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Adiga A, Palmer N, Baek YY, Mortveit H, Ravi SS. Network Models and Simulation Analytics for Multi-scale Dynamics of Biological Invasions. Front Big Data 2022; 5:796897. [PMID: 35198973 PMCID: PMC8859470 DOI: 10.3389/fdata.2022.796897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Globalization and climate change facilitate the spread and establishment of invasive species throughout the world via multiple pathways. These spread mechanisms can be effectively represented as diffusion processes on multi-scale, spatial networks. Such network-based modeling and simulation approaches are being increasingly applied in this domain. However, these works tend to be largely domain-specific, lacking any graph theoretic formalisms, and do not take advantage of more recent developments in network science. This work is aimed toward filling some of these gaps. We develop a generic multi-scale spatial network framework that is applicable to a wide range of models developed in the literature on biological invasions. A key question we address is the following: how do individual pathways and their combinations influence the rate and pattern of spread? The analytical complexity arises more from the multi-scale nature and complex functional components of the networks rather than from the sizes of the networks. We present theoretical bounds on the spectral radius and the diameter of multi-scale networks. These two structural graph parameters have established connections to diffusion processes. Specifically, we study how network properties, such as spectral radius and diameter are influenced by model parameters. Further, we analyze a multi-pathway diffusion model from the literature by conducting simulations on synthetic and real-world networks and then use regression tree analysis to identify the important network and diffusion model parameters that influence the dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijin Adiga
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Nicholas Palmer
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Young Yun Baek
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Henning Mortveit
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - S. S. Ravi
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Computer Science, University at Albany—SUNY, Albany, NY, United States
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Solano A, Rodriguez SL, Greenwood L, Dodds KJ, Coyle DR. Firewood Transport as a Vector of Forest Pest Dispersal in North America: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:14-23. [PMID: 33558904 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Native and nonnative insects and diseases can result in detrimental impacts to trees and forests, including the loss of economic resources and ecosystem services. Increases in globalization and changing human behaviors have created new anthropogenic pathways for long distance pest dispersal. In North America, literature suggests that once a forest or tree pest is established, the movement of firewood by the general public for recreational or home heating purposes is one of the primary pathways for its dispersal. Understanding human perceptions and behaviors is essential to inform the most effective strategies for modifying firewood and pest dispersal by humans. This scoping review seeks to assess trends and gaps in the existing literature, as well as patterns in behavior related to forest pest dispersal through firewood movement in North America. We identified 76 documents that addressed this topic to which we applied inclusion and exclusion criteria to select articles for further analysis. Twenty-five articles met the inclusion criteria and were categorized based on five identified themes: 1) insect incidence in firewood, 2) insect dispersal via firewood, 3) recreational firewood movement, 4) firewood treatments, and 5) behavior and rule compliance. The selected articles show trends that suggest that firewood movement presents a risk for forest insect dispersal, but that behavior can be modified, and compliance, monitoring, and treatments should be strengthened. This scoping review found limited research about western United States, Mexico, and Canada, various insect species and other organisms, regulation and management, awareness, and behavioral dimensions of firewood movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Solano
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Shari L Rodriguez
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | | | - Kevin J Dodds
- U.S. Forest Service, Region 9, State and Private Forestry, Durham, NH
| | - David R Coyle
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
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Go big or go home: A model-based assessment of general strategies to slow the spread of forest pests via infested firewood. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238979. [PMID: 32931513 PMCID: PMC7491730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pests, such as emerald ash borer or Asian longhorn beetle, have been responsible for unprecedented ecological and economic damage in eastern North America. These and other wood-boring invasive insects can spread to new areas through human transport of untreated firewood. Behaviour, such as transport of firewood, is affected not only by immediate material benefits and costs, but also by social forces. Potential approaches to reduce the spread of wood-boring pests through firewood include raising awareness of the problem and increasing the social costs of the damages incurred by transporting firewood. In order to evaluate the efficacy of these measures, we create a coupled social-ecological model of firewood transport, pest spread, and social dynamics, on a geographical network of camper travel between recreational destinations. We also evaluate interventions aimed to slow the spread of invasive pests with untreated firewood, such as inspections at checkpoints to stop the movement of transported firewood and quarantine of high-risk locations. We find that public information and awareness programs can be effective only if the rate of spread of the pest between and within forested areas is slow. Direct intervention via inspections at checkpoints can only be successful if a high proportion of the infested firewood is intercepted. Patch quarantine is only effective if sufficiently many locations can be included in the quarantine and if the quarantine begins early. Our results indicate that the current, relatively low levels of public outreach activities and lack of adequate funding are likely to render inspections, quarantine and public outreach efforts ineffective.
