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Park JW, Kim YJ, Lee SJ, Ko JJ, Kim DK, Lee JH. Down-Regulation of Neogenin Decreases Proliferation and Differentiation of Spermatogonia during the Early Phase of Spermatogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314761. [PMID: 36499089 PMCID: PMC9738271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-obstructive azoospermia is a major clinical issue associated with male infertility that remains to be addressed. Although neogenin is reportedly abundantly expressed in the testis, its role in mammalian spermatogenesis is unknown. We systematically investigated the role of neogenin during spermatogenesis by performing loss-of-function studies. Testis-specific neogenin conditional knock-out (cKO) mice were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 and neogenin-targeting guide RNAs. We analyzed the expression profiles of germ cell factors by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Neogenin localized mainly to spermatogonia in seminiferous tubules of mouse testes. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses further demonstrated that neogenin expression varied during spermatogenesis and was dramatically increased at postnatal day 12-25 during the pubertal stage. In neogenin-cKO mouse testes, the ratio of primary and secondary spermatocytes was significantly decreased compared with the control, while the number of apoptotic testicular cells was significantly increased. Taken together, these results suggest that neogenin plays a pivotal role in the maintenance and proliferation of spermatogonia during the early stage of spermatogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Park
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, Seoul 04634, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pochen 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, Seoul 04634, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Institute of Animal Genetic Resources Affiliated with Traditional Hanwoo Co., Ltd., Boryeong 33402, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Jae Ko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pochen 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Keun Kim
- Department of Urology, CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul 04637, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.K.K.); (J.H.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2002-0309 (D.K.K.); +82-2-2002-0406 (J.H.L.)
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, Seoul 04634, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pochen 11160, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.K.K.); (J.H.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2002-0309 (D.K.K.); +82-2-2002-0406 (J.H.L.)
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Chaudhari S, Yazdizadeh Shotorbani P, Tao Y, Kasetti R, Zode G, Mathis KW, Ma R. Neogenin pathway positively regulates fibronectin production by glomerular mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C226-C235. [PMID: 35704698 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00359.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neogenin, a transmembrane receptor, was recently found in kidney cells and immune cells. However, the function of neogenin signaling in kidney is not clear. Mesangial cells (MCs) are a major source of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in glomerulus. In many kidney diseases, MCs are impaired and manifest myofibroblast phenotype. Over production of ECM by the injured MCs promotes renal injury and accelerates the progression of kidney diseases. The present study was aimed to determine if neogenin receptor was expressed in MCs and if the receptor signaling regulated ECM protein production by MCs. We showed that neogenin was expressed in the glomerular MCs. Deletion of neogenin using CRISPR/Cas9 lentivirus system, significantly reduced the abundance of fibronectin, an ECM protein. Netrin-1, a ligand for neogenin, also significantly decreased fibronectin production by MCs and decreased neogenin protein expression in MCs. Furthermore, treatment of human MCs with high glucose (25 mM) significantly increased the protein abundance of neogenin as early as 8 h. Consistently, neogenin expression in glomerulus significantly increased in the eNOS-/- db/db diabetic mice starting as early as the age of 8 weeks and this increase sustained at least to the age of 24 weeks. We further found that the HG induced increase in neogenin abundance was blunted by antioxidant PEG-catalase and N-acetyl cysteine. Taken together, our results suggest a new mechanism of regulation of fibronectin production by MCs. This previously unrecognized neogenin-fibronectin pathway may contribute to glomerular injury responses during the course of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Chaudhari
- Dept. of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | | | - Yu Tao
- Dept. of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Ramesh Kasetti
- The North Texas Eye Research Institute and Dept. of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, United States
| | - Gulab Zode
- The North Texas Eye Research Institute and Dept. of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, United States
| | - Keisa W Mathis
- Dept. of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Rong Ma
