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Kumari K, Saleh I, Taslim S, Ahmad S, Hussain I, Munir Z, Javed T, Virk MFI, Javed S, Bisharat P, Ur Rehman U. Unraveling the Complexity of Apert Syndrome: Genetics, Clinical Insights, and Future Frontiers. Cureus 2023; 15:e47281. [PMID: 38021759 PMCID: PMC10656109 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apert syndrome (AS), also known as type I acrocephalosyndactyly, is a rare congenital condition characterized by craniosynostosis resulting from missense mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene. This comprehensive review delves into AS, covering its clinical manifestations, genetics, diagnosis, medical management, psychosocial considerations, and future research directions. AS presents with distinct features, including a brachycephalic skull, midface hypoplasia, and limb anomalies such as syndactyly. It follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with mutations in the FGFR2 gene. Prenatal diagnosis is possible through advanced imaging techniques and molecular testing. The multidisciplinary approach to AS management involves surgical interventions, orthodontics, and psychological support. Although no curative treatment exists, early interventions can significantly improve function and aesthetics. The quality of life for AS patients is influenced by psychosocial factors, necessitating comprehensive support for both patients and their families. Future research directions include gene therapy, understanding cellular responses to FGFR2 mutations, and addressing genetic heterogeneity. Collaborative efforts are vital to advancing knowledge about AS and its genetic underpinnings. Overall, this review serves as a valuable resource for healthcare professionals, educators, and researchers, contributing to a deeper understanding of AS and facilitating advancements in diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajol Kumari
- Dentistry, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Inam Saleh
- Paediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, USA
| | - Sanzida Taslim
- Psychiatry, Ross University School of Medicine, Bridgetown, BRB
| | - Sana Ahmad
- Psychiatry, TIME Organization, Inc., Baltimore, USA
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Internal Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, PAK
- Internal Medicine, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, PAK
| | - Zainab Munir
- Emergency Department, Imran Idrees Teaching Hospital, Sialkot, PAK
| | - Tamleel Javed
- Emergency Department, Imran Idrees Teaching Hospital, Sialkot, PAK
| | | | - Saleha Javed
- Emergency Department, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan, PAK
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Myo AC, Kobayashi Y, Niki Y, Kamimoto H, Moriyama K. Exosome-mediated small interfering RNA delivery inhibits aberrant osteoblast differentiation in Apert syndrome model mice. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 153:105753. [PMID: 37348363 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apert syndrome, an autosomal dominant congenital disorder characterized by craniosynostosis, is caused by a missense mutation (S252W or P253R) in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Exosomes are naturally occurring carriers that deliver nucleic acids, including small interfering RNA (siRNA), to induce gene silencing. This study aimed to develop siRNA-loaded exosomes (Ex-siRNAFgfr2S252W) to silence the Fgfr2S252W gain-of-function mutation, thereby inhibiting the increased osteoblastic differentiation caused by the constitutive activation of FGFR2 signaling in calvarial osteoblastic cells isolated from Apert syndrome model mice. DESIGN Primary calvarial osteoblast-like cells were isolated from the embryonic calvarial sutures of the Apert syndrome model (Fgfr2S252W/+) and littermate wild-type mice (Ap-Ob and Wt-Ob, respectively). Exosomes were extracted from the serum of wild-type mice, validated using biomarkers, and used to encapsulate siRNAs. After exosome-mediated siRNA transfection, cells were analyzed under a fluorescence microscope to validate the delivery of Ex-siRNAFgfr2S252W, followed by western blot and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses. RESULTS After 24 h of Ex-siRNAFgfr2S252W delivery in both Ap-Ob and Wt-Ob, siRNA-loaded exosome delivery was validated. Moreover, p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and collagen type 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1) mRNA expression, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were significantly increased in Ap-Ob. The levels of phospho-p44/42 protein, Runx2, Col1a1, and ALP were significantly decreased after Ex-siRNAFgfr2S252W transfection but did not affect Wt-Ob. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that exosome-mediated delivery of siRNA targeting Fgfr2S252W is a potential non-invasive treatment for aberrant FGF/FGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye Chan Myo
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Yukiho Kobayashi
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Yuki Niki
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kamimoto