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Alonso Chavez V, Gilligan CA, van den Bosch F. Variability in commercial demand for tree saplings affects the probability of introducing exotic forest diseases. J Appl Ecol 2019; 56:180-189. [PMID: 30686839 PMCID: PMC6334522 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several devastating forest pathogens are suspected or known to have entered the UK through imported planting material. The nursery industry is a key business of the tree trade network. Variability in demand for trees makes it difficult for nursery owners to predict how many trees to produce in their nursery. When in any given year, the demand for trees is larger than the production, nursery owners buy trees from foreign sources to match market demand. These imports may introduce exotic diseases. We have developed a model of the dynamics of plant production linked to an economic model. We have used this to quantify the effect of demand variability on the risk of introducing an exotic disease. We find that: (a) When the cost of producing a tree in a UK nursery is considerably smaller than the cost of importing a tree (in the example presented, less than half the importing cost), the risk of introducing an exotic disease is hardly affected by an increase in demand variability. (b) When the cost of producing a tree in the nursery is smaller than, but not very different from the cost of importing a tree, the risk of importing exotic diseases increases with increasing demand variability. Synthesis and applications. Our model and results demonstrate how a balanced management of demand variability and costs can reduce the risk of importing an exotic forest disease according to the management strategy adopted. For example, a management strategy that can reduce the demand variability, the ratio of production to import cost or both, optimizes the nursery gross margin when mainly own‐produced trees are commercialized. This can also translate into a reduction of the risk of introducing exotic forest diseases due to the small number of imported trees for sale.
Our model and results demonstrate how a balanced management of demand variability and costs can reduce the risk of importing an exotic forest disease according to the management strategy adopted. For example, a management strategy that can reduce the demand variability, the ratio of production to import cost or both, optimizes the nursery gross margin when mainly own‐produced trees are commercialized. This can also translate into a reduction of the risk of introducing exotic forest diseases due to the small number of imported trees for sale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasthi Alonso Chavez
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK
| | | | - Frank van den Bosch
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK
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Iterative Models for Early Detection of Invasive Species across Spread Pathways. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Species distribution models can be used to direct early detection of invasive species, if they include proxies for invasion pathways. Due to the dynamic nature of invasion, these models violate assumptions of stationarity across space and time. To compensate for issues of stationarity, we iteratively update regionalized species distribution models annually for European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar dispar) to target early detection surveys for the USDA APHIS gypsy moth program. We defined regions based on the distances from the invasion spread front where shifts in variable importance occurred and included models for the non-quarantine portion of the state of Maine, a short-range region, an intermediate region, and a long-range region. We considered variables that represented potential gypsy moth movement pathways within each region, including transportation networks, recreational activities, urban characteristics, and household movement data originating from gypsy moth infested areas (U.S. Postal Service address forwarding data). We updated the models annually, linked the models to an early detection survey design, and validated the models for the following year using predicted risk at new positive detection locations. Human-assisted pathways data, such as address forwarding, became increasingly important predictors of gypsy moth detection in the intermediate-range geographic model as more predictor data accumulated over time (relative importance = 5.9%, 17.36%, and 35.76% for 2015, 2016, and 2018, respectively). Receiver operating curves showed increasing performance for iterative annual models (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.63, 0.76, and 0.84 for 2014, 2015, and 2016 models, respectively), and boxplots of predicted risk each year showed increasing accuracy and precision of following year positive detection locations. The inclusion of human-assisted pathway predictors combined with the strategy of iterative modeling brings significant advantages to targeting early detection of invasive species. We present the first published example of iterative species distribution modeling for invasive species in an operational context.
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Barcode index numbers expedite quarantine inspections and aid the interception of nonindigenous mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Guimapi RY, Mohamed SA, Okeyo GO, Ndjomatchoua FT, Ekesi S, Tonnang HE. Modeling the risk of invasion and spread of Tuta absoluta in Africa. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pathway models for analysing and managing the introduction of alien plant pestsan overview and categorization. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rassati D, Faccoli M, Haack RA, Rabaglia RJ, Petrucco Toffolo E, Battisti A, Marini L. Bark and Ambrosia Beetles Show Different Invasion Patterns in the USA. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158519. [PMID: 27459191 PMCID: PMC4961435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-native bark and ambrosia beetles represent a threat to forests worldwide. Their invasion patterns are, however, still unclear. Here we investigated first, if the spread of non-native bark and ambrosia beetles is a gradual or a discontinuous process; second, which are the main correlates of their community structure; third, whether those correlates correspond to those of native species. We used data on species distribution of non-native and native scolytines in the continental 48 USA states. These data were analyzed through a beta-diversity index, partitioned into species richness differences and species replacement, using Mantel correlograms and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination for identifying spatial patterns, and regression on distance matrices to test the association of climate (temperature, rainfall), forest (cover area, composition), geographical (distance), and human-related (import) variables with β-diversity components. For both non-native bark and ambrosia beetles, β-diversity was mainly composed of species richness difference than species replacement. For non-native bark beetles, a discontinuous invasion process composed of long distance jumps or multiple introduction events was apparent. Species richness differences were primarily correlated with differences in import values while temperature was the main correlate of species replacement. For non-native ambrosia beetles, a more continuous invasion process was apparent, with the pool of non-native species arriving in the coastal areas that tended to be filtered as they spread to interior portions of the continental USA. Species richness differences were mainly correlated with differences in rainfall among states, while rainfall and temperature were the main correlates of species replacement. Our study suggests that the different ecology of bark and ambrosia beetles influences their invasion process in new environments. The lower dependency that bark beetles have on climate allowed them to potentially colonize more areas within the USA, while non-native ambrosia beetles, being dependent on rainfall, are typically filtered by the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Rassati
