1
|
Salvato I, Ricciardi L, Nucera F, Nigro A, Dal Col J, Monaco F, Caramori G, Stellato C. RNA-Binding Proteins as a Molecular Link between COPD and Lung Cancer. COPD 2023; 20:18-30. [PMID: 36655862 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2022.2107500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents an independent risk factor for lung cancer development. Accelerated cell senescence, induced by oxidative stress and inflammation, is a common pathogenic determinant of both COPD and lung cancer. The post transcriptional regulation of genes involved in these processes is finely regulated by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), which regulate mRNA turnover, subcellular localization, splicing and translation. Multiple pro-inflammatory mediators (including cytokines, chemokines, proteins, growth factors and others), responsible of lung microenvironment alteration, are regulated by RBPs. Several mouse models have shown the implication of RBPs in multiple mechanisms that sustain chronic inflammation and neoplastic transformation. However, further studies are required to clarify the role of RBPs in the pathogenic mechanisms shared by lung cancer and COPD, in order to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This review will therefore focus on the studies collectively indicating the role of RBPs in oxidative stress and chronic inflammation as common pathogenic mechanisms shared by lung cancer and COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Salvato
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Ricciardi
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Nucera
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Italy
| | - Annunziata Nigro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Jessica Dal Col
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesco Monaco
- Chirurgia Toracica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Italy
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Italy
| | - Cristiana Stellato
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rezcallah MC, Al-Mazi T, Ammit AJ. Cataloguing the phosphorylation sites of tristetraprolin (TTP): Functional implications for inflammatory diseases. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109868. [PMID: 33276085 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tristetraprolin (TTP) is a destabilizing mRNA binding protein known to regulate gene expression of a wide variety of targets, including those that control inflammation. TTP expression, regulation and function is controlled by phosphorylation. While the importance of key serine (S) sites (S52 and S178 in mice and S186 in humans) has been recognized, other sites on the hyperphosphorylated TTP protein have more recently emerged as playing an important role in regulating cellular signalling and downstream functions of TTP. In order to propel investigation of TTP and fully exploit its potential as a drug target in inflammatory disease, this review will catalogue TTP phosphorylation sites in both the murine and human TTP protein, the known and unknown roles and functions of these sites, the kinases and phosphatases that act upon TTP and overview methodological approaches to increase our knowledge of this important protein regulated by phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Rezcallah
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Trisha Al-Mazi
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alaina J Ammit
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cao H, Sethumadhavan K. Regulation of Cell Viability and Anti-inflammatory Tristetraprolin Family Gene Expression in Mouse Macrophages by Cottonseed Extracts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:775. [PMID: 31964945 PMCID: PMC6972847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive plant extracts have been used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. One of the major classes of bioactive compounds is plant polyphenols. Cottonseed ethanol extracts were determined by HPLC-MS analysis to be essentially free of toxic gossypol. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of cottonseed ethanol extracts on the cytotoxicity and regulation of anti-inflammatory tristrataprolin (TTP) family gene expression in mouse cells. MTT, qPCR and immunoblotting assays tested the effects of cottonseed extracts in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. No cytotoxicity effect was observed in macrophages treated with extracts from the coat or kernel of glanded and glandless cottonseed. Similarly, the viability of mouse adipocytes was not affected by cottonseed extracts. In contrast, gossypol and lipopolysaccharides were toxic to macrophages but not adipocytes under high concentration or long time treatment. Cottonseed extracts exhibited modest effect on TTP family gene expression in macrophages but glandless cottonseed coat extract significantly increased TTP mRNA and protein levels with a magnitude similar to cinnamon and green tea polyphenol extract and insulin. These results demonstrated that cottonseed extracts are harmless towards the mouse cells and that glandless cottonseed coat extract stimulates TTP gene expression. We propose that glandless cottonseed is a safe source of plant polyphenols with anti-inflammatory property.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heping Cao
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
