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Mattila H, Khorobrykh S, Tyystjärvi E. Both external and internal factors induce heterogeneity in senescing leaves of deciduous trees. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP24012. [PMID: 38621018 DOI: 10.1071/fp24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Autumn senescence is characterised by spatial and temporal heterogeneity. We show that senescing birch (Betula spp.) leaves had lower PSII activity (probed by the F V /F M chlorophyll a fluorescence parameter) in late autumn than in early autumn. We confirmed that PSII repair slows down with decreasing temperature, while rates of photodamage and recovery, measured under laboratory conditions at 20°C, were similar in these leaves. We propose that low temperatures during late autumn hinder repair and lead to accumulation of non-functional PSII units in senescing leaves. Fluorescence imaging of birch revealed that chlorophyll preferentially disappeared from inter-veinal leaf areas. These areas showed no recovery capacity and low non-photochemical quenching while green veinal areas of senescing leaves resembled green leaves. However, green and yellow leaf areas showed similar values of photochemical quenching. Analyses of thylakoids isolated from maple (Acer platanoides ) leaves showed that red, senescing leaves contained high amounts of carotenoids and α-tocopherol, and our calculations suggest that α-tocopherol was synthesised during autumn. Thylakoids isolated from red maple leaves produced little singlet oxygen, probably due to the high antioxidant content. However, the rate of PSII photodamage did not decrease. The data show that the heterogeneity of senescing leaves must be taken into account to fully understand autumn senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heta Mattila
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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2
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Hickey K, Nazarov T, Smertenko A. Organellomic gradients in the fourth dimension. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:98-111. [PMID: 37243543 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Organelles function as hubs of cellular metabolism and elements of cellular architecture. In addition to 3 spatial dimensions that describe the morphology and localization of each organelle, the time dimension describes complexity of the organelle life cycle, comprising formation, maturation, functioning, decay, and degradation. Thus, structurally identical organelles could be biochemically different. All organelles present in a biological system at a given moment of time constitute the organellome. The homeostasis of the organellome is maintained by complex feedback and feedforward interactions between cellular chemical reactions and by the energy demands. Synchronized changes of organelle structure, activity, and abundance in response to environmental cues generate the fourth dimension of plant polarity. Temporal variability of the organellome highlights the importance of organellomic parameters for understanding plant phenotypic plasticity and environmental resiliency. Organellomics involves experimental approaches for characterizing structural diversity and quantifying the abundance of organelles in individual cells, tissues, or organs. Expanding the arsenal of appropriate organellomics tools and determining parameters of the organellome complexity would complement existing -omics approaches in comprehending the phenomenon of plant polarity. To highlight the importance of the fourth dimension, this review provides examples of organellome plasticity during different developmental or environmental situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Hickey
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resources Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164 WA, USA
| | - Taras Nazarov
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resources Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164 WA, USA
| | - Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resources Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164 WA, USA
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3
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Estiarte M, Campioli M, Mayol M, Penuelas J. Variability and limits of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption during foliar senescence. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100503. [PMID: 36514281 PMCID: PMC10030369 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Foliar nutrient resorption (NuR) plays a key role in ecosystem functioning and plant nutrient economy. Most of this recycling occurs during the senescence of leaves and is actively addressed by cells. Here, we discuss the importance of cell biochemistry, physiology, and subcellular anatomy to condition the outcome of NuR at the cellular level and to explain the existence of limits to NuR. Nutrients are transferred from the leaf in simple metabolites that can be loaded into the phloem. Proteolysis is the main mechanism for mobilization of N, whereas P mobilization requires the involvement of different catabolic pathways, making the dynamics of P in leaves more variable than those of N before, during, and after foliar senescence. The biochemistry and fate of organelles during senescence impose constraints that limit NuR. The efficiency of NuR decreases, especially in evergreen species, as soil fertility increases, which is attributed to the relative costs of nutrient acquisition from soil decreasing with increasing soil nutrient availability, while the energetic costs of NuR from senescing leaves remain constant. NuR is genetically determined, with substantial interspecific variability, and is environmentally regulated in space and time, with nutrient availability being a key driver of intraspecific variability in NuR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Estiarte
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Matteo Campioli
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maria Mayol
- CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain.