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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Al-Namnam NM, Jayash SN, Hariri F, Rahman ZAA, Alshawsh MA. Insights and future directions of potential genetic therapy for Apert syndrome: A systematic review. Gene Ther 2021; 28:620-633. [PMID: 33619359 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00238-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Apert syndrome is a genetic disorder characterised by craniosynostosis and structural discrepancy of the craniofacial region as well as the hands and feet. This condition is closely linked with fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR2) gene mutations. Gene therapies are progressively being tested in advanced clinical trials, leading to a rise of its potential clinical indications. In recent years, research has made great progress in the gene therapy of craniosynostosis syndromes and several studies have investigated its influences in preventing/diminishing the complications of Apert syndrome. This article reviewed and exhibited different techniques of gene therapy and their influences in Apert syndrome progression. A systematic search was executed using electronic bibliographic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, SciFinder and Web of Science for all studies of gene therapy for Apert syndrome. The primary outcomes measurements vary from protein to gene expressions. According to the findings of included studies, we conclude that the gene therapy using FGF in Apert syndrome was critical in the regulation of suture fusion and patency, occurred via alterations in cellular proliferation. The superior outcome could be brought by biological therapies targeting the FGF/FGFR signalling. More studies in molecular genetics in Apert syndrome are recommended. This study reviews the current literature and provides insights to future possibilities of genetic therapy as intervention in Apert syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soher Nagi Jayash
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Firdaus Hariri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zainal Ariff Abdul Rahman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Xie Y, Su N, Yang J, Tan Q, Huang S, Jin M, Ni Z, Zhang B, Zhang D, Luo F, Chen H, Sun X, Feng JQ, Qi H, Chen L. FGF/FGFR signaling in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:181. [PMID: 32879300 PMCID: PMC7468161 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidences suggest that the fibroblast growth factor/FGF receptor (FGF/FGFR) signaling has crucial roles in a multitude of processes during embryonic development and adult homeostasis by regulating cellular lineage commitment, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of various types of cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of FGF signaling and its roles in organ development, injury repair, and the pathophysiology of spectrum of diseases, which is a consequence of FGF signaling dysregulation, including cancers and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this context, the agonists and antagonists for FGF-FGFRs might have therapeutic benefits in multiple systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Xie
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Nan Su
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenhong Ni
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dali Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianding Sun
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Huabing Qi
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Min Swe NM, Kobayashi Y, Kamimoto H, Moriyama K. Aberrantly activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway co-receptors LRP5 and LRP6 regulate osteoblast differentiation in the developing coronal sutures of an Apert syndrome (Fgfr2 S252W /+ ) mouse model. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:465-476. [PMID: 32822074 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apert syndrome is an autosomal, dominant inherited disorder characterized by craniosynostosis and syndactyly caused by gain-of-function mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene. Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays critical roles in regulating the skeletal development. Here, we analyzed the role of this pathway in the developing coronal sutures (CS) of a murine Apert syndrome model (Fgfr2S252W/+ ). RESULTS We observed aberrantly increased mRNA expression of Lrp5 and Lrp6 in CS of Fgfr2S252W/+ mice, whereas both wild type (WT) and Fgfr2S252W/+ mice showed similar expression of other Wnt/β-catenin-related genes, such as Wnt3, Wnt3a, Fzd4, Fzd6, Axin2, and Dkk1 as evidenced by in situ hybridization. Significantly increased Lrp5 and Lrp6 mRNA expression was observed by quantitative PCR analysis of cultured cells isolated from CS of Fgfr2S252W/+ mice. Phospho-LRP5, phospho-LRP6, and non-phospho-β-catenin were upregulated in Fgfr2S252W/+ CS compared with that in WT CS. Short-interfering RNA targeting Lrp5 and Lrp6 significantly reduced runt-related transcription factor 2, collagen type 1 alpha 1, and osteocalcin mRNA expression, and alkaline phosphatase activity in cultured cells. CONCLUSIONS The Wnt/β-catenin pathway was activated in the CS of Fgfr2S252W/+ mice during craniofacial development, suggesting the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the pathogenesis of CS synostosis in Fgfr2S252W/+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nay Myo Min Swe
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiho Kobayashi
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kamimoto
