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Herbivorous Juvenile Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Fed with Genetically Modified MON 810 and DAS-59122 Maize Varieties Containing Cry Toxins: Intestinal Histological, Developmental, and Immunological Investigations. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020153. [PMID: 35202180 PMCID: PMC8875443 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding experiments with juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed with genetically modified maize MON 810 or DAS-59122 dried leaf biomass were carried out with 1-, 3- and 6-month exposures. Dosages of 3–7 μg/fish/day Cry1Ab or 18-55 μg/fish/day Cry34Ab1 toxin did not cause mortality. No difference occurred in body or abdominal sac weights. No differences appeared in levels of inorganic phosphate, calcium, fructosamine, bile acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, and alanine and aspartame aminotransferases. DAS-59122 did not alter blood parameters tested after 3 months of feeding. MON 810 slightly decreased serum albumin levels compared to the control, only in one group. Tapeworm (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) infection changed the levels of inorganic phosphate and calcium. Cry34Ab1 toxin appeared in blood (12.6 ± 1.9 ng/mL), but not in the muscle. It was detected in B. acheilognathi. Cry1Ab was hardly detectable in certain samples near the limit of detection. Degradation of Cry toxins was extremely quick in the fish gastrointestinal tract. After 6 months of feeding, only mild indications in certain serum parameters were observed: MON 810 slightly increased the level of apoptotic cells in the blood and reduced the number of thrombocytes in one group; DAS-59122 mildly increased the number of granulocytes compared to the near-isogenic line.
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2
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Wu N, Xu X, Wang B, Li XM, Cheng YY, Li M, Xia XQ, Zhang YA. Anti-foodborne enteritis effect of galantamine potentially via acetylcholine anti-inflammatory pathway in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:204-215. [PMID: 31843701 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne enteritis has become a limiting factor in aquaculture. Plant protein sources have already caused enteritic inflammation and inhibition in growth performance. Attempts have been made to find an effective solution to foodborne enteritis. Based on the previously suggested fish cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, galantamine, a typical cholinesterase inhibitor, was tested for the repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines for soybean meal induced enteritis by injection into grass carp. Both the phylogenetic analysis of cholinesterase, AchR and bioinformatic prediction, indicated galantamine's potential use as an enteritis drug. The result highlighted galantamine's potential effect for anti-enteritis in fish, especially in carps. Subsequently, a 4-week feeding trail using galantamine as an additive, in a zebrafish soybean meal induced enteritis model, demonstrated the prevention of enteritis. The results demonstrated that galantamine could prevent intestinal pathology, both histologically and molecularly, and also maintain growth performance. Reflected by gene expressional analysis, all mechanical, chemical and immune functions of the intestinal barrier could be protected by galantamine supplementation, which aided molecularly in the control of fish foodborne enteritis, through down-regulating Th17 type proinflammatory factors, meanwhile resuming the level of Treg type anti-inflammatory factors. Therefore, the current results shed light on fish intestinal acetylcholine anti-inflammation, by the dietary addition of galantamine, which could give rise to protection from foodborne enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xuan Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Mei Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Yin Cheng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Xia
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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3
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Stein T, Ran G, Bohmer M, Sharbati S, Einspanier R. Expression profiling of key pathways in rat liver after a one-year feeding trial with transgenic maize MON810. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18915. [PMID: 31831783 PMCID: PMC6908735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent one-year feeding study, we observed no adverse effects on tissue level in organs of rats fed with the genetically-modified maize MON810. Here, we assessed RNA expression levels of 86 key genes of the apoptosis-, NF-кB-, DNA-damage response (DDR)-, and unfolded-protein response (UPR) pathways by RT-qPCR in the rat liver. Male and female rats were fed either with 33% MON810 (GMO), isogenic- (ISO), or conventional maize (CONV) and RNAs were quantified from eight rats from each of the six feeding groups. Only Birc2 transcript showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) consistent difference of ≥1.5-fold between the GMO and ISO groups in both sexes. Unsupervised cluster analysis showed a strong separation of male and female rats, but no clustering of the feeding groups. Individual analysis of the pathways did not show any clustering of the male or female feeding groups either, though transcript levels of UPR pathway-associated genes caused some clustering of the male GMO and CONV feeding group samples. These differences were not seen between the GMO and ISO control or within the female cohort. Our data therefore does not support an adverse effect on rat liver RNA expression through the long-term feeding of MON810 compared to isogenic control maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Stein