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4
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Salt-Induced Changes in Cytosolic pH and Photosynthesis in Tobacco and Potato Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010491. [PMID: 36613934 PMCID: PMC9820604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most common factors limiting the productivity of crops. The damaging effect of salt stress on many vital plant processes is mediated, on the one hand, by the osmotic stress caused by large concentrations of Na+ and Cl- outside the root and, on the other hand, by the toxic effect of these ions loaded in the cell. In our work, the influence of salinity on the changes in photosynthesis, transpiration, water content and cytosolic pH in the leaves of two important crops of the Solanaceae family-tobacco and potato-was investigated. Salinity caused a decrease in photosynthesis activity, which manifested as a decrease in the quantum yield of photosystem II and an increase in non-photochemical quenching. Along with photosynthesis limitation, there was a slight reduction in the relative water content in the leaves and a decrease in transpiration, determined by the crop water stress index. Furthermore, a decrease in cytosolic pH was detected in tobacco and potato plants transformed by the gene of pH-sensitive protein Pt-GFP. The potential mechanisms of the salinity influence on the activity of photosynthesis were analyzed with the comparison of the parameters' dynamics, as well as the salt content in the leaves.
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5
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Fukushima S, Akita K, Takagi T, Kobayashi K, Moritoki N, Sugaya H, Arimura SI, Kuroiwa H, Kuroiwa T, Nagata N. Existence of giant mitochondria-containing sheet structures lacking cristae and matrix in the etiolated cotyledon of Arabidopsis thaliana. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:731-742. [PMID: 34417661 PMCID: PMC9010340 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles involved in the production and supply of energy in eukaryotic cells. Recently, the use of serial section scanning electron microscopy (S3EM) has allowed accurate three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed images of even complex organelle structures. Using this method, ultrathin sections of etiolated cotyledons were observed 4 days after germination of Arabidopsis thaliana in the dark, and giant mitochondria were found. To exclude the possibility of chemical fixation artifacts, this study confirmed the presence of giant mitochondria in high-pressure frozen samples. The 3D reconstructed giant mitochondria had a complex structure that included not only the elongated region but also the flattened shape of a disk. It contained the characteristic sheet structure, and the sheet lacked cristae and matrix but consisted of outer and inner membranes. Whether this phenomenon could be observed in living cells was investigated using the transformant with mitochondrial matrix expressing green fluorescent protein. Small globular mitochondria observed in light-treated samples were also represented in etiolated cotyledons. Although no giant mitochondria were observed in light-treated samples, they were found in the dark 3 days after germination and rapidly increased in number on the fourth day. Therefore, giant mitochondria were observed only in dark samples. These findings were supported by electron microscopy results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Fukushima
- Division of Material and Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kae Akita
- Department of Chemical Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takagi
- Department of Chemical Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Chemical Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuko Moritoki
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Sugaya
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Arimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruko Kuroiwa
- Department of Chemical Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
- Department of Chemical Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nagata
- Division of Material and Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Chemical Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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6