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Pharmacological exposures may precipitate craniosynostosis through targeted stem cell depletion. Stem Cell Res 2019; 40:101528. [PMID: 31415959 PMCID: PMC6915957 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Birth Defects Study suggests that environmental exposures including maternal thyroid diseases, maternal nicotine use, and use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may exacerbate incidence and or severity of craniofacial abnormalities including craniosynostosis. Premature fusion of a suture(s) of the skull defines the birth defect craniosynostosis which occurs in 1:1800–2500 births. A proposed mechanism of craniosynostosis is the disruption of proliferation and differentiation of cells in the perisutural area. Here, we hypothesize that pharmacological exposures including excess thyroid hormone, nicotine, and SSRIs lead to an alteration of stem cells within the sutures resulting in premature fusion. In utero exposure to nicotine and citalopram (SSRI) increased the risk of premature suture fusion in a wild-type murine model. Gli1+ stem cells were reduced, stem cell populations were depleted, and homeostasis of the suture mesenchyme was altered with exposure. Thus, although these pharmacological exposures can deplete calvarial stem cell populations leading to craniosynostosis, depletion of stem cells is not a unifying mechanism for pharmacological exposure associated craniosynostosis.
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Rachwalski M, Khonsari RH, Paternoster G. Current Approaches in the Development of Molecular and Pharmacological Therapies in Craniosynostosis Utilizing Animal Models. Mol Syndromol 2019; 10:115-123. [PMID: 30976284 DOI: 10.1159/000493535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the craniofacial skeleton is a spatial and temporal process where cranial sutures play a role in the regulation of morphogenesis and growth. Disruption of these cellular and molecular interactions may lead to craniosynostosis, the premature obliteration of one or more cranial sutures, yielding skull growth restriction and malformation perpendicular to the affected suture. Facial deformity and various functional CNS anomalies are other frequent complications. Cranial vault expansion and reconstructive surgery remain the mainstay of treatment but pose an elevated risk of morbidity for the infant. While the etiology of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis remains to be deciphered, gain-of-function mutations in FGFR1-3 and TWIST1 were found to be responsible for more than 3/4 of the most commonly encountered craniofacial syndromes. Animal models have been invaluable to further dissect the role of genes within the cranial sutures and for the development of alternative nonsurgical treatment strategies. In this review, we will present various molecular and pharmacological approaches for the treatment of craniosynostosis that have been tested using in vitro and in vivo assays as well as discuss their potential application in humans focusing on the case of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rachwalski
- Imagine Institute of Genetic Diseases, INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Departments of Malades, Paris, France.,Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Craniofacial Anomalies, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Roman H Khonsari
- Imagine Institute of Genetic Diseases, INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Departments of Malades, Paris, France.,Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Craniofacial Anomalies, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Giovanna Paternoster
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Craniofacial Anomalies, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Durham E, Howie RN, Warren G, LaRue A, Cray J. Direct Effects of Nicotine Exposure on Murine Calvaria and Calvarial Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3805. [PMID: 30846819 PMCID: PMC6405741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40796-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the link between adverse birth outcomes due to pre- and peri-natal nicotine exposure, research suggests 11% of US women continue to smoke or use alternative nicotine products throughout pregnancy. Maternal smoking has been linked to incidence of craniofacial anomalies. We hypothesized that pre-natal nicotine exposure may directly alter craniofacial development independent of the other effects of cigarette smoking. To test this hypothesis, we administered pregnant C57BL6 mice drinking water supplemented with 0, 50, 100 or 200 μg/ml nicotine throughout pregnancy. On postnatal day 15 pups were sacrificed and skulls underwent micro-computed tomography (µCT) and histological analyses. Specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, α3, α7, β2, β4 were identified within the calvarial growth sites (sutures) and centers (synchondroses). Exposing murine calvarial suture derived cells and isotype cells to relevant circulating nicotine levels alone and in combination with nicotinic receptor agonist and antagonists resulted in cell specific effects. Most notably, nicotine exposure increased proliferation in calvarial cells, an effect that was modified by receptor agonist and antagonist treatment. Currently it is unclear what component(s) of cigarette smoke is causative in birth defects, however these data indicate that nicotine alone is capable of disrupting growth and development of murine calvaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Durham
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - R Nicole Howie
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Graham Warren
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Amanda LaRue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 99 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - James Cray
- Department of Biomedical Education & Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 279 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.
