MPH and observed that MPH affected the anxiety/exploratory behaviour of males, but not females. Because of this male-specific effect, we investigated the transgenerational effects of MPH through the paternal line. We observed behavioural effects of paternal MPH exposure on offspring and great-grandoffspring that were not directly administered the drug, making this the first study to demonstrate that paternal MPH exposure can affect descendants. These effects were not due to differential mortality or fecundity between control and MPH lines. These results highlight the transgenerational potential of MPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex R De Serrano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.
| | - Kimberly A Hughes
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Dr, Tallahassee, FL, 32304, USA
| | - F Helen Rodd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arvidsson E, Gabulya S, Brodin AT, Karlsson TE, Olson L. Forebrain NgR1 Overexpression Impairs DA Release Suggesting Synergy of Local and Global Synaptic Plasticity Mechanisms. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:545854. [PMID: 33362526 PMCID: PMC7758427 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.545854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural synaptic reorganizations needed to permanently embed novel memories in the brain involve complex plasticity-enhancing and plasticity-inhibiting systems. Increased neural activity is linked to rapid downregulation of Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1), needed to allow local structural synaptic plasticity. This local regulation of plasticity is thought to be moderated by global systems, such as the ascending cholinergic and monoaminergic systems, adding significance to locally increased neural activity. Here we address the reverse possibility that the global systems may also be influenced by the status of local plasticity. Using NgR1-overexpressing mice, with impaired plasticity and long-term memory, we measured the ability to release dopamine (DA), implicated in regulating plasticity and memory. In vivo chronoamperometric recording with high temporal and spatial resolution revealed severe impairment of potassium chloride (KCl)-induced increase of extracellular DA in the dorsal striatum of mice overexpressing NgR1 in forebrain neurons. A similar, but lesser, impairment of DA release was seen following amphetamine delivery. In contrast, potassium chloride-evoked DA release in NgR1 knockout (KO) mice led to increased levels of extracellular DA. That NgR1 can impair DA signaling, thereby further dampening synaptic plasticity, suggests a new role for NgR1 signaling, acting in synergy with DA signaling to control synaptic plasticity. Significance Statement:The inverse correlation between local NgR1 levels and magnitude of KCl-inducible amounts of DA release in the striatum reinforces the rule of NgR1 as a regulator of structural synaptic plasticity and suggests synergy between local and global plasticity regulating systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Arvidsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarolta Gabulya
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alvin Tore Brodin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Structural organization, GABAergic and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the striatum and globus pallidus of the South American plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus (Rodentia, Caviomorpha). J Mol Histol 2019; 50:515-531. [PMID: 31515635 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The striatum is an essential component of the basal ganglia that regulatessensory processing, motor, cognition, and behavior. Depending on the species, the striatum shows a unique structure called caudate-putamen as in mice, or its separation into two regions called caudate and lenticular nuclei, the latter formed by putamen and globus pallidus areas, as in primates. These structures have two compartments, striosome and matrix. We investigated the structural organization, GABAergic and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the striatum and globus pallidus of the South American plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus. Its striatum showed regionalization arising from the presence of an internal capsule, and a similar organization to a striosome-matrix compartmentalization. GABAergic neurons in the matrix of caudate exhibited parvalbumin, calretinin, calbindin, GAD65, and NADPH-d-immunoreactivity. These were also expressed in cells of the putamen with the exception of calretinin showing neurofibers localization. Globus pallidus showed parvalbumin- and GAD65-immunoreactive cells, and calretinin- and calbindin-immunoreactive neuropil, plus GABA-A-immunoreactive neurofibers. NADPH-d-, GAD65- and GABA-A-immunoreactive neurons were larger than parvalbumin-, calretinin-, and calbindin-immunoreactive cells, whereas calbindin-immunoreactive cells were the most abundant. In addition, TH-immunoreactive neuropil was observed in the matrix of the striatum. A significant larger TH-immunoreactive area and neuron number was found in females compared to males. The presence of an internal capsule suggests an adaptive advantage concerning motor and cognitive abilities favoring reaction time in response to predators. In an anatomy-evolutive perspective, the striatum of vizcacha seems to be closer to that of humans than to that of laboratory traditional models such as mouse.