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Ferguson JN, Tidy AC, Murchie EH, Wilson ZA. The potential of resilient carbon dynamics for stabilizing crop reproductive development and productivity during heat stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2066-2089. [PMID: 33538010 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Impaired carbon metabolism and reproductive development constrain crop productivity during heat stress. Reproductive development is energy intensive, and its requirement for respiratory substrates rises as associated metabolism increases with temperature. Understanding how these processes are integrated and the extent to which they contribute to the maintenance of yield during and following periods of elevated temperatures is important for developing climate-resilient crops. Recent studies are beginning to demonstrate links between processes underlying carbon dynamics and reproduction during heat stress, consequently a summation of research that has been reported thus far and an evaluation of purported associations are needed to guide and stimulate future research. To this end, we review recent studies relating to source-sink dynamics, non-foliar photosynthesis and net carbon gain as pivotal in understanding how to improve reproductive development and crop productivity during heat stress. Rapid and precise phenotyping during narrow phenological windows will be important for understanding mechanisms underlying these processes, thus we discuss the development of relevant high-throughput phenotyping approaches that will allow for more informed decision-making regarding future crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Ferguson
- Division of Plant & Crop Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison C Tidy
- Division of Plant & Crop Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Erik H Murchie
- Division of Plant & Crop Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Zoe A Wilson
- Division of Plant & Crop Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
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7
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Paluch-Lubawa E, Stolarska E, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E. Dark-Induced Barley Leaf Senescence - A Crop System for Studying Senescence and Autophagy Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:635619. [PMID: 33790925 PMCID: PMC8005711 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.635619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This review synthesizes knowledge on dark-induced barley, attached, leaf senescence (DILS) as a model and discusses the possibility of using this crop system for studying senescence and autophagy mechanisms. It addresses the recent progress made in our understanding of DILS. The following aspects are discussed: the importance of chloroplasts as early targets of DILS, the role of Rubisco as the largest repository of recoverable nitrogen in leaves senescing in darkness, morphological changes of these leaves other than those described for chloroplasts and metabolic modifications associated with them, DILS versus developmental leaf senescence transcriptomic differences, and finally the observation that in DILS autophagy participates in the circulation of cell components and acts as a quality control mechanism during senescence. Despite the progression of macroautophagy, the symptoms of degradation can be reversed. In the review, the question also arises how plant cells regulate stress-induced senescence via autophagy and how the function of autophagy switches between cell survival and cell death.
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Sychta K, Słomka A, Kuta E. Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals-Discovering a Terra Incognita. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010065. [PMID: 33406697 PMCID: PMC7823951 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process that plays a fundamental role in plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Knowledge of plant PCD mechanisms is still very scarce and is incomparable to the large number of studies on PCD mechanisms in animals. Quick and accurate assays, e.g., the TUNEL assay, comet assay, and analysis of caspase-like enzyme activity, enable the differentiation of PCD from necrosis. Two main types of plant PCD, developmental (dPCD) regulated by internal factors, and environmental (ePCD) induced by external stimuli, are distinguished based on the differences in the expression of the conserved PCD-inducing genes. Abiotic stress factors, including heavy metals, induce necrosis or ePCD. Heavy metals induce PCD by triggering oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. ROS that are mainly produced by mitochondria modulate phytotoxicity mechanisms induced by heavy metals. Complex crosstalk between ROS, hormones (ethylene), nitric oxide (NO), and calcium ions evokes PCD, with proteases with caspase-like activity executing PCD in plant cells exposed to heavy metals. This pathway leads to very similar cytological hallmarks of heavy metal induced PCD to PCD induced by other abiotic factors. The forms, hallmarks, mechanisms, and genetic regulation of plant ePCD induced by abiotic stress are reviewed here in detail, with an emphasis on plant cell culture as a suitable model for PCD studies. The similarities and differences between plant and animal PCD are also discussed.
