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Tomczyk MD, Matczak K, Skonieczna M, Chulkin P, Denel-Bobrowska M, Różycka D, Rykowski S, Olejniczak AB, Walczak K. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxic activity of dye-linker-macrocycle conjugates with variable linker length and components. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106782. [PMID: 37659149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the structure-activity relationship of newly synthesized dye-linker-macrocycle (DLM) conjugates and the effect of each component on various biological properties, including cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, intracellular localization, interaction with DNA and photodynamic effects. The conjugates were synthesized by combining 1,8-naphthalimide and thioxanthone dyes with 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) and 1-aza-12-crown-4 (1A12C4) using alkyl linkers of different lengths. The results revealed significant differences in biological activity among the various series of conjugates. Particularly, 1A12C4 conjugates exhibited notably higher cytotoxicity compared to cyclen conjugates. Conjugation with 1A12C4 proved to be an effective strategy for increasing cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of small-molecule conjugates. In addition, the results highlighted the critical role of linker length in modulating the biological activity of DLM conjugates. It became clear that the choice of each component (dye, macrocycle and linker) could significantly alter the biological activity of the conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz D Tomczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, Gliwice 44-100, Poland.
| | - Karolina Matczak
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, Łódź 90-236, Poland
| | - Magdalena Skonieczna
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Pavel Chulkin
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Marta Denel-Bobrowska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, Łódź 93-232, Poland
| | - Daria Różycka
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, Łódź 93-232, Poland
| | - Sebastian Rykowski
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, Łódź 93-232, Poland
| | - Agnieszka B Olejniczak
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, Łódź 93-232, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Walczak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
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Counsell AJ, Yu M, Shi M, Jones AT, Batten JM, Turner P, Todd MH, Rutledge PJ. Copper(ii) complexes of N-propargyl cyclam ligands reveal a range of coordination modes and colours, and unexpected reactivity. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:3931-3942. [PMID: 33635937 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03736b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The coordination chemistry of N-functionalised cyclam ligands has a rich history, yet cyclam derivatives with pendant alkynes are largely unexplored. This is despite the significant potential and burgeoning application of N-propargyl cyclams and related compounds in the creation of diversely functionalised cyclam derivatives via copper-catalysed azide-alkyne 'click' reactions. Herein we describe single crystal X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic investigations of the coordination chemistry of copper(ii) complexes of cyclam derivatives with between 1 and 4 pendant alkynes. The crystal structures of these copper complexes unexpectedly reveal a range of coordination modes, and the surprising occurrence of five unique complexes within a single recrystallisation of the tetra-N-propargyl cyclam ligand. One of these species exhibits weak intramolecular copper-alkyne coordination, and another is formed by a surprising intramolecular copper-mediated hydroalkoxylation reaction with the solvent methanol, transforming one of the pendant alkynes to an enol ether. Multiple functionalisation of the tetra-N-propargyl ligand is demonstrated via a 'tetra-click' reaction with benzyl azide, and the copper-binding behaviour of the resulting tetra-triazole ligand is characterised spectroscopically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Counsell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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3
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Review on Recent Advances in Metal Ions Sensing Using Different Fluorescent Probes. J Fluoresc 2018; 28:999-1021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-018-2263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Lau YH, Clegg JK, Price JR, Macquart RB, Todd MH, Rutledge PJ. Molecular Switches for any pH: A Systematic Study of the Versatile Coordination Behaviour of Cyclam Scorpionands. Chemistry 2017; 24:1573-1585. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Heng Lau
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Jack K. Clegg
- Current Address: School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jason R. Price
- Current Address: The Australian Synchrotron 800 Blackburn Rd. Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Rene B. Macquart
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Matthew H. Todd
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Peter J. Rutledge
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales 2006 Australia
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Wong JK, Proschogo N, Todd MH, Rutledge PJ. Selective Displacement of a Scorpionand Triazole Ligand from Metallocyclam Complexes Visualised with NMR Spectroscopy. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K.‐H. Wong
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney 2006 Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Nicholas Proschogo
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney 2006 Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Matthew H. Todd
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney 2006 Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Peter J. Rutledge
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney 2006 Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Counsell AJ, Jones AT, Todd MH, Rutledge PJ. A direct method for the N-tetraalkylation of azamacrocycles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 12:2457-2461. [PMID: 28144313 PMCID: PMC5238601 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient protocol for the direct synthesis of N-tetraalkylated derivatives of the azamacrocycles cyclam and cyclen has been developed, using a partially miscible aqueous–organic solvent system with propargyl bromide, benzyl bromide, and related halides. The method works most effectively when the reaction mixture is shaken, not stirred. A crystal structure of the N-tetrapropargyl cyclam derivative 1,4,8,11-tetra(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane diperchlorate is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Counsell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Angus T Jones
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Matthew H Todd
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Peter J Rutledge
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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7
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Recent Advances in Macrocyclic Fluorescent Probes for Ion Sensing. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020200. [PMID: 28125069 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule fluorescent probes play a myriad of important roles in chemical sensing. Many such systems incorporating a receptor component designed to recognise and bind a specific analyte, and a reporter or transducer component which signals the binding event with a change in fluorescence output have been developed. Fluorescent probes use a variety of mechanisms to transmit the binding event to the reporter unit, including photoinduced electron transfer (PET), charge transfer (CT), Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), excimer formation, and aggregation induced emission (AIE) or aggregation caused quenching (ACQ). These systems respond to a wide array of potential analytes including protons, metal cations, anions, carbohydrates, and other biomolecules. This review surveys important new fluorescence-based probes for these and other analytes that have been reported over the past five years, focusing on the most widely exploited macrocyclic recognition components, those based on cyclam, calixarenes, cyclodextrins and crown ethers; other macrocyclic and non-macrocyclic receptors are also discussed.