Collapse
|
6
|
Where Is Dopamine and how do Immune Cells See it?: Dopamine-Mediated Immune Cell Function in Health and Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 15:114-164. [PMID: 31077015 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is well recognized as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and regulates critical functions in a variety of peripheral systems. Growing research has also shown that dopamine acts as an important regulator of immune function. Many immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopamine related proteins, enabling them to actively respond to dopamine and suggesting that dopaminergic immunoregulation is an important part of proper immune function. A detailed understanding of the physiological concentrations of dopamine in specific regions of the human body, particularly in peripheral systems, is critical to the development of hypotheses and experiments examining the effects of physiologically relevant dopamine concentrations on immune cells. Unfortunately, the dopamine concentrations to which these immune cells would be exposed in different anatomical regions are not clear. To address this issue, this comprehensive review details the current information regarding concentrations of dopamine found in both the central nervous system and in many regions of the periphery. In addition, we discuss the immune cells present in each region, and how these could interact with dopamine in each compartment described. Finally, the review briefly addresses how changes in these dopamine concentrations could influence immune cell dysfunction in several disease states including Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, as well as the collection of pathologies, cognitive and motor symptoms associated with HIV infection in the central nervous system, known as NeuroHIV. These data will improve our understanding of the interactions between the dopaminergic and immune systems during both homeostatic function and in disease, clarify the effects of existing dopaminergic drugs and promote the creation of new therapeutic strategies based on manipulating immune function through dopaminergic signaling. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
|
7
|
London J, Ndiaye FK, Bui LC, Souchet B, Daubigney F, Magnan C, Luquet S, Dairou J, Janel N, Rouch C. Alterations in the Serotonin and Dopamine Pathways by Cystathionine Beta Synthase Overexpression in Murine Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3958-3971. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
8
|
Rose SJ, Harrast P, Donsante C, Fan X, Joers V, Tansey MG, Jinnah H, Hess EJ. Parkinsonism without dopamine neuron degeneration in aged l-dopa-responsive dystonia knockin mice. Mov Disord 2017; 32:1694-1700. [PMID: 28949038 PMCID: PMC5744486 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent neuroimaging studies implicate nigrostriatal degeneration as a critical factor in producing late-onset parkinsonism in patients with l-dopa-responsive dystonia-causing mutations. However, postmortem anatomical studies do not reveal neurodegeneration in l-dopa-responsive dystonia patients. These contrasting findings make it unclear how parkinsonism develops in l-dopa-responsive dystonia mutation carriers. METHODS We prospectively assessed motor dysfunction, responses to dopaminergic challenge, and dopamine neuron degeneration with aging in a validated knockin mouse model bearing a l-dopa-responsive dystonia-causing mutation found in humans. RESULTS As l-dopa-responsive dystonia mice aged, dystonic movements waned while locomotor activity decreased and initiation of movements slowed. Despite the age-related reduction in movement, there was no evidence for degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons. Presynaptically mediated dopaminergic responses did not change with age in l-dopa-responsive dystonia mice, but responses to D1 dopamine receptor agonists decreased with age. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated for the first time the co-occurrence of dystonia and Parkinson's-like features (mainly consisting of hypokinesia) in a genetic mouse model. In this model we show that these features evolve without dopaminergic neurodegeneration, suggesting that postsynaptic plasticity, rather than presynaptic degeneration, may contribute to the development of parkinsonism in patients with l-dopa-responsive dystonia. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Rose
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Porter Harrast
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christine Donsante
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xueliang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Valerie Joers
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Malύ G. Tansey
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - H.A. Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ellen J. Hess
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Orendain-Jaime EN, Ortega-Ibarra JM, López-Pérez SJ. Evidence of sexual dimorphism in D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors expression in frontal cortex and striatum of young rats. Neurochem Int 2016; 100:62-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
10
|
Kohno M, Nurmi EL, Laughlin CP, Morales AM, Gail EH, Hellemann GS, London ED. Functional Genetic Variation in Dopamine Signaling Moderates Prefrontal Cortical Activity During Risky Decision Making. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:695-703. [PMID: 26119471 PMCID: PMC4707816 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain imaging has revealed links between prefrontal activity during risky decision-making and striatal dopamine receptors. Specifically, striatal dopamine D2-like receptor availability is correlated with risk-taking behavior and sensitivity of prefrontal activation to risk in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). The extent to which these associations, involving a single neurochemical measure, reflect more general effects of dopaminergic functioning on risky decision making, however, is unknown. Here, 65 healthy participants provided genotypes and performed the BART during functional magnetic resonance imaging. For each participant, dopamine function was assessed using a gene composite score combining known functional variation across five genes involved in dopaminergic signaling: DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, DAT1, and COMT. The gene composite score was negatively related to dorsolateral prefrontal cortical function during risky decision making, and nonlinearly related to earnings on the task. Iterative permutations of all possible allelic variations (7777 allelic combinations) was tested on brain function in an independently defined region of the prefrontal cortex and confirmed empirical validity of the composite score, which yielded stronger association than 95% of all other possible combinations. The gene composite score also accounted for a greater proportion of variability in neural and behavioral measures than the independent effects of each gene variant, indicating that the combined effects of functional dopamine pathway genes can provide a robust assessment, presumably reflecting the cumulative and potentially interactive effects on brain function. Our findings support the view that the links between dopaminergic signaling, prefrontal function, and decision making vary as a function of dopamine signaling capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milky Kohno
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erika L Nurmi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher P Laughlin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Angelica M Morales
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emma H Gail
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gerhard S Hellemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edythe D London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA, Tel: +310 825 0606, Fax: +310 825 0812, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Tuma J, Kolinko Y, Vozeh F, Cendelin J. Mutation-related differences in exploratory, spatial, and depressive-like behavior in pcd and Lurcher cerebellar mutant mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:116. [PMID: 26029065 PMCID: PMC4429248 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is not only essential for motor coordination but is also involved in cognitive and affective processes. These functions of the cerebellum and mechanisms of their disorders in cerebellar injury are not completely understood. There is a wide spectrum of cerebellar mutant mice which are used as models of hereditary cerebellar degenerations. Nevertheless, they differ in pathogenesis of manifestation of the particular mutation and also in the strain background. The aim of this work was to compare spatial navigation, learning, and memory in pcd and Lurcher mice, two of the most frequently used cerebellar mutants. The mice were tested in the open field for exploration behavior, in the Morris water maze with visible as well as reversal hidden platform tasks and in the forced swimming test for motivation assessment. Lurcher mice showed different space exploration activity in the open field and a lower tendency to depressive-like behavior in the forced swimming test compared with pcd mice. Severe deficit of spatial navigation was shown in both cerebellar mutants. However, the overall performance of Lurcher mice was better than that of pcd mutants. Lurcher mice showed the ability of visual guidance despite difficulties with the direct swim toward a goal. In the probe trial test, Lurcher mice preferred the visible platform rather than the more recent localization of the hidden goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tuma
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Biomedical Centre, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic ; Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Yaroslav Kolinko
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Biomedical Centre, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic ; Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Vozeh
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Biomedical Centre, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic ; Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Cendelin
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Biomedical Centre, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic ; Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|