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Tiwari A, Meriläinen P, Lindh E, Kitajima M, Österlund P, Ikonen N, Savolainen-Kopra C, Pitkänen T. Avian Influenza outbreaks: Human infection risks for beach users - One health concern and environmental surveillance implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 943:173692. [PMID: 38825193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite its popularity for water activities, such as swimming, surfing, fishing, and rafting, inland and coastal bathing areas occasionally experience outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI), including A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b. Asymptomatic infections and symptomatic outbreaks often impact many aquatic birds, which increase chances of spill-over events to mammals and pose concerns for public health. This review examined the existing literature to assess avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission risks to beachgoers and the general population. A comprehensive understanding of factors governing such crossing of the AIV host range is currently lacking. There is limited knowledge on key factors affecting risk, such as species-specific interactions with host cells (including binding, entry, and replication via viral proteins hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, nucleoprotein, and polymerase basic protein 2), overcoming host restrictions, and innate immune response. AIV efficiently transmits between birds and to some extent between marine scavenger mammals in aquatic environments via consumption of infected birds. However, the current literature lacks evidence of zoonotic AIV transmission via contact with the aquatic environment or consumption of contaminated water. The zoonotic transmission risk of the circulating A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus to the general population and beachgoers is currently low. Nevertheless, it is recommended to avoid direct contact with sick or dead birds and to refrain from bathing in locations where mass bird mortalities are reported. Increasing reports of AIVs spilling over to non-human mammals have raised valid concerns about possible virus mutations that lead to crossing the species barrier and subsequent risk of human infections and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Tiwari
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio FI-70701, Finland; Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Päivi Meriläinen
- Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio FI-70701, Finland
| | - Erika Lindh
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Niina Ikonen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Carita Savolainen-Kopra
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio FI-70701, Finland; Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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2
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Salve BG, Kurian AM, Vijay N. Concurrent loss of ciliary genes WDR93 and CFAP46 in phylogenetically distant birds. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230801. [PMID: 37621660 PMCID: PMC10445033 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory system is the primary route of infection for many contagious pathogens. Mucociliary clearance of inhaled pathogens is an important innate defence mechanism sustained by the rhythmic movement of epithelial cilia. To counter host defences, viral pathogens target epithelial cells and cilia. For instance, the avian influenza virus that targets ciliated cells modulates the expression of WDR93, a central ciliary apparatus C1d projection component. Lineage-specific prevalence of such host defence genes results in differential susceptibility. In this study, the comparative analysis of approximately 500 vertebrate genomes from seven taxonomic classes spanning 73 orders confirms the widespread conservation of WDR93 across these different vertebrate groups. However, we established loss of the WDR93 in landfowl, geese and other phylogenetically independent bird species due to gene-disrupting changes. The lack of WDR93 transcripts in species with gene loss in contrast to its expression in species with an intact gene confirms gene loss. Notably, species with WDR93 loss have concurrently lost another C1d component, CFAP46, through large segmental deletions. Understanding the consequences of such gene loss may provide insight into their role in host-pathogen interactions and benefit global pathogen surveillance efforts by prioritizing species missing host defence genes and identifying putative zoonotic reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddhabhushan Girish Salve
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amia Miriam Kurian
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nagarjun Vijay
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Li X, Zhang R, Huang Z, Yao D, Luo L, Chen J, Ye W, Li L, Xiao S, Liu X, Ou X, Sun B, Xu M, Yang R, Zhang X. Estimation of Avian Influenza Viruses in Water Environments of Live Poultry Markets in Changsha, China, 2014 to 2018. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:30-39. [PMID: 34997459 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In routine surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in the environments of live poultry markets (LPMs), certain samples were positive for AIVs type A while negative for subtypes (e.g., H5, H7, and H9). However, little attention has been paid to these unsubtyped AIVs samples. To reveal the dynamic distribution and molecular characteristics of AIVs, especially the unsubtyped AIVs, we reported and analyzed 1969 samples collected from the water environments of LPMs in Changsha, China, from January 2014 to November 2018. Our results revealed that 1504 (76.38%) samples were positive for AIV type A. Of these samples, the predominant hemagglutinin (HA) subtype was H9, followed by H5 and H7 (P < 0.05). The positive rate of H5 subtype in water environmental samples exhibited seasonality, which reached a peak in each winter-spring season from January 2014 to March 2017. The positive rates of AIVs (including type A, subtype H9, and mixed subtype H5/H7/H9) in non-central-city regions were higher than that in the central-city regions (P < 0.05). Notably, 161 unsubtyped AIVs samples were detected during the routine surveillance. However, subtyping with the commercial kit further identified eight different HA and seven different neuraminidase subtypes. Analyses unraveled that further subtyped AIVs H1, H6, and H11 had only one basic amino acid (R or K) at the cleavage site and residues Q226 and G228 at the receptor-binding associated sites. Overall, in addition to H5, H7, and H9 subtypes, we should also pay attention to unsubtyped AIVs samples during the routine surveillance for AIVs in the environments of LPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Rusheng Zhang