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Yamaji K, Morita J, Watanabe T, Gunjigake K, Nakatomi M, Shiga M, Ono K, Moriyama K, Kawamoto T. Maldevelopment of the submandibular gland in a mouse model of apert syndrome. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1175-1185. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Yamaji
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Faculty of Dentistry; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Jumpei Morita
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Faculty of Dentistry; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Tsukasa Watanabe
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Faculty of Dentistry; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kaori Gunjigake
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Faculty of Dentistry; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Mitsushiro Nakatomi
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Health Improvement, Faculty of Dentistry; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Momotoshi Shiga
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Faculty of Dentistry; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kentaro Ono
- Division of Physiology, Department of Health Improvement, Faculty of Dentistry; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Division of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kawamoto
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Faculty of Dentistry; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka Japan
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Zhang T, Yang R, Yang S, Guan J, Zhang D, Ma Y, Liu H. Research progress of self-assembled nanogel and hybrid hydrogel systems based on pullulan derivatives. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:278-292. [PMID: 29334800 PMCID: PMC6058595 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1425776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer nano-sized hydrogels (nanogels) as drug delivery carriers have been investigated over the last few decades. Pullulan, a nontoxic and nonimmunogenic hydrophilic polysaccharide derived from fermentation of black yeast like Aureobasidium pullulans with great biocompatibility and biodegradability, is one of the most attractive carriers for drug delivery systems. In this review, we describe the preparation, characterization, and 'switch-on/off' mechanism of typical pullulan self-assembled nanogels (self-nanogels), and then introduce the development of hybrid hydrogels that are numerous resources applied for regenerative medicine. A major section is used for biomedical applications of different nanogel systems based on modified pullulan, which exert smart stimuli-responses at ambient conditions such as charge, pH, temperature, light, and redox. Pullulan self-nanogels have found increasingly extensive application in protein delivery, tissue engineering, vaccine development, cancer therapy, and biological imaging. Functional groups are incorporated into self-nanogels and contribute to expressing desirable results such as targeting and modified release. Various molecules, especially insoluble or unstable drugs and encapsulated proteins, present improved solubility and bioavailability as well as reduced side effects when incorporated into self-nanogels. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of pullulan self-nanogels will be analyzed accordingly, and the development of pullulan nanogel systems will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruyi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shengnan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jibin Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhuo Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Luo F, Xie Y, Wang Z, Huang J, Tan Q, Sun X, Li F, Li C, Liu M, Zhang D, Xu M, Su N, Ni Z, Jiang W, Chang J, Chen H, Chen S, Xu X, Deng C, Wang Z, Du X, Chen L. Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated RNAi against Mutant Alleles Attenuates Abnormal Calvarial Phenotypes in an Apert Syndrome Mouse Model. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 13:291-302. [PMID: 30321816 PMCID: PMC6197781 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Apert syndrome (AS), the most severe form of craniosynostosis, is caused by missense mutations including Pro253Arg(P253R) of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), which leads to enhanced FGF/FGFR2-signaling activity. Surgical correction of the deformed skull is the typical treatment for AS. Because of constant maldevelopment of sutures, the corrective surgery is often executed several times, resulting in increased patient challenge and complications. Biological therapies targeting the signaling of mutant FGFR2 allele, in combination with surgery, may bring better outcome. Here we screened and found a small interfering RNA (siRNA) specifically targeting the Fgfr2-P253R allele, and we revealed that it inhibited osteoblastic differentiation and matrix mineralization by reducing the signaling of ERK1/2 and P38 in cultured primary calvarial cells and calvarial explants from Apert mice (Fgfr2+/P253R). Furthermore, AAV9 carrying short hairpin RNA (shRNA) (AAV9-Fgfr2-shRNA) against mutant Fgfr2 was delivered to the skulls of AS mice. Results demonstrate that AAV9-Fgfr2-shRNA attenuated the premature closure of coronal suture and the decreased calvarial bone volume of AS mice. Our study provides a novel practical biological approach, which will, in combination with other therapies, including surgeries, help treat patients with AS while providing experimental clues for the biological therapies of other genetic skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtao Luo