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, & Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Massimo Faccoli
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, & Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Robert A. Haack
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Rabaglia
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Edoardo Petrucco Toffolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, & Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Andrea Battisti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, & Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, & Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Ali Q, Bauch CT, Anand M. Coupled Human-Environment Dynamics of Forest Pest Spread and Control in a Multi-Patch, Stochastic Setting. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139353. [PMID: 26430902 PMCID: PMC4592071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transportation of camp firewood infested by non-native forest pests such as Asian long-horned beetle (ALB) and emerald ash borer (EAB) has severe impacts on North American forests. Once invasive forest pests are established, it can be difficult to eradicate them. Hence, preventing the long-distance transport of firewood by individuals is crucial. Methods Here we develop a stochastic simulation model that captures the interaction between forest pest infestations and human decisions regarding firewood transportation. The population of trees is distributed across 10 patches (parks) comprising a “low volume” partition of 5 patches that experience a low volume of park visitors, and a “high volume” partition of 5 patches experiencing a high visitor volume. The infestation spreads within a patch—and also between patches—according to the probability of between-patch firewood transportation. Individuals decide to transport firewood or buy it locally based on the costs of locally purchased versus transported firewood, social norms, social learning, and level of concern for observed infestations. Results We find that the average time until a patch becomes infested depends nonlinearly on many model parameters. In particular, modest increases in the tree removal rate, modest increases in public concern for infestation, and modest decreases in the cost of locally purchased firewood, relative to baseline (current) values, cause very large increases in the average time until a patch becomes infested due to firewood transport from other patches, thereby better preventing long-distance spread. Patches that experience lower visitor volumes benefit more from firewood movement restrictions than patches that experience higher visitor volumes. Also, cross–patch infestations not only seed new infestations, they can also worsen existing infestations to a surprising extent: long-term infestations are more intense in the high volume patches than the low volume patches, even when infestation is already endemic everywhere. Conclusions The success of efforts to prevent long-distance spread of forest pests may depend sensitively on the interaction between outbreak dynamics and human social processes, with similar levels of effort producing very different outcomes depending on where the coupled human and natural system exists in parameter space. Further development of such modeling approaches through better empirical validation should yield more precise recommendations for ways to optimally prevent the long-distance spread of invasive forest pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim Ali
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Chris T. Bauch
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madhur Anand
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Yemshanov D, Haight RG, Koch FH, Lu B, Venette R, Lyons DB, Scarr T, Ryall K. Optimal allocation of invasive species surveillance with the maximum expected coverage concept. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Denys Yemshanov
- Natural Resources Canada; Canadian Forest Service; Great Lakes Forestry Centre; 1219 Queen Street East Sault Ste. Marie ON P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - Robert G. Haight
- Northern Research Station; USDA Forest Service; 1992 Folwell Ave St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Frank H. Koch
- Southern Research Station; Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center; USDA Forest Service; 3041 Cornwallis Road Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Bo Lu
- Natural Resources Canada; Canadian Forest Service; Great Lakes Forestry Centre; 1219 Queen Street East Sault Ste. Marie ON P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - Robert Venette
- Northern Research Station; USDA Forest Service; 1561 Lindig St. St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - D. Barry Lyons
- Natural Resources Canada; Canadian Forest Service; Great Lakes Forestry Centre; 1219 Queen Street East Sault Ste. Marie ON P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - Taylor Scarr
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 70 Foster Drive, P6A 6V5; Sault Ste. Marie ON Canada
| | - Krista Ryall
- Natural Resources Canada; Canadian Forest Service; Great Lakes Forestry Centre; 1219 Queen Street East Sault Ste. Marie ON P6A 2E5 Canada
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Eschen R, Grégoire JC, Hengeveld GM, de Hoop BM, Rigaux L, Potting RPJ. Trade patterns of the tree nursery industry in Europe and changes following findings of citrus longhorn beetle, Anoplophora chinensis Forster. NEOBIOTA 2015. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.26.8947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Pautasso M, Schlegel M, Holdenrieder O. Forest health in a changing world. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 69:826-842. [PMID: 25502075 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Forest pathology, the science of forest health and tree diseases, is operating in a rapidly developing environment. Most importantly, global trade and climate change are increasing the threat to forest ecosystems posed by new diseases. Various studies relevant to forest pathology in a changing world are accumulating, thus making it necessary to provide an update of recent literature. In this contribution, we summarize research at the interface between forest pathology and landscape ecology, biogeography, global change science and research on tree endophytes. Regional outbreaks of tree diseases are requiring interdisciplinary collaboration, e.g. between forest pathologists and landscape ecologists. When tree pathogens are widely distributed, the factors determining their broad-scale distribution can be studied using a biogeographic approach. Global change, the combination of climate and land use change, increased pollution, trade and urbanization, as well as invasive species, will influence the effects of forest disturbances such as wildfires, droughts, storms, diseases and insect outbreaks, thus affecting the health and resilience of forest ecosystems worldwide. Tree endophytes can contribute to biological control of infectious diseases, enhance tolerance to