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Zheng Huang
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Dong Yao
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Lei Luo
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Jingfang Chen
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Wen Ye
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Lingzhi Li
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Shan Xiao
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xinhua Ou
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Biancheng Sun
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Mingzhong Xu
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Rengui Yang
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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Root JJ, Shriner SA. Avian Influenza A Virus Associations in Wild, Terrestrial Mammals: A Review of Potential Synanthropic Vectors to Poultry Facilities. Viruses 2020; 12:E1352. [PMID: 33256041 PMCID: PMC7761170 DOI: 10.3390/v12121352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential role of wild mammals in the epidemiology of influenza A viruses (IAVs) at the farm-side level has gained increasing consideration over the past two decades. In some instances, select mammals may be more likely to visit riparian areas (both close and distant to farms) as well as poultry farms, as compared to traditional reservoir hosts, such as waterfowl. Of significance, many mammalian species can successfully replicate and shed multiple avian IAVs to high titers without prior virus adaptation and often can shed virus in greater quantities than synanthropic avian species. Within this review, we summarize and discuss the potential risks that synanthropic mammals could pose by trafficking IAVs to poultry operations based on current and historic literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Jeffrey Root
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA;
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Prokopyeva EA, Zinserling VA, Bae YC, Kwon Y, Kurskaya OG, Sobolev IA, Kozhin PM, Komissarov A, Fadeev A, Petrov V, Shestopalov AM, Sharshov KA. Pathology of A(H5N8) (Clade 2.3.4.4) Virus in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Mice. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2019; 2019:4124865. [PMID: 31354812 PMCID: PMC6637675 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4124865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in migratory birds raises serious concerns as these viruses have the potential to spread during fall migration. We report the identification of novel HPAIV A(H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4 virus that was isolated from sick domestic duck at commercial farm during the second wave of spread that began in October and affected poultry (ducks; chiсkens) in several European regions of Russia and Western Siberia in 2016. The strain was highly lethal in experimental infection of chickens and mice with IVPI = 2.34 and MLD50 = 1.3log10 EID50, accordingly. Inoculation of chickens with the HPAIV A/H5N8 demonstrated neuroinvasiveness, multiorgan failure, and death of chickens on the 3rd day post inoculation. Virus replicated in all collected organ samples in high viral titers with the highest titer in the brain (6.75±0.1 log10TCID50/ml). Effective virus replication was found in the following cells: neurons and glial cells of a brain; alveolar cells and macrophages of lungs; epithelial cells of a small intestine; hepatocytes and Kupffer cells of a liver; macrophages and endothelial cells of a spleen; and the tubular epithelial cells of kidneys. These findings advance our understanding of histopathological effect of A(H5N8) HPAIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Prokopyeva
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
- Medical Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vsevolod A. Zinserling
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Federal Research Centre, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia
| | - You-Chan Bae
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongkuk Kwon
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Olga G. Kurskaya
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Ivan A. Sobolev
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Peter M. Kozhin
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Andrey Komissarov
- Department of etiology and epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Artem Fadeev
- Department of etiology and epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Vladimir Petrov
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Shestopalov
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Kirill A. Sharshov
- Department of Experimental Research, Federal Research Center for Basic and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