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yangli Xie
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zuqiang Wang
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Junlan Huang
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xianding Sun
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Can Li
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Mi Liu
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Dali Zhang
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Nan Su
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zhenhong Ni
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Wanling Jiang
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jinhong Chang
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chuxia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhugang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaolan Du
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Laboratory for the Rehabilitation of Traumatic Injuries, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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12
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Wheeler KJ, Early JO. Using Photovoice to Explore Quality of Life Factors of Adults With Crouzon Syndrome. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2018; 28:357-370. [PMID: 29224414 DOI: 10.1177/1049732317742624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, one in 60,000 adults live with Crouzon Syndrome (CS) and facial malformations. Phenomenological studies about their lived experiences and quality of life are lacking. The purpose of this participatory action research study was to gain a richer understanding of the perceived biopsychosocial and socioecological factors that impact quality of life for adults living with CS using Photovoice. Another aim was to develop a conceptual framework of quality of life for those experiencing CS to enhance tailored health education and services. A purposeful sample of nine adults with CS were recruited from U.S. national surgery centers and support groups. Participants used photography to represent their experiences and participated in individual interviews and focus groups. Data were analyzed with the participants using thematic analysis, and 44 themes emerged which informed the development of a quality of life conceptual framework and action plan described in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jody O Early
- 2 University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, Washington, USA
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13
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Azoury SC, Reddy S, Shukla V, Deng CX. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 ( FGFR2) Mutation Related Syndromic Craniosynostosis. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1479-1488. [PMID: 29230096 PMCID: PMC5723914 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.22373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis results from the premature fusion of cranial sutures, with an incidence of 1 in 2,100-2,500 live births. The majority of cases are non-syndromic and involve single suture fusion, whereas syndromic cases often involve complex multiple suture fusion. The fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene is perhaps the most extensively studied gene that is mutated in various craniosynostotic syndromes including Crouzon, Apert, Pfeiffer, Antley-Bixler, Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata, Jackson-Weiss, Bent Bone Dysplasia, and Seathre-Chotzen-like syndromes. The majority of these mutations are missense mutations that result in constitutive activation of the receptor and downstream molecular pathways. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach with ultimate surgical fixation of the cranial deformity to prevent further sequelae. Understanding the molecular mechanisms has allowed for the investigation of different therapeutic agents that can potentially be used to prevent the disorders. Further research efforts are need to better understand screening and effective methods of early intervention and prevention. Herein, the authors provide a comprehensive update on FGFR2-related syndromic craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saïd C. Azoury
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sashank Reddy
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vivek Shukla
- TGIB, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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14