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Zhang Y, Sampathkumar A, Kerber SML, Swart C, Hille C, Seerangan K, Graf A, Sweetlove L, Fernie AR. A moonlighting role for enzymes of glycolysis in the co-localization of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4509. [PMID: 32908151 PMCID: PMC7481185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18234-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolysis is one of the primordial pathways of metabolism, playing a pivotal role in energy metabolism and biosynthesis. Glycolytic enzymes are known to form transient multi-enzyme assemblies. Here we examine the wider protein-protein interactions of plant glycolytic enzymes and reveal a moonlighting role for specific glycolytic enzymes in mediating the co-localization of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Knockout mutation of phosphoglycerate mutase or enolase resulted in a significantly reduced association of the two organelles. We provide evidence that phosphoglycerate mutase and enolase form a substrate-channelling metabolon which is part of a larger complex of proteins including pyruvate kinase. These results alongside a range of genetic complementation experiments are discussed in the context of our current understanding of chloroplast-mitochondrial interactions within photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sandra Mae-Lin Kerber
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Corné Swart
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Carsten Hille
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - Kumar Seerangan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lee Sweetlove
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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10
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Wojciechowska N, Wilmowicz E, Marzec-Schmidt K, Ludwików A, Bagniewska-Zadworna A. Abscisic Acid and Jasmonate Metabolisms Are Jointly Regulated During Senescence in Roots and Leaves of Populus trichocarpa. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062042. [PMID: 32192046 PMCID: PMC7139941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant senescence is a highly regulated process that allows nutrients to be mobilized from dying tissues to other organs. Despite that senescence has been extensively studied in leaves, the senescence of ephemeral organs located underground is still poorly understood, especially in the context of phytohormone engagement. The present study focused on filling this knowledge gap by examining the roles of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonate in the regulation of senescence of fine, absorptive roots and leaves of Populus trichocarpa. Immunohistochemical (IHC), chromatographic, and molecular methods were utilized to achieve this objective. A transcriptomic analysis identified significant changes in gene expression that were associated with the metabolism and signal transduction of phytohormones, especially ABA and jasmonate. The increased level of these phytohormones during senescence was detected in both organs and was confirmed by IHC. Based on the obtained data, we suggest that phytohormonal regulation of senescence in roots and leaves is organ-specific. We have shown that the regulation of ABA and JA metabolism is tightly regulated during senescence processes in both leaves and roots. The results were discussed with respect to the role of ABA in cold tolerance and the role of JA in resistance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wojciechowska
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (A.B.-Z.)
| | - Emilia Wilmowicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Marzec-Schmidt
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Ludwików
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (A.B.-Z.)
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11
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New Aspects of HECT-E3 Ligases in Cell Senescence and Cell Death of Plants. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110483. [PMID: 31717304 PMCID: PMC6918304 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells undergo massive orderly changes in structure, biochemistry, and gene expression during cell senescence. These changes cannot be distinguished from the hydrolysis/degradation function controlled by the ubiquitination pathway, autophagy, and various hydrolases in cells. In this mini-review, we summarized current research progress that the human HECT (homologous to the E6AP carboxyl terminus)-type ubiquitin E3 ligases have non-redundant functions in regulating specific signaling pathways, involved in a number of human diseases, especially aging-related diseases, through the influence of DNA repair, protein stability, and removal efficiency of damaged proteins or organelles. We further compared HECT E3 ligases’ structure and functions between plant and mammalian cells, and speculated new aspects acting as degrading signals and regulating signals of HECT E3 ligase in cell senescence and the cell death of plants.