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Wille M, Bröjer C, Lundkvist Å, Järhult JD. Alternate routes of influenza A virus infection in Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Vet Res 2018; 49:110. [PMID: 30373662 PMCID: PMC6206871 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural reservoir for all influenza A viruses (IAVs) is wild birds, particularly dabbling ducks. During the autumn, viral prevalence can be very high in dabbling ducks (> 30%) in the Northern Hemisphere, and individuals may be repeatedly infected. Transmission and infection is through the fecal-oral route, whereby birds shed viruses in feces and conspecifics are infected though feeding in virus-contaminated water. In this study we wanted to assess two alternative infection routes: cloacal drinking and preening. Using experimental infections, we assessed patterns of infection using a combination of virus shedding, as assessed by real-time PCR from cloacal swabs, and patterns of viral replication using virus-immunohistochemistry of gastrointestinal tissues. The cloacal drinking experiment consisted of two trials using cloacal inoculation at two different time points to account for age differences, as well as a trial whereby ducks were allowed to take up virus-laden water through the cloaca. All ducks became infected, and rather than the bursa of Fabricius being the main site of replication, the colon had the highest intensity of replication, as inferred through immunohistochemistry. In experiments assessing preening, feathers were contaminated with virus-laden water and all ducks became infected, regardless of whether they were kept individually or together. Further, naive contacts were infected by the individuals whose feathers were virus-contaminated. Overall, we reinforce that IAV transmission in dabbling ducks is multifactorial-if exposed to virus-contaminated water ducks may be infected through dabbling, preening of infected feathers, and cloacal drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Wille
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, At the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Kurskaya O, Ryabichenko T, Leonova N, Shi W, Bi H, Sharshov K, Kazachkova E, Sobolev I, Prokopyeva E, Kartseva T, Alekseev A, Shestopalov A. Viral etiology of acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children in Novosibirsk City, Russia (2013 - 2017). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200117. [PMID: 30226876 PMCID: PMC6143185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) cause a considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide especially in children. However, there are few studies of the etiological structure of ARIs in Russia. In this work, we analyzed the etiology of ARIs in children (0–15 years old) admitted to Novosibirsk Children’s Municipal Clinical Hospital in 2013–2017. Methods We tested nasal and throat swabs of 1560 children with upper or lower respiratory infection for main respiratory viruses (influenza viruses A and B, parainfluenza virus types 1–4, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, four human coronaviruses, rhinovirus, adenovirus and bocavirus) using a RT-PCR Kit. Results We detected 1128 (72.3%) samples were positive for at least one virus. The most frequently detected pathogens were respiratory syncytial virus (358/1560, 23.0%), influenza virus (344/1560, 22.1%), and rhinovirus (235/1560, 15.1%). Viral co-infections were found in 163 out of the 1128 (14.5%) positive samples. We detected significant decrease of the respiratory syncytial virus-infection incidence in children with increasing age, while the reverse relationship was observed for influenza viruses. Conclusions We evaluated the distribution of respiratory viruses in children with ARIs and showed the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus in the etiological structure of infections. This study is important for the improvement and optimization of diagnostic tactics, control and prevention of the respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kurskaya
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatyana Ryabichenko
- Department of Propaedeutic of Childhood Diseases, Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalya Leonova
- Department of Children’s Diseases, Novosibirsk Children’s Municipal Clinical Hospital №6, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Hongtao Bi
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, CAS, Xining, China
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Eugenia Kazachkova
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Prokopyeva
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana Kartseva
- Department of Propaedeutic of Childhood Diseases, Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Alekseev
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
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The Role of Migration in Maintaining the Transmission of Avian Influenza in Waterfowl: A Multisite Multispecies Transmission Model along East Asian-Australian Flyway. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 2018:3420535. [PMID: 29796138 PMCID: PMC5896277 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3420535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Migratory waterfowl annually migrate over the continents along the routes known as flyways, serving as carriers of avian influenza virus across distant locations. Prevalence of influenza varies with species, and there are also geographical and temporal variations. However, the role of long-distance migration in multispecies transmission dynamics has yet to be understood. We constructed a mathematical model to capture the global dynamics of avian influenza, identifying species and locations that contribute to sustaining transmission. Methods We devised a multisite, multispecies SIS (susceptible-infectious-susceptible) model, and estimated transmission rates within and between species in each geographical location from prevalence data. Parameters were directly sampled from posterior distribution under Bayesian inference framework. We then analyzed contribution of each species in each location to the global patterns of influenza transmission. Results Transmission and migration parameters were estimated by Bayesian posterior sampling. The basic reproduction number was estimated at 1.1, slightly above the endemic threshold. Mallard was found to be the most important host with the highest transmission potential, and high- and middle-latitude regions appeared to act as hotspots of influenza transmission. The local reproduction number suggested that the prevalence of avian influenza in the Oceania region is dependent on the inflow of infected birds from other regions. Conclusion Mallard exhibited the highest transmission rate among the species explored. Migration was suggested to be a key factor of the global prevalence of avian influenza, as transmission is locally sustainable only in the northern hemisphere, and the virus could be extinct in the Oceania region without migration.