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Das S, Munshi A. Research advances in Apert syndrome. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2017; 8:194-199. [PMID: 30191107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apert syndrome is one of the several genetic syndromes associated with craniosynostosis, a condition that includes premature fusion of one or multiple cranial sutures. There has been significant clinical variation among different sutural synostoses and also within particular suture synostosis. Enormous progress has been made in identifying various mutations associated with Apert Syndrome. Although a causal gene has been defined, the precise role of this mutation in producing craniofacial dysmorphology and other related abnormalities is in the process of discovery. Most of the understanding regarding this rare disorder has been possible due to mouse models that have helped in deciphering the elements of this rare human disease. Thus, molecular and cellular understanding of the disease has taken a leap and further with the advent of technology definitive diagnosis of the syndrome is no more of an issue. In this review, we have discussed and consolidated the possible molecular studies that have contributed in understanding of this rare syndrome. This article may help clinicians and researchers to inform about the latest progress in Apert syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satrupa Das
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, India.,Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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15
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Fujioka‐Kobayashi M, Schaller B, Saulacic N, Pippenger BE, Zhang Y, Miron RJ. Absorbable collagen sponges loaded with recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 9 induces greater osteoblast differentiation when compared to bone morphogenetic protein 2. Clin Exp Dent Res 2017; 3:32-40. [PMID: 29744176 PMCID: PMC5839213 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of growth factors for the regeneration of soft and hard tissues has been utilized extensively in dental medicine over the past decade. Recently our group found that recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 9 (rhBMP9) was more osteopromotive than recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP2) when combined with a deprotenized bovine bone mineral bone grafting material. The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the regenerative potential of an absorbable collagen sponge(ACS) specifically designed for extraction socket healing loaded with rhBMP9 when compared to rhBMP2. The adsorption and release kinetics of rhBMP2 and rhBMP9 were first investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay quantification. Then, the cellular effects of stromal cell line (ST2) preosteoblasts were investigated utilizing four groups including rhBMP2 and rhBMP9 at both low(10 ng/ml) and high(100 ng/ml) concentrations loaded onto ACS. Cellular attachment(8 hours) and proliferation(1, 3, and 5 days) as well as osteoblast differentiation were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at 3 and 14 days, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity at 7 days, and alizarin red staining at 14 days. ACS fully adsorbed both rhBMP2 and rhBMP9 that were slowly released up to 10 days. Although neither rhBMP2 nor rhBMP9 had any effects on cell attachment or proliferation, pronounced effects were observed on osteoblast differentiation. ALP activity was increased seven-fold with rhBMP2-high, whereas a marked 10-fold and 20-fold increase was observed with rhBMP9-low and high loaded to ACS, respectively. Furthermore, mRNA levels of collagen1, ALP, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin were all significantly higher for rhBMP9 when compared to control or rhBMP2 groups. Alizarin red staining further confirmed that rhBMP9-low and high demonstrated marked increases in mineralization potential when compared to rhBMP2-high. The results demonstrate the marked effect of rhBMP9 on osteoblast differentiation when combined with ACS in comparison to rhBMP2 at doses as much as 10 times lower. Further in vivo studies are necessary to investigate whether the regenerative potential is equally as potent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Fujioka‐Kobayashi
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dental MedicineNova Southeastern UniversityFloridaUSA
- Department of Cranio‐Maxillofacial Surgery, Bern University HospitalInselspitalSwitzerland
- Department of Oral Surgery, Clinical Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolJapan
| | - Benoit Schaller
- Department of Cranio‐Maxillofacial Surgery, Bern University HospitalInselspitalSwitzerland
| | - Nikola Saulacic
- Department of Cranio‐Maxillofacial Surgery, Bern University HospitalInselspitalSwitzerland
| | | | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Oral ImplantologyUniversity of WuhanChina
| | - Richard J. Miron
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dental MedicineNova Southeastern UniversityFloridaUSA
- Department of Periodontics and Oral MedicineUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryMichiganUSA
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16
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Yeh E, Atique R, Fanganiello RD, Sunaga DY, Ishiy FAA, Passos-Bueno MR. Cell Type-Dependent Nonspecific Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling in Apert Syndrome. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1249-60. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Rodrigo Atique
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Dalto Fanganiello
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele Yumi Sunaga
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Augusto André Ishiy