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12
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Abstract
Leaf senescence is an important developmental process involving orderly disassembly of macromolecules for relocating nutrients from leaves to other organs and is critical for plants' fitness. Leaf senescence is the response of an intricate integration of various environmental signals and leaf age information and involves a complex and highly regulated process with the coordinated actions of multiple pathways. Impressive progress has been made in understanding how senescence signals are perceived and processed, how the orderly degeneration process is regulated, how the senescence program interacts with environmental signals, and how senescence regulatory genes contribute to plant productivity and fitness. Employment of systems approaches using omics-based technologies and characterization of key regulators have been fruitful in providing newly emerging regulatory mechanisms. This review mainly discusses recent advances in systems understanding of leaf senescence from a molecular network dynamics perspective. Genetic strategies for improving the productivity and quality of crops are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryun Woo
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; ,
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung Ok Lim
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; ,
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; ,
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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13
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Liu Z, Shi X, Li S, Zhang L, Song X. Oxidative Stress and Aberrant Programmed Cell Death Are Associated With Pollen Abortion in Isonuclear Alloplasmic Male-Sterile Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:595. [PMID: 29780399 PMCID: PMC5945952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility is crucial for the utilization of hybrid heterosis and it possibly occurs in parallel with tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) and oxidative metabolism responses. However, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie pollen abortion in wheat. Therefore, we obtained two isonuclear alloplasmic male sterile lines (IAMSLs) with Aegilops kotschyi and Ae. juvenalis cytoplasm. Compared with the maintainer line, cytochemical analyses of the anthers demonstrated that the IAMSLs exhibited anomalous tapetal PCD and organelles, with premature PCD in K87B1-706A and delayed PCD in Ju87B1-706A. We also found that the dynamic trends in reactive oxygen species (ROS) were consistent in these two IAMSLs during anther development and they were potentially associated with the initiation of tapetal PCD. In addition, the activities of ROS-scavenging enzymes increased rapidly, whereas non-enzymatic antioxidants were downregulated together with excess ROS production in IAMSLs. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase genes, which encode important antioxidant enzymes, were significantly upregulated during early pollen development. Thus, we inferred that excessive ROS and the abnormal transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme genes disrupted the balance of the antioxidant system and the presence of excess ROS may have been related to aberrant tapetal PCD progression, thereby affecting the development of microspores and ultimately causing male sterility. These relationships between the mechanism of PCD and ROS metabolism provide new insights into the mechanisms responsible for abortive pollen in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiyue Song
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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14
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Cimini S, Ronci MB, Barizza E, de Pinto MC, Locato V, Lo Schiavo F, De Gara L. Plant Cell Cultures as Model Systems to Study Programmed Cell Death. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1743:173-186. [PMID: 29332296 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7668-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of programmed cell death (PCD) activated in a certain group of cells is complex when analyzed in the whole plant. Plant cell suspension cultures are useful when investigating PCD triggered by environmental and developmental stimuli. Due to their homogeneity and the possibility to synchronize their responses induced by external stimuli, these cultures are used for studying the signaling pathways leading to PCD. The first problem in the analysis of PCD in cell cultures is the quantification of cell viability/death over time. Cultured cells from different plant species may have specific mitotic patterns leading to calli or cell chains mixed to single cell suspensions. For this reason, not all cell cultures allow morphological parameters to be investigated using microscopy analysis, and adapted or ad hoc methods are needed to test cell viability.Here we report on some accurate methods to establish and propagate cell cultures from different plant species, including crops, as well as to determine cell viability and PCD morphological and genetic markers. In particular, we describe a protocol for extracting nucleic acids required for real-time PCR analysis which has been optimized for those cell cultures that do not allow the use of commercial kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cimini
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Ronci
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Vittoria Locato
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura De Gara
- Food Sciences and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Arimura SI. Fission and Fusion of Plant Mitochondria, and Genome Maintenance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:152-161. [PMID: 29138352 PMCID: PMC5761811 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic changes maintain a multipartite mitochondrial genome meets the changing needs of plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Arimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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16