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8
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Wong JK, Ast S, Yu M, Flehr R, Counsell AJ, Turner P, Crisologo P, Todd MH, Rutledge PJ. Synthesis and Evaluation of 1,8-Disubstituted-Cyclam/Naphthalimide Conjugates as Probes for Metal Ions. ChemistryOpen 2016; 5:375-85. [PMID: 27547648 PMCID: PMC4981059 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent molecular probes for metal ions have a raft of potential applications in chemistry and biomedicine. We report the synthesis and photophysical characterisation of 1,8‐disubstituted‐cyclam/naphthalimide conjugates and their zinc complexes. An efficient synthesis of 1,8‐bis‐(2‐azidoethyl)cyclam has been developed and used to prepare 1,8‐disubstituted triazolyl‐cyclam systems, in which the pendant group is connected to triazole C4. UV/Vis and fluorescence emission spectra, zinc binding experiments, fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime measurements and pH titrations of the resultant bis‐naphthalimide ligand elucidate a complex pattern of photophysical behaviour. Important differences arise from the inclusion of two fluorophores in the one probe and from the variation of triazole substitution pattern (dye at C4 vs. N1). Introducing a second fluorophore greatly extends fluorescence lifetimes, whereas the altered substitution pattern at the cyclam amines exerts a major influence on fluorescence output and metal binding. Crystal structures of two key zinc complexes evidence variations in triazole coordination that mirror the solution‐phase behaviour of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Ast
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Mingfeng Yu
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Roman Flehr
- Institute for ChemistryUniversity of PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht St. 24—2514476PotsdamGermany
| | | | - Peter Turner
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
- Crystal Structure Analysis FacilityThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | | | - Matthew H. Todd
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
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9
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Yu M, Nagalingam G, Ellis S, Martinez E, Sintchenko V, Spain M, Rutledge PJ, Todd MH, Triccas JA. Nontoxic Metal-Cyclam Complexes, a New Class of Compounds with Potency against Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5917-21. [PMID: 27214150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) accounted for 1.5 million deaths in 2014, and new classes of anti-TB drugs are required. We report a class of functionalized 1,8-disubstituted cyclam derivatives that display low micromolar activity against pathogenic mycobacteria. These compounds inhibit intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are nontoxic to human cell lines, and are active against multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains, indicating a distinct mode of action. These compounds warrant further appraisal as novel agents to control TB in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Yu
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Gayathri Nagalingam
- Microbial Immunity and Pathogenesis Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Samantha Ellis
- Microbial Immunity and Pathogenesis Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Elena Martinez
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research-Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research-Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Malcolm Spain
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter J Rutledge
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Matthew H Todd
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- Microbial Immunity and Pathogenesis Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Ilnitskaya EV, Kononevich YN, Muzafarov AM, Rzhevskiy SA, Shadrin IA, Babaev EV, Martynov VI, Pakhomov AA. [The Development and Application of BODIPY-Labeled Oligonucleotides in Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015; 41:505-8. [PMID: 26615646 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162015040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A BODIPY-based (4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene, TMB) green fluorescent probe for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was synthesized by azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Comparative studies with analogous fluorescein-based probe were carryed out. We demonstrate that fluorescent probes with TMB fluorophore can be used in qPCR experiments as well.
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Yu M, Wong JKH, Tang C, Turner P, Todd MH, Rutledge PJ. Efficient deprotection of F-BODIPY derivatives: removal of BF2 using Brønsted acids. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:37-41. [PMID: 25670990 PMCID: PMC4311716 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective and efficient removal of the BF2 moiety from F-BODIPY derivatives has been achieved using two common Brønsted acids; treatment with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) or methanolic hydrogen chloride (HCl) followed by work-up with Ambersep(®) 900 resin (hydroxide form) effects this conversion in near-quantitative yields. Compared to existing methods, these conditions are relatively mild and operationally simple, requiring only reaction at room temperature for six hours (TFA) or overnight (HCl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Yu
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Joseph K-H Wong
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Cyril Tang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Peter Turner
- Crystal Structure Analysis Facility, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Matthew H Todd
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Peter J Rutledge
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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