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Neben CL, Roberts RR, Dipple KM, Merrill AE, Klein OD. Modeling craniofacial and skeletal congenital birth defects to advance therapies. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:R86-R93. [PMID: 27346519 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development is an intricate process of patterning, morphogenesis, and growth that involves many tissues within the developing embryo. Genetic misregulation of these processes leads to craniofacial malformations, which comprise over one-third of all congenital birth defects. Significant advances have been made in the clinical management of craniofacial disorders, but currently very few treatments specifically target the underlying molecular causes. Here, we review recent studies in which modeling of craniofacial disorders in primary patient cells, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mice have enhanced our understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of these disorders while also advancing therapeutic avenues for their prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Neben
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan R Roberts
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katrina M Dipple
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine and InterDepartmental Program Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samulei School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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18
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Cifuentes-Mendiola S, Pérez-Martínez I, Muñoz-Saavedra Á, Torres-Contreras J, García-Hernández A. Clinical applications of molecular basis for Craniosynostosis. A narrative review. JOURNAL OF ORAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.17126/joralres.2016.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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19
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Kosty J, Vogel TW. Insights into the development of molecular therapies for craniosynostosis. Neurosurg Focus 2016; 38:E2. [PMID: 25929964 DOI: 10.3171/2015.2.focus155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
For the past 2 decades, clinical and basic science researchers have gained significant insights into the molecular and genetic pathways associated with common forms of craniosynostosis. This has led to invaluable information for families and physicians in their attempts to understand the heterogeneity of craniosynostosis. Genetic mutations have been identified in the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) as well as in other targets, including TWIST1, BMP, and RUNX2. Greater understanding of these and other pathways has led to the development of innovative approaches for applying medical therapies to the treatment of craniosynostosis, in particular by maintaining suture patency. In this article, the authors discuss the molecular pathophysiological mechanisms underlying various forms of craniosynostosis. They also highlight recent developments in the field of molecular craniosynostosis research with the hope of identifying targets for medical therapies that might augment the results of surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kosty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati; and
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20
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Alhaique F, Matricardi P, Di Meo C, Coviello T, Montanari E. Polysaccharide-based self-assembling nanohydrogels: An overview on 25-years research on pullulan. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Durham E, Jen S, Wang L, Nasworthy J, Elsalanty M, Weinberg S, Yu J, Cray J. Effects of Citalopram on Sutural and Calvarial Cell Processes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139719. [PMID: 26431045 PMCID: PMC4592261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for the treatment of depression during pregnancy is suggested to increase the incidence of craniofacial abnormalities including craniosynostosis. Little is known about this mechanism, however based on previous data we propose a mechanism that affects cell cycle. Excessive proliferation, and reduction in apoptosis may lead to hyperplasia within the suture that may allow for differentiation, bony infiltration, and fusion. Here we utilized in vivo and in vitro analysis to investigate this proposed phenomenon. For in vivo analysis we used C57BL–6 wild-type breeders treated with a clinical dose of citalopram during the third trimester of pregnancy to produce litters exposed to the SSRI citalopram in utero. At post-natal day 15 sutures were harvested from resulting pups and subjected to histomorphometric analysis for proliferation (PCNA) and apoptosis (TUNEL). For in vitro studies, we used mouse calvarial pre-osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) to assess proliferation (MTS), apoptosis (Caspase 3/7-activity), and gene expression after exposure to titrated doses of citalopram. In vivo analysis for PCNA suggested segregation of effect by location, with the sagittal suture, showing a statistically significant increase in proliferative response. The coronal suture was not similarly affected, however there was a decrease in apoptotic activity at the dural edge as compared to the periosteal edge. No differences in apoptosis by suture or area due to SSRI exposure were observed. In vitro results suggest citalopram exposure increased proliferation and proliferative gene expression, and decreased apoptosis of the MC3T3-E1 cells. Decreased apoptosis was not confirmed in vivo however, an increase in proliferation without a concomitant increase in apoptosis is still defined as hyperplasia. Thus prenatal SSRI exposure may exert a negative effect on post-natal growth through a hyperplasia effect at the cranial growth sites perhaps leading to clinically significant craniofacial abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Durham