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Ren T, Wang J, Zhao M, Gong X, Wang S, Wang G, Zhou C. Involvement of NAC transcription factor SiNAC1 in a positive feedback loop via ABA biosynthesis and leaf senescence in foxtail millet. PLANTA 2018; 247:53-68. [PMID: 28871431 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The foxtail millet NAC transcription factor NAC1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis NAP, is induced by ABA and senescence and accelerates leaf senescence by promoting ABA biosynthesis. Leaf senescence, a unique developmental stage involving macromolecule degradation and nutrient remobilization, is finely tuned and tightly controlled by different gene families. NO APICAL MERISTEM, ARABIDOPSIS ATAF1, and CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (NAC) transcription factors have been demonstrated to be involved in the modulation of leaf senescence in many land plant species. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.), an important food and fodder crop, has been studied for its strong stress tolerance and potential to be a biofuel model plant. However, the functional roles of senescence-associated NACs in foxtail millet are still unknown. In this study, we characterized a nuclear localized NAC transcription factor, SiNAC1, which is induced by senescence and concentrated in senescent leaves in foxtail millet. SiNAC1 also positively responds to abscisic acid (ABA) treatment in foxtail millet. Moreover, SiNAC1 promotes the natural and dark-induced leaf senescence by an ABA-dependent manner in Arabidopsis thaliana. NCED2 and NCED3 are elevated by SiNAC1 overexpression, which subsequently promotes ABA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Finally, as a homolog of AtNAP, SiNAC1 can partially rescue the delayed leaf senescence phenotype in atnap mutants. Overall, our results demonstrate that SiNAC1 functions as a positive regulator of leaf senescence and is involved in a positive feedback loop via ABA biosynthesis and leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Xiaoming Gong
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Shuxia Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Geng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Chunjiang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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17
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Nagaoka N, Yamashita A, Kurisu R, Watari Y, Ishizuna F, Tsutsumi N, Ishizaki K, Kohchi T, Arimura SI. DRP3 and ELM1 are required for mitochondrial fission in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4600. [PMID: 28676660 PMCID: PMC5496855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria increase in number by the fission of existing mitochondria. Mitochondrial fission is needed to provide mitochondria to daughter cells during cell division. In Arabidopsis thaliana, four kinds of genes have been reported to be involved in mitochondrial fission. Two of them, DRP3 (dynamin-related protein3) and FIS1 (FISSION1), are well conserved in eukaryotes. The other two are plant-specific ELM1 (elongated mitochondria1) and PMD (peroxisomal and mitochondrial division). To better understand the commonality and diversity of mitochondrial fission factors in land plants, we examined mitochondrial fission-related genes in a liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha. As a bryophyte, M. polymorpha has features distinct from those of the other land plant lineages. We found that M. polymorpha has single copies of homologues for DRP3, FIS1 and ELM1, but does not appear to have a homologue of PMD. Citrine-fusion proteins with MpDRP3, MpFIS1 and MpELM1 were localized to mitochondria in M. polymorpha. MpDRP3- and MpELM1-defective mutants grew slowly and had networked mitochondria, indicating that mitochondrial fission was blocked in the mutants, as expected. However, knockout of MpFIS1 did not affect growth or mitochondrial morphology. These results suggest that MpDRP3 and MpELM1 but neither MpFIS1 nor PMD are needed for mitochondrial fission in M. polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagisa Nagaoka
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Rina Kurisu
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuta Watari
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fumiko Ishizuna
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nobuhissro Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | | | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Arimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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18
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Chrobok D, Law SR, Brouwer B, Lindén P, Ziolkowska A, Liebsch D, Narsai R, Szal B, Moritz T, Rouhier N, Whelan J, Gardeström P, Keech O. Dissecting the Metabolic Role of Mitochondria during Developmental Leaf Senescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:2132-2153. [PMID: 27744300 PMCID: PMC5129728 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The functions of mitochondria during leaf senescence, a type of programmed cell death aimed at the massive retrieval of nutrients from the senescing organ to the rest of the plant, remain elusive. Here, combining experimental and analytical approaches, we showed that mitochondrial integrity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is conserved until the latest stages of leaf senescence, while their number drops by 30%. Adenylate phosphorylation state assays and mitochondrial respiratory measurements indicated that the leaf energy status also is maintained during this time period. Furthermore, after establishing a curated list of genes coding for products targeted to mitochondria, we analyzed in isolation their transcript profiles, focusing on several key mitochondrial functions, such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, mitochondrial electron transfer chain, iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis, transporters, as well as catabolic pathways. In tandem with a metabolomic approach, our data indicated that mitochondrial metabolism was reorganized to support the selective catabolism of both amino acids and fatty acids. Such adjustments would ensure the replenishment of α-ketoglutarate and glutamate, which provide the carbon backbones for nitrogen remobilization. Glutamate, being the substrate of the strongly up-regulated cytosolic glutamine synthase, is likely to become a metabolically limiting factor in the latest stages of developmental leaf senescence. Finally, an evolutionary age analysis revealed that, while branched-chain amino acid and proline catabolism are very old mitochondrial functions particularly enriched at the latest stages of leaf senescence, auxin metabolism appears to be rather newly acquired. In summation, our work shows that, during developmental leaf senescence, mitochondria orchestrate catabolic processes by becoming increasingly central energy and metabolic hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Chrobok
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden (D.C., S.R.L., B.B., A.Z., D.L., P.G., O.K.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umea, Sweden (P.L., T.M.)