- Dept. of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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Choi IY, Shim JH, Kim MH, Yu WD, Kim YJ, Choi G, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Cho KO. Truncated Neogenin Promotes Hippocampal Neuronal Death after Acute Seizure. Neuroscience 2021; 470:78-87. [PMID: 34245840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Protecting hippocampal neurons from death after seizure activity is critical to prevent an alteration of neuronal circuitry and hippocampal function. Here, we present a novel target, a truncated form of neogenin that is associated with seizure-induced hippocampal necroptosis, and novel use of the γ-secretase inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) as a pharmacological regulator of neogenin truncation. We show that 3 days after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in mice, when hippocampal cell death is detected, the level of truncated neogenin is increased, while that of full-length neogenin is decreased. Moreover, phosphorylation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase, a crucial marker of necroptosis, was also markedly upregulated at 3 days post-status epilepticus. In cultured hippocampal cells, kainic acid treatment significantly reduced the expression of full-length neogenin. Notably, treatment with DAPT prevented neogenin truncation and protected cultured neurons from N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced death. These data suggest that seizure-induced hippocampal necroptosis is associated with the generation of truncated neogenin, and that prevention of this by DAPT treatment can protect against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Young Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Laser, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Laser, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Dong Yu
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gain Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Laser, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Ok Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Kim YJ, Park Y, Park YR, Kim YS, Lee HR, Lee SJ, Kim MJ, Kwack K, Ko JJ, Lee JH. Role of RGMc as a Neogenin Ligand in Follicular Development in the Ovary. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030280. [PMID: 33801938 PMCID: PMC7999520 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no cure for infertility in women with a poor ovarian response (POR). Neogenin is reported to be abundantly expressed in the ovary; however, its role in mammalian follicular development is unclear and its ligand and signaling pathway remain uncertain. We systematically investigated the role of neogenin and the ligand repulsive guidance molecule c (RGMc) during follicular development. We treated hyperstimulated mouse ovaries with RGMc and analyzed follicular development. Furthermore, we investigated clusters of up/downregulated genes in RGMc-treated ovaries using whole-transcriptome next-generation sequencing (NGS). In addition, we investigated whether expression of up/downregulated factors identified by NGS was also altered in cumulus cells (CCs) of patients with a POR. The number of oocytes was 40% higher in RGMc-treated ovaries than in control ovaries. NGS data indicated that prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) was involved in the RGMc signaling pathway during follicular development. RGMc treatment significantly elevated the PGD2 level in culture medium of CCs obtained from patients with a POR. Our results demonstrate that RGMc as neogenin ligand promotes follicular development in ovaries via the PGD2 signaling pathway. Therefore, it may be possible to use RGMc for ovarian stimulation in patients with a POR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Kim
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, Seoul 04637, Korea; (Y.J.K.); (Y.R.P.); (Y.S.K.); (H.R.L.)
| | - YoungJoon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Seongnam 13488, Korea;
| | - Yeo Reum Park
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, Seoul 04637, Korea; (Y.J.K.); (Y.R.P.); (Y.S.K.); (H.R.L.)
| | - Young Sang Kim
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, Seoul 04637, Korea; (Y.J.K.); (Y.R.P.); (Y.S.K.); (H.R.L.)
| | - Hye Ran Lee
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, Seoul 04637, Korea; (Y.J.K.); (Y.R.P.); (Y.S.K.); (H.R.L.)
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Institute of Animal Genetic Resources Affiliated with Traditional Hanwoo Co., Ltd., Boryeong 33402, Korea;
| | - Myung Joo Kim
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, Seoul 04637, Korea; (Y.J.K.); (Y.R.P.); (Y.S.K.); (H.R.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.K.); (K.K.); (J.J.K.); (J.H.L.)
| | - KyuBum Kwack
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Seongnam 13488, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.J.K.); (K.K.); (J.J.K.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Jung Jae Ko
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Seongnam 13488, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.J.K.); (K.K.); (J.J.K.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, Seoul 04637, Korea; (Y.J.K.); (Y.R.P.); (Y.S.K.); (H.R.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Seongnam 13488, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.J.K.); (K.K.); (J.J.K.); (J.H.L.)