- Departments of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Serena Jen
- School of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lin Wang
- Institute for Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joseph Nasworthy
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Elsalanty
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Seth Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jack Yu
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James Cray
- Departments of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Twigg SRF, Wilkie AOM. A Genetic-Pathophysiological Framework for Craniosynostosis. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:359-77. [PMID: 26340332 PMCID: PMC4564941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures of the skull, provides a paradigm for investigating the interplay of genetic and environmental factors leading to malformation. Over the past 20 years molecular genetic techniques have provided a new approach to dissect the underlying causes; success has mostly come from investigation of clinical samples, and recent advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing have dramatically enhanced the study of the human as the preferred "model organism." In parallel, however, we need a pathogenetic classification to describe the pathways and processes that lead to cranial suture fusion. Given the prenatal onset of most craniosynostosis, investigation of mechanisms requires more conventional model organisms; principally the mouse, because of similarities in cranial suture development. We present a framework for classifying genetic causes of craniosynostosis based on current understanding of cranial suture biology and molecular and developmental pathogenesis. Of note, few pathologies result from complete loss of gene function. Instead, biochemical mechanisms involving haploinsufficiency, dominant gain-of-function and recessive hypomorphic mutations, and an unusual X-linked cellular interference process have all been implicated. Although few of the genes involved could have been predicted based on expression patterns alone (because the genes play much wider roles in embryonic development or cellular homeostasis), we argue that they fit into a limited number of functional modules active at different stages of cranial suture development. This provides a useful approach both when defining the potential role of new candidate genes in craniosynostosis and, potentially, for devising pharmacological approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R F Twigg
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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23
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways are essential regulators of vertebrate skeletal development. FGF signaling regulates development of the limb bud and formation of the mesenchymal condensation and has key roles in regulating chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and bone and mineral homeostasis. This review updates our review on FGFs in skeletal development published in Genes & Development in 2002, examines progress made on understanding the functions of the FGF signaling pathway during critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explores the mechanisms by which mutations in FGF signaling molecules cause skeletal malformations in humans. Links between FGF signaling pathways and other interacting pathways that are critical for skeletal development and could be exploited to treat genetic diseases and repair bone are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hopital Lariboisiere, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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24
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Carter EP, Fearon AE, Grose RP. Careless talk costs lives: fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling and the consequences of pathway malfunction. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:221-33. [PMID: 25467007 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery 40 years ago, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (FGFR) signalling has been found to regulate fundamental cellular behaviours in a wide range of cell types. FGFRs regulate development, homeostasis, and repair and are implicated in many disorders and diseases; and indeed, there is extensive potential for severe consequences, be they developmental, homeostatic, or oncogenic, should FGF-FGFR signalling go awry, so careful control of the pathway is critically important. In this review, we discuss the recent developments in the FGF field, highlighting how FGFR signalling works in normal cells, how it can go wrong, how frequently it is compromised, and how it is being targeted therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Carter
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, England, UK
| | - Abbie E Fearon
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, England, UK
| | - Richard P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, England, UK.
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