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., J.W.)
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw I, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (B.S.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France (N.R.)
| | - Simon R Law
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden (D.C., S.R.L., B.B., A.Z., D.L., P.G., O.K.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umea, Sweden (P.L., T.M.)
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., J.W.)
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw I, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (B.S.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France (N.R.)
| | - Bastiaan Brouwer
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden (D.C., S.R.L., B.B., A.Z., D.L., P.G., O.K.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umea, Sweden (P.L., T.M.)
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., J.W.)
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw I, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (B.S.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France (N.R.)
| | - Pernilla Lindén
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden (D.C., S.R.L., B.B., A.Z., D.L., P.G., O.K.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umea, Sweden (P.L., T.M.)
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., J.W.)
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw I, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (B.S.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France (N.R.)
| | - Agnieszka Ziolkowska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden (D.C., S.R.L., B.B., A.Z., D.L., P.G., O.K.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umea, Sweden (P.L., T.M.)
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., J.W.)
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw I, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (B.S.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France (N.R.)
| | - Daniela Liebsch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden (D.C., S.R.L., B.B., A.Z., D.L., P.G., O.K.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umea, Sweden (P.L., T.M.)
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., J.W.)
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw I, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (B.S.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France (N.R.)
| | - Reena Narsai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden (D.C., S.R.L., B.B., A.Z., D.L., P.G., O.K.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umea, Sweden (P.L., T.M.)
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., J.W.)
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw I, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (B.S.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France (N.R.)
| | - Bozena Szal
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden (D.C., S.R.L., B.B., A.Z., D.L., P.G., O.K.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umea, Sweden (P.L., T.M.)
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., J.W.)
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw I, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (B.S.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France (N.R.)
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden (D.C., S.R.L., B.B., A.Z., D.L., P.G., O.K.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umea, Sweden (P.L., T.M.)
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., J.W.)
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw I, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (B.S.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France (N.R.)
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden (D.C., S.R.L., B.B., A.Z., D.L., P.G., O.K.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umea, Sweden (P.L., T.M.)
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., J.W.)
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw I, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (B.S.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France (N.R.)
| | - James Whelan
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden (D.C., S.R.L., B.B., A.Z., D.L., P.G., O.K.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umea, Sweden (P.L., T.M.)
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., J.W.)
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw I, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (B.S.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France (N.R.)
| | - Per Gardeström
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden (D.C., S.R.L., B.B., A.Z., D.L., P.G., O.K.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umea, Sweden (P.L., T.M.)
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., J.W.)
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw I, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (B.S.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France (N.R.)
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden (D.C., S.R.L., B.B., A.Z., D.L., P.G., O.K.);
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umea, Sweden (P.L., T.M.);
- Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., J.W.);
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw I, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (B.S.); and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France (N.R.)