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More S, Bicout D, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Breed A, Brouwer A, Guillemain M, Harder T, Monne I, Roberts H, Baldinelli F, Barrucci F, Fabris C, Martino L, Mosbach-Schulz O, Verdonck F, Morgado J, Stegeman JA. Avian influenza. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04991. [PMID: 32625288 PMCID: PMC7009867 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous introductions of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) to the EU were most likely via migratory wild birds. A mathematical model has been developed which indicated that virus amplification and spread may take place when wild bird populations of sufficient size within EU become infected. Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) may reach similar maximum prevalence levels in wild bird populations to HPAIV but the risk of LPAIV infection of a poultry holding was estimated to be lower than that of HPAIV. Only few non-wild bird pathways were identified having a non-negligible risk of AI introduction. The transmission rate between animals within a flock is assessed to be higher for HPAIV than LPAIV. In very few cases, it could be proven that HPAI outbreaks were caused by intrinsic mutation of LPAIV to HPAIV but current knowledge does not allow a prediction as to if, and when this could occur. In gallinaceous poultry, passive surveillance through notification of suspicious clinical signs/mortality was identified as the most effective method for early detection of HPAI outbreaks. For effective surveillance in anseriform poultry, passive surveillance through notification of suspicious clinical signs/mortality needs to be accompanied by serological surveillance and/or a virological surveillance programme of birds found dead (bucket sampling). Serosurveillance is unfit for early warning of LPAI outbreaks at the individual holding level but could be effective in tracing clusters of LPAIV-infected holdings. In wild birds, passive surveillance is an appropriate method for HPAIV surveillance if the HPAIV infections are associated with mortality whereas active wild bird surveillance has a very low efficiency for detecting HPAIV. Experts estimated and emphasised the effect of implementing specific biosecurity measures on reducing the probability of AIV entering into a poultry holding. Human diligence is pivotal to select, implement and maintain specific, effective biosecurity measures.
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10
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Gulyaeva M, Sharshov K, Suzuki M, Sobolev I, Sakoda Y, Alekseev A, Sivay M, Shestopalova L, Shchelkanov M, Shestopalov A. Genetic characterization of an H2N2 influenza virus isolated from a muskrat in Western Siberia. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1461-1465. [PMID: 28690288 PMCID: PMC5573837 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-two muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) were captured for surveillance
of avian influenza virus in wild waterfowl and mammals near Lake Chany, Western Siberia,
Russia. A/muskrat/Russia/63/2014 (H2N2) was isolated from an apparently healthy muskrat
using chicken embryos. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
genes of this isolate were classified into the Eurasian avian-like influenza virus clade
and closely related to low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) isolated from wild
water birds in Italy and Sweden, respectively. Other internal genes were also closely
related to LPAIVs isolated from Eurasian wild water birds. Results suggest that
interspecies transmission of LPAIVs from wild water birds to semiaquatic mammals occurs,
facilitating the spread and evolution of LPAIVs in wetland areas of Western Siberia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gulyaeva
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | - Mizuho Suzuki
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Alexander Alekseev
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | - Mariya Sivay
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | | | - Michael Shchelkanov
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russia.,Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
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Ilyicheva T, Abdurashitov M, Durymanov A, Susloparov I, Goncharova N, Kolosova N, Mikheev V, Ryzhikov A. Herd immunity and fatal cases of influenza among the population exposed to poultry and wild birds in Russian Asia in 2013-2014. J Med Virol 2015; 88:35-44. [PMID: 26105790 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In total 1,525 blood serum samples were collected in October, 2013 in Russian Asia from people who reside in territories that are at high risk for emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential. Presence of antibodies to influenza viruses in the sera was tested in hemagglutination inhibition test. None of the samples produced positive results with the antigens A/H5 and A/H7. Twelve strains of influenza A(H1N1pdm09) virus were isolated from people who died presumably from influenza during 2013-2014 epidemic season. All strains were similar to vaccine strain A/California/07/09 according to their antigenic properties and sensitivity to anti-neuraminidase drugs (oseltamivir and zanamivir). Genetic analysis revealed that all strains belong to group 6, subgroup 6B of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. Substitutions in HA1: S164F add E235K as well as E47G, A86V, K331R, N386K, N397K in NA, and K131E, N29S in NS1, and N29S, R34Q in NEP separate investigated strains into two groups: 1st group-A/Chita/1114/2014, A/Chita/1115/2014, A/Chita/853/2014, A/Barnaul/269/2014 and 2nd group-A/Chita/655/2014, A/Chita/656/2014, A/Chita/709/2014, A/Chita/873/2014. Mutation D222G in HA1, which is often associated with high morbidity of the illness, was present in strain A/Novosibirsk/114/2014. Substitution N386K in NA removes a potential N-glycosylation site in neuraminidases of A/Chita/1114/2014, A/Chita/1115/2014, A/Chita/853/2014, A/Barnaul/269/2014, A/Novosibirsk/114/2014, and A/Blagoveshensk/252/2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Ilyicheva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Murat Abdurashitov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Durymanov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Susloparov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalya Goncharova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalya Kolosova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valery Mikheev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Ryzhikov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
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