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guangyao Ran
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Liquor Making Engineering, Moutai Institute, Luban Avenue, 564507, Renhuai, China
| | - Marc Bohmer
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- SGS Institute Fresenius GmbH, Life Sciences Services, Tegeler Weg 33, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Soroush Sharbati
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Optimizing the Use of Zebrafish Feeding Trials for the Safety Evaluation of Genetically Modified Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061472. [PMID: 30909578 PMCID: PMC6471220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, the toxicological safety of genetically modified (GM) crops is routinely evaluated using rodent feeding trials, originally designed for testing oral toxicity of chemical compounds. We aimed to develop and optimize methods for advancing the use of zebrafish feeding trials for the safety evaluation of GM crops, using maize as a case study. In a first step, we evaluated the effect of different maize substitution levels. Our results demonstrate the need for preliminary testing to assess potential feed component-related effects on the overall nutritional balance. Next, since a potential effect of a GM crop should ideally be interpreted relative to the natural response variation (i.e., the range of biological values that is considered normal for a particular endpoint) in order to assess the toxicological relevance, we established natural response variation datasets for various zebrafish endpoints. We applied equivalence testing to calculate threshold equivalence limits (ELs) based on the natural response variation as a method for quantifying the range within which a GM crop and its control are considered equivalent. Finally, our results illustrate that the use of commercial control diets (CCDs) and null segregant (NS) controls (helpful for assessing potential effects of the transformation process) would be valuable additions to GM safety assessment strategies.
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5
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Kalhoro H, Tong S, Wang L, Hua Y, Volatiana JA, Shao Q. Gross anatomical and histomorphological features of the Acanthopagrus schlegelii
digestive tract (
Bleeker 1854) Perciforme
s, Sparidae. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hameeda Kalhoro
- Aquaculture Nutrition Laboratory; College of Animal Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
- Department of Fresh Water Biology and Fisheries; Faculty of Natural Sciences; University of Sindh Jamshoro; Sindh Jamshoro Pakistan
| | - Shengli Tong
- Aquaculture Nutrition Laboratory; College of Animal Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Lei Wang
- Aquaculture Nutrition Laboratory; College of Animal Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Ying Hua
- Aquaculture Nutrition Laboratory; College of Animal Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Josie Ancella Volatiana
- Aquaculture Nutrition Laboratory; College of Animal Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Qingjun Shao
- Aquaculture Nutrition Laboratory; College of Animal Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
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6
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Bøhn T. Criticism of EFSA's scientific opinion on combinatorial effects of 'stacked' GM plants. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 111:268-274. [PMID: 29155358 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetically modified plants tend to include both insect resistance and herbicide tolerance traits. Some of these 'stacked' GM plants have multiple Cry-toxins expressed as well as tolerance to several herbicides. This means that non-target organisms in the environment (biodiversity) will be co-exposed to multiple stressors simultaneously. A similar co-exposure may happen to consumers through chemical residues in the food chain. EFSA, the responsible unit for minimizing risk of harm in European food chains, has expressed its scientific interest in combinatorial effects. However, when new data showed how two Cry-toxins acted in combination (added toxicity), and that the same Cry-toxins showed combinatorial effects when co-exposed with Roundup (Bøhn et al., 2016), EFSA dismissed these new peer-reviewed results. In effect, EFSA claimed that combinatorial effects are not relevant for itself. EFSA was justifying this by referring to a policy question, and by making invalid assumptions, which could have been checked directly with the lead-author. With such approach, EFSA may miss the opportunity to improve its environmental and health risk assessment of toxins and pesticides in the food chain. Failure to follow its own published requests for combinatorial effects research, may also risk jeopardizing EFSA's scientific and public reputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bøhn
- GenØk - Centre for Biosafety, Tromsø, Norway.