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McNair K, Forrest CM, Vincenten MCJ, Darlington LG, Stone TW. Serine protease modulation of Dependence Receptors and EMT protein expression. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:349-367. [PMID: 30403907 PMCID: PMC6370372 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1529109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the tumour suppressor Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) and the related protein neogenin is reduced by the mammalian serine protease chymotrypsin or the bacterial serine protease subtilisin, with increased cell migration. The present work examines whether these actions are associated with changes in the expression of cadherins, β-catenin and vimentin, established markers of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) which has been linked with cell migration and tumour metastasis. The results confirm the depletion of DCC and neogenin and show that chymotrypsin and subtilisin also reduce expression of β-catenin in acutely prepared tissue sections but not in human mammary adenocarcinoma MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231 cells cultured in normal media, or primary normal human breast cells. A loss of β-catenin was also seen in low serum media but transfecting cells with a dcc-containing plasmid induced resistance. E-cadherin was not consistently affected but vimentin was induced by low serum-containing media and was increased by serine proteases in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in parallel with increased wound closure. Vimentin might contribute to the promotion of cell migration. The results suggest that changes in EMT proteins depend on the cells or tissues concerned and do not parallel the expression of DCC and neogenin. The increased cell migration induced by serine proteases is not consistently associated with the expression of the EMT proteins implying either that the increased migration may be independent of EMT or supporting the view that EMT is not itself consistently related to migration. (241).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara McNair
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Caroline M. Forrest
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria C. J. Vincenten
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Trevor W. Stone
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The Kennedy Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford UK
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Sato T, Kokabu S, Enoki Y, Hayashi N, Matsumoto M, Nakahira M, Sugasawa M, Yoda T. Functional Roles of Netrin-1 in Osteoblast Differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 31:321-328. [PMID: 28438858 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM Recent studies have demonstrated that netrin-1 plays a vital role in bone metabolism. Previous studies have shown that osteoblasts produce netrin-1 which affects osteoclast differentiation. However, the role of netrin-1 in osteoblast differentiation is not well understood. In this study, we explored the roles of netrin-1 in osteoblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), RNA interference for netrin receptors, the generation of netrin-1 plasmid, transfection of plasmids, and cell proliferation assay were performed. RESULTS During osteoblast differentiation by ascorbic acid, netrin-1 expression was significantly decreased. Gene expression related with osteoblast differentiation was down-regulated by netrin-1 treatment. We also found that osteoblast differentiation by bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) was inhibited in the presence of recombinant netrin-1. Forced expression of both BMP-4 and netrin-1 significantly decreased alkaline phosphatase expression. On the other hand, Unc5b, neogenin, and A2b which belong to netrin receptors were expressed by osteoblasts. Moreover, alkaline phosphatase expression was significantly decreased by knockdown for the combination of two receptors among these receptors. CONCLUSION Netrin-1 is involved in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Sato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Enoki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahito Matsumoto
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Nakahira
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masashi Sugasawa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Hong N, Kim MH, Min CK, Kim HJ, Lee JH. The co-expression of Neogenin with SOX2 in hippocampal neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Choi KH, Hong SH, Lee HR, Lee HT, Lee JH, Lee SJ. Neogenin regulates mitochondrial activity in pre-implantation mouse embryos. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:1060-1066. [PMID: 27913301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
• Mitochondrial activation signaling pathways are not clearly identified.
• Embryonic mitochondria activity is important for a successful pregnancy and live birth.
• Neogenin is a multi-functional receptor that contributes to embryo development.
• Neogenin as a receptor is related to mitochondrial activation and replication.
• Neogenin could activate mitochondria in pre-implantation embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Hee Choi
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04637, Republic of Korea; Department of Animal Biotechnology, Bio-Organ Research Center/Animal Resources Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Hwa Hong
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Sahmyook University, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ran Lee
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04637, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Taek Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Bio-Organ Research Center/Animal Resources Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04637, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pochen, Gyounggi-do, 11160 Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Sahmyook University, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea.
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Lee JH, Cho YI, Choi SS, Kim HW, Min CK, Lee SJ. Loss- and Gain-of-function Approach to Investigate Early Cell Fate Determinants in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27341639 DOI: 10.3791/53696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene silencing and overexpression techniques are instrumental for the identification of genes involved in embryonic development. Direct target gene modification in preimplantation embryos provides a means to study the underlying mechanisms of genes implicated in, for instance, cellular differentiation into the trophectoderm (TE) and the inner cell mass (ICM). Here, we describe a protocol that examines the role of neogenin as an authentic receptor for initial cell fate determination in preimplantation mouse embryos. First, we discuss the experimental manipulations that were used to produce gain and loss of neogenin function by microinjecting neogenin cDNA and shRNA; the effectiveness of this approach was confirmed by a strong correlation between the pair-wise expression levels of either red fluorescent protein (RFP) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the immunocytochemical quantification of neogenin expression. Secondly, overexpression of neogenin in preimplantation mouse embryos leads to normal ICM development while neogenin knockdown causes the ICM to develop abnormally, implying that neogenin could be a receptor that relays extracellular cues to drive blastomeres to early cell fates. Given the success of this detailed protocol in investigating the function of a novel embryonic developmental stage-specific receptor, we propose that it has the potential to aid in exploration and identification of other stage-specific genes during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae H Lee
- Department of Nanobiomedical Sciences and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University; Insititute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University
| | - Yong Ii Cho
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Sahmyook University
| | | | - Hae-Won Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Sciences and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University; Insititute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University
| | - Churl K Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ajou University
| | - Sang J Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Sahmyook University;
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Correction: neogenin as a receptor for early cell fate determination in preimplantation mouse embryos. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117866. [PMID: 25646733 PMCID: PMC4315432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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La Rosa I. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Preimplantation Embryos. BONE MORPHOGENIC PROTEIN 2015; 99:223-48. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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