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19
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Cole LW. The Evolution of Per-cell Organelle Number. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:85. [PMID: 27588285 PMCID: PMC4988970 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelles with their own distinct genomes, such as plastids and mitochondria, are found in most eukaryotic cells. As these organelles and their host cells have evolved, the partitioning of metabolic processes and the encoding of interacting gene products have created an obligate codependence. This relationship has played a role in shaping the number of organelles in cells through evolution. Factors such as stochastic evolutionary forces acting on genes involved in organelle biogenesis, organelle-nuclear gene interactions, and physical limitations may, to varying degrees, dictate the selective constraint that per-cell organelle number is under. In particular, coordination between nuclear and organellar gene expression may be important in maintaining gene product stoichiometry, which may have a significant role in constraining the evolution of this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan W Cole
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA
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20
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Yamashita A, Fujimoto M, Katayama K, Tsutsumi N, Arimura SI. Mitochondrial outer membrane forms bridge between two mitochondria in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1167301. [PMID: 27031262 PMCID: PMC4973790 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1167301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles that move around and change their shapes dynamically. In plants, the dynamics of the outer membrane is not well understood. We recently demonstrated that mitochondria had tubular protrusions of the outer membrane with little or no matrix, called MOPs (mitochondrial outer-membrane protrusions; MOPs). Here we show that a MOP can form a bridge between two mitochondria in Arabidopsis thaliana. The bridge does not appear to involve the inner membranes. Live imaging revealed stretching of the MOP bridge, demonstrating the flexibility of the outer membrane. Mitochondria frequently undergo fission and fusion. These observations raise the possibility that MOPs bridges have a role in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yamashita
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Katayama
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Arimura
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Shin-ichi Arimura
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21
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Aloisi I, Cai G, Serafini-Fracassini D, Del Duca S. Transglutaminase as polyamine mediator in plant growth and differentiation. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2467-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Yamashita A, Fujimoto M, Katayama K, Yamaoka S, Tsutsumi N, Arimura SI. Formation of Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Derived Protrusions and Vesicles in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146717. [PMID: 26752045 PMCID: PMC4713473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that have inner and outer membranes. In plants, the inner membrane has been well studied but relatively little is known about the outer membrane. Here we report that Arabidopsis cells have mitochondrial outer membrane-derived structures, some of which protrude from the main body of mitochondria (mitochondrial outer-membrane protrusions; MOPs), while others form vesicle-like structures without a matrix marker. The latter vesicle-like structures are similar to some mammalian MDVs (mitochondrial-derived vesicles). Live imaging demonstrated that a plant MDV budded off from the tip of a MOP. MDVs were also observed in the drp3a drp3b double mutant, indicating that they could be formed without the mitochondrial fission factors DRP3A and DRP3B. Double staining studies showed that the MDVs were not peroxisomes, endosomes, Golgi apparatus or trans-Golgi network (TGN). The numbers of MDVs and MOPs increased in senescent leaves and after dark treatment. Together, these results suggest that MDVs and MOPs are related to leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yamashita
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Katayama
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamaoka
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Arimura
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
- * E-mail:
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23
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Nadiminti PP, Rookes JE, Boyd BJ, Cahill DM. Confocal laser scanning microscopy elucidation of the micromorphology of the leaf cuticle and analysis of its chemical composition. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:1475-1486. [PMID: 25712592 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopy techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been invaluable tools for the study of the micromorphology of plant cuticles. However, for electron microscopy, the preparation techniques required may invariably introduce artefacts in cuticle preservation. Further, there are a limited number of methods available for quantifying the image data obtained through electron microscopy. Therefore, in this study, optical microscopy techniques were coupled with staining procedures and, along with SEM were used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the ultrastructure of plant leaf cuticles. Leaf cryosections of Triticum aestivum (wheat), Zea mays (maize), and Lupinus angustifolius (lupin) were stained with either fat-soluble azo stain Sudan IV or fluorescent, diarylmethane Auramine O and were observed under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). For all the plant species tested, the cuticle on the leaf surfaces could be clearly resolved in many cases into cuticular proper (CP), external cuticular layer (ECL), and internal cuticular layer (ICL). Novel image data analysis procedures for quantifying the epicuticular wax micromorphology were developed, and epicuticular waxes of L. angustifolius were described here for the first time. Together, application of a multifaceted approach involving the use of a range of techniques to study the plant cuticle has led to a better understanding of cuticular structure and provides new insights into leaf surface architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavani P Nadiminti
- School of life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus at Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia
| | - James E Rookes
- School of life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus at Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David M Cahill
- School of life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus at Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia.
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