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7
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Venter HJ, Bøhn T. Interactions between Bt crops and aquatic ecosystems: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2891-2902. [PMID: 27530353 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The term Bt crops collectively refers to crops that have been genetically modified to include a gene (or genes) sourced from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria. These genes confer the ability to produce proteins toxic to certain insect pests. The interaction between Bt crops and adjacent aquatic ecosystems has received limited attention in research and risk assessment, despite the fact that some Bt crops have been in commercial use for 20 yr. Reports of effects on aquatic organisms such as Daphnia magna, Elliptio complanata, and Chironomus dilutus suggest that some aquatic species may be negatively affected, whereas other reports suggest that the decreased use of insecticides precipitated by Bt crops may benefit aquatic communities. The present study reviews the literature regarding entry routes and exposure pathways by which aquatic organisms may be exposed to Bt crop material, as well as feeding trials and field surveys that have investigated the effects of Bt-expressing plant material on such organisms. The present review also discusses how Bt crop development has moved past single-gene events, toward multigene stacked varieties that often contain herbicide resistance genes in addition to multiple Bt genes, and how their use (in conjunction with co-technology such as glyphosate/Roundup) may impact and interact with aquatic ecosystems. Lastly, suggestions for further research in this field are provided. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2891-2902. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermoine J Venter
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University Potchefstroom Campus, North West Province, South Africa
| | - Thomas Bøhn
- GenØk-Center for Biosafety, Tromsø, Troms, Norway
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Purushothaman K, Lau D, Saju JM, Musthaq SK S, Lunny DP, Vij S, Orbán L. Morpho-histological characterisation of the alimentary canal of an important food fish, Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). PeerJ 2016; 4:e2377. [PMID: 27635341 PMCID: PMC5012279 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) is a food fish of increasing aquaculture importance. In order to improve our understanding on the digestive system and feeding of this species, morphological and histological features of the gut were studied. Morphologically, the Asian seabass gut is defined by a short and muscular esophagus, well-developed stomach and comparatively short intestine. Mucous secreting goblet cells reactive to PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) and AB (Alcian Blue) stain were present throughout the esophagus. The stomach was sac-like and could be distinguished into the cardiac, fundic and pyloric regions. Gastric glands and mucus cells were predominately present in the cardiac and fundic regions. Five finger-like pyloric caeca were present between the stomach and intestine. The intestine was a short, tubular structure with no morphological differences between the various regions. Histologically, the intestinal regions were similar, the main difference being in the number of goblet cells that increased from anterior to posterior intestine, with 114 ± 9, 153 ± 7 and 317 ± 21 goblet cells in the anterior, mid and posterior regions, respectively. The intestinal epithelium stained positively for PAS, but the staining was stronger for acidic glycoproteins. The rectum was similar to intestine, except for increased goblet cell numbers (anterior rectum: 529 ± 26; posterior rectum: 745 ± 29). Gut morpho-histology did not respond to salinity changes, however, there was a significant reduction of mucosal height, goblet cell numbers and muscularis thickness upon food deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doreen Lau
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jolly M. Saju
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Syed Musthaq SK
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Declan Patrick Lunny
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - Shubha Vij
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - László Orbán
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
- Department of Animal Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
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9
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Lin HT, Lee WC, Tsai YT, Wu JH, Yen GC, Yeh SD, Cheng YH, Chang SC, Liao JW. Subchronic Immunotoxicity Assessment of Genetically Modified Virus-Resistant Papaya in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5935-5940. [PMID: 27396727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Papaya is an important fruit that provides a variety of vitamins with nutritional value and also holds some pharmacological properties, including immunomodulation. Genetically modified (GM) papaya plants resistant to Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) infection have been generated by cloning the coat protein gene of the PRSV which can be used as a valuable strategy to fight PRSV infection and to increase papaya production. In order to assess the safety of GM papaya as a food, this subchronic study was conducted to assess the immunomodulatory responses of the GM papaya