| | - Kandan Sethumadhavan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ronkina N, Shushakova N, Tiedje C, Yakovleva T, Tollenaere MAX, Scott A, Batth TS, Olsen JV, Helmke A, Bekker-Jensen SH, Clark AR, Kotlyarov A, Gaestel M. The Role of TTP Phosphorylation in the Regulation of Inflammatory Cytokine Production by MK2/3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2291-2300. [PMID: 31527197 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tristetraprolin (TTP) is an RNA-binding protein and an essential factor of posttranscriptional repression of cytokine biosynthesis in macrophages. Its activity is temporally inhibited by LPS-induced p38MAPK/MAPKAPK2/3-mediated phosphorylation, leading to a rapid increase in cytokine expression. We compared TTP expression and cytokine production in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages of different genotypes: wild type, MAPKAP kinase 2 (MK2) deletion (MK2 knockout [KO]), MK2/3 double deletion (MK2/3 double KO [DKO]), TTP-S52A-S178A (TTPaa) knock-in, as well as combined MK2 KO/TTPaa and MK2/3 DKO/TTPaa. The comparisons reveal that MK2/3 are the only LPS-induced kinases for S52 and S178 of TTP and the role of MK2 and MK3 in the regulation of TNF biosynthesis is not restricted to phosphorylation of TTP at S52/S178 but includes independent processes, which could involve other TTP phosphorylations (such as S316) or other substrates of MK2/3 or p38MAPK Furthermore, we found differences in the dependence of various cytokines on the cooperation between MK2/3 deletion and TTP mutation ex vivo. In the cecal ligation and puncture model of systemic inflammation, a dramatic decrease of cytokine production in MK2/3 DKO, TTPaa, and DKO/TTPaa mice compared with wild-type animals is observed, thus confirming the role of the MK2/3/TTP signaling axis in cytokine production also in vivo. These findings improve our understanding of this signaling axis and could be of future relevance in the treatment of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ronkina
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Center of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nelli Shushakova
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.,Phenos GmbH, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christopher Tiedje
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tatiana Yakovleva
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Center of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maxim A X Tollenaere
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aaron Scott
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Tanveer Singh Batth
- Proteomics Program, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Velgaard Olsen
- Proteomics Program, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Helmke
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Simon Holst Bekker-Jensen
- Proteomics Program, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew R Clark
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alexey Kotlyarov
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Center of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Center of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
García-Mauriño SM, Rivero-Rodríguez F, Velázquez-Cruz A, Hernández-Vellisca M, Díaz-Quintana A, De la Rosa MA, Díaz-Moreno I. RNA Binding Protein Regulation and Cross-Talk in the Control of AU-rich mRNA Fate. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:71. [PMID: 29109951 PMCID: PMC5660096 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
mRNA metabolism is tightly orchestrated by highly-regulated RNA Binding Proteins (RBPs) that determine mRNA fate, thereby influencing multiple cellular functions across biological contexts. Here, we review the interplay between six well-known RBPs (TTP, AUF-1, KSRP, HuR, TIA-1, and TIAR) that recognize AU-rich elements (AREs) at the 3' untranslated regions of mRNAs, namely ARE-RBPs. Examples of the links between their cross-regulations and modulation of their targets are analyzed during mRNA processing, turnover, localization, and translational control. Furthermore, ARE recognition can be self-regulated by several factors that lead to the prevalence of one RBP over another. Consequently, we examine the factors that modulate the dynamics of those protein-RNA transient interactions to better understand the final consequences of the regulation mediated by ARE-RBPs. For instance, factors controlling the RBP isoforms, their conformational state or their post-translational modifications (PTMs) can strongly determine the fate of the protein-RNA complexes. Moreover, mRNA specific sequence and secondary structure or subtle environmental changes are also key determinants to take into account. To sum up, the whole understanding of such a fine tuned regulation is a challenge for future research and requires the integration of all the available structural and functional data by in vivo, in vitro and in silico approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Irene Díaz-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The control of inflammation via the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of tristetraprolin: a tale of two phosphatases. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1321-1337. [PMID: 27911715 PMCID: PMC5095909 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, the first description of a tristetraprolin (TTP) knockout mouse highlighted the fundamental role of TTP in the restraint of inflammation. Since then, work from several groups has generated a detailed picture of the expression and function of TTP. It is a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein that orchestrates the deadenylation and degradation of several mRNAs encoding inflammatory mediators. It is very extensively post-translationally modified, with more than 30 phosphorylations that are supported by at least two independent lines of evidence. The phosphorylation of two particular residues, serines 52 and 178 of mouse TTP (serines 60 and 186 of the human orthologue), has profound effects on the expression, function and localisation of TTP. Here, we discuss the control of TTP biology via its phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, with a particular focus on recent advances and on questions that remain unanswered.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rataj F, Planel S, Desroches-Castan A, Le Douce J, Lamribet K, Denis J, Feige JJ, Cherradi N. The cAMP pathway regulates mRNA decay through phosphorylation of the RNA-binding protein TIS11b/BRF1. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3841-3854. [PMID: 27708140 PMCID: PMC5170607 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TIS11b belongs to the tristetraprolin family of zinc-finger proteins, which target short-lived mRNA for degradation. This study shows that the cAMP pathway up-regulates TIS11b expression and modulates its function in mRNA decay through PKA-dependent phosphorylation of two highly conserved phosphosites. TPA-inducible sequence 11b/butyrate response factor 1 (TIS11b/BRF1) belongs to the tristetraprolin (TTP) family of zinc-finger proteins, which bind to mRNAs containing AU-rich elements in their 3′-untranslated region and target them for degradation. Regulation of TTP family function through phosphorylation by p38 MAP kinase and Akt/protein kinase B signaling pathways has been extensively studied. In contrast, the role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in the control of TTP family activity in mRNA decay remains largely unknown. Here we show that PKA activation induces TIS11b gene expression and protein phosphorylation. Site-directed mutagenesis combined with kinase assays and specific phosphosite immunodetection identified Ser-54 (S54) and Ser-334 (S334) as PKA target amino acids in vitro and in vivo. Phosphomimetic mutation of the C-terminal S334 markedly increased TIS11b half-life and, unexpectedly, enhanced TIS11b activity on mRNA decay. Examination of protein–protein interactions between TIS11b and components of the mRNA decay machinery revealed that mimicking phosphorylation at S334 enhances TIS11b interaction with the decapping coactivator Dcp1a, while preventing phosphorylation at S334 potentiates its interaction with the Ccr4-Not deadenylase complex subunit Cnot1. Collectively our findings establish for the first time that cAMP-elicited phosphorylation of TIS11b plays a key regulatory role in its mRNA decay-promoting function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Rataj
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1036, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, and Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Séverine Planel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1036, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, and Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Agnès Desroches-Castan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1036, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, and Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Juliette Le Douce
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1036, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, and Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Khadija Lamribet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1036, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, and Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Josiane Denis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1036, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, and Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Feige
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1036, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, and Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nadia Cherradi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1036, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, and Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khabar KSA. Hallmarks of cancer and AU-rich elements. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2016; 8. [PMID: 27251431 PMCID: PMC5215528 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post‐transcriptional control of gene expression is aberrant in cancer cells. Sustained stabilization and enhanced translation of specific mRNAs are features of tumor cells. AU‐rich elements (AREs), cis‐acting mRNA decay determinants, play a major role in the posttranscriptional regulation of many genes involved in cancer processes. This review discusses the role of aberrant ARE‐mediated posttranscriptional processes in each of the hallmarks of cancer, including sustained cellular growth, resistance to apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1368. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1368 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid S A Khabar
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ross EA, Smallie T, Ding Q, O'Neil JD, Cunliffe HE, Tang T, Rosner DR, Klevernic I, Morrice NA, Monaco C, Cunningham AF, Buckley CD, Saklatvala J, Dean JL, Clark AR. Dominant Suppression of Inflammation via Targeted Mutation of the mRNA Destabilizing Protein Tristetraprolin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:265-76. [PMID: 26002976 PMCID: PMC4472942 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In myeloid cells, the mRNA-destabilizing protein tristetraprolin (TTP) is induced and extensively phosphorylated in response to LPS. To investigate the role of two specific phosphorylations, at serines 52 and 178, we created a mouse strain in which those residues were replaced by nonphosphorylatable alanine residues. The mutant form of TTP was constitutively degraded by the proteasome and therefore expressed at low levels, yet it functioned as a potent mRNA destabilizing factor and inhibitor of the expression of many inflammatory mediators. Mice expressing only the mutant form of TTP were healthy and fertile, and their systemic inflammatory responses to LPS were strongly attenuated. Adaptive immune responses and protection against infection by Salmonella typhimurium were spared. A single allele encoding the mutant form of TTP was sufficient for enhanced mRNA degradation and underexpression of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, the equilibrium between unphosphorylated and phosphorylated TTP is a critical determinant of the inflammatory response, and manipulation of this equilibrium may be a means of treating inflammatory pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewan A Ross
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Smallie
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Qize Ding
- Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - John D O'Neil
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Cunliffe
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Tang
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Dalya R Rosner
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Iva Klevernic
- Unit of Signal Transduction, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics, University of Liege, University Hospital, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Nicholas A Morrice
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Claudia Monaco
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Saklatvala
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan L Dean
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Clark
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|