line 823-2210, when compared with its parent plant of non-GM papaya, Tainung-2 (TN-2), in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Both non-GM and GM 823-2210 papaya fruits at low (1 g/kg bw) and high (2 g/kg bw) dosages were administered via daily oral gavage to male and female rats consecutively for 90 days. Immunophenotyping, mitogen-induced splenic cell proliferation, antigen-specific antibody response, and histopathology of the spleen and thymus were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Results of immunotoxicity assays revealed no consistent difference between rats fed for 90 days with GM 823-2210 papaya fruits, as opposed to those fed non-GM TN-2 papaya fruits, suggesting that with regard to immunomodulatory responses, GM 823-2210 papaya fruits maintain substantial equivalence to fruits of their non-GM TN-2 parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Tang Lin
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare , Taipei City115, Taiwan, Republic of China
- College of Bioresources, National I-Lan University , I-Lan 260, Taiwan 260, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Cheng Lee
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jhaol-Huei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Gow-Chin Yen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shyi-Dong Yeh
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ying-Huey Cheng
- National Plant Genetic Resources Center, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute , Taichung 413, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Chieh Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
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10
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Sahlmann C, Gu J, Kortner TM, Lein I, Krogdahl Å, Bakke AM. Ontogeny of the Digestive System of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Effects of Soybean Meal from Start-Feeding. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124179. [PMID: 25923375 PMCID: PMC4414279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a long history of rearing Atlantic salmon in hatcheries in Norway, knowledge of molecular and physiological aspects of juvenile development is still limited. To facilitate introduction of alternative feed ingredients and feed additives during early phases, increased knowledge regarding the ontogeny of the digestive apparatus in salmon is needed. In this study, we characterized the development of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs for five months following hatch by using histological, biochemical and molecular methods. Furthermore, the effects of a diet containing 16.7% soybean meal (SBM) introduced at start-feeding were investigated, as compared to a fishmeal based control diet. Salmon yolk sac alevins and fry were sampled at 18 time points from hatch until 144 days post hatch (dph). Histomorphological development was investigated at 7, 27, 46, 54 and 144 dph. Ontogenetic expression patterns of genes encoding key digestive enzymes, nutrient transporters, gastrointestinal peptide hormones and T-cell markers were analyzed from 13 time points by qPCR. At 7 dph, the digestive system of Atlantic salmon alevins was morphologically distinct with an early stomach, liver, pancreas, anterior and posterior intestine. About one week before the yolk sac was internalized and exogenous feeding was started, gastric glands and developing pyloric caeca were observed, which coincided with an increase in gene expression of gastric and pancreatic enzymes and nutrient transporters. Thus, the observed organs seemed ready to digest external feed well before the yolk sac was absorbed into the abdominal cavity. In contrast to post-smolt Atlantic salmon, inclusion of SBM did not induce intestinal inflammation in the juveniles. This indicates that SBM can be used in compound feeds for salmon fry from start-feeding to at least 144 dph and/or 4-5 g body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sahlmann
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jinni Gu
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond M. Kortner
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Åshild Krogdahl
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Marie Bakke
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Ferreira Holderbaum D, Cuhra M, Wickson F, Orth AI, Nodari RO, Bøhn T. Chronic Responses of Daphnia magna Under Dietary Exposure to Leaves of a Transgenic (Event MON810) Bt-Maize Hybrid and its Conventional Near-Isoline. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:993-1007. [PMID: 26262442 PMCID: PMC4566889 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1037877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Insect resistance is the second most common trait globally in cultivated genetically modified (GM) plants. Resistance is usually obtained by introducing into the plant's genome genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) coding for insecticidal proteins (Cry proteins or toxins) that target insect pests. The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that a chronic, high-dose dietary exposure to leaves of a Bt-maize hybrid (GM event MON810, expressing a transgenic or recombinant Cry1Ab toxin), exerted no adverse effects on fitness parameters of the aquatic nontarget organism Daphnia magna (water flea) when compared to an identical control diet based on leaves of the non-GM near-isoline. Cry1Ab was immunologically detected and quantified in GM maize leaf material used for Daphnia feed. A 69-kD protein near Bt's active core-toxin size and a 34-kD protein were identified. The D. magna bioassay showed a resource allocation to production of resting eggs and early fecundity in D. magna fed GM maize, with adverse effects for body size and fecundity later in life. This is the first study to examine GM-plant leaf material in the D. magna model, and provides of negative fitness effects of a MON810 maize hybrid in a nontarget model organism under chronic, high dietary exposure. Based upon these results, it is postulated that the observed transgenic proteins exert a nontarget effect in D. magna and/or unintended changes were produced in the maize genome/metabolome by the transformation process, producing a nutritional difference between GM-maize and non-GM near-isoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ferreira Holderbaum
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Florianópolis, Brazil
- GenØk, Centre for Biosafety, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marek Cuhra
- GenØk, Centre for Biosafety, Tromsø, Norway
- UIT, The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Afonso Inácio Orth
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rubens Onofre Nodari
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Thomas Bøhn
- GenØk, Centre for Biosafety, Tromsø, Norway
- UIT, The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tromsø, Norway
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12
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Zeljenková D, Ambrušová K, Bartušová M, Kebis A, Kovrižnych J, Krivošíková Z, Kuricová M, Líšková A, Rollerová E, Spustová V, Szabová E, Tulinská J, Wimmerová S, Levkut M, Révajová V, Ševčíková Z, Schmidt K, Schmidtke J, La Paz JL, Corujo M, Pla M, Kleter GA, Kok EJ, Sharbati J, Hanisch C, Einspanier R, Adel-Patient K, Wal JM, Spök A, Pöting A, Kohl C, Wilhelm R, Schiemann J, Steinberg P. Ninety-day oral toxicity studies on two genetically modified maize MON810 varieties in Wistar Han RCC rats (EU 7th Framework Programme project GRACE). Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2289-314. [PMID: 25270621 PMCID: PMC4247492 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The GMO Risk Assessment and Communication of Evidence (GRACE; www.grace-fp7.eu ) project is funded by the European Commission within the 7th Framework Programme. A key objective of GRACE is to conduct 90-day animal feeding trials, animal studies with an extended time frame as well as analytical, in vitro and in silico studies on genetically modified (GM) maize in order to comparatively evaluate their use in GM plant risk assessment. In the present study, the results of two 90-day feeding trials with two different GM maize MON810 varieties, their near-isogenic non-GM varieties and four additional conventional maize varieties are presented. The feeding trials were performed by taking into account the guidance for such studies published by the EFSA Scientific Committee in 2011 and the OECD Test Guideline 408. The results obtained show that the MON810 maize at a level of up to 33 % in the diet did not induce adverse effects in male and female Wistar Han RCC rats after subchronic exposure, independently of the two different genetic backgrounds of the event.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mária Bartušová
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anton Kebis
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Zora Krivošíková
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Aurélia Líšková
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Rollerová
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viera Spustová
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Elena Szabová
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Tulinská
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Soňa Wimmerová
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jose Luis La Paz
- Edifici CRAG, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Campus UAB, Cerdanyola, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Corujo
- Edifici CRAG, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Campus UAB, Cerdanyola, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Pla
- Edifici EPS1, Universitat de Girona (UDG), Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Gijs A. Kleter
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther J. Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jutta Sharbati
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlos Hanisch
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karine Adel-Patient
- INRA, UR496 Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, CEA/IBiTeC-S/SPI, CEA de Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Michel Wal
- INRA, UR496 Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, CEA/IBiTeC-S/SPI, CEA de Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Armin Spök
- IFZ-Inter-University Research Centre for Technology, Work and Culture (IFZ), Schlögelgasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Annette Pöting
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Kohl
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin Baur Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wilhelm
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin Baur Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Schiemann
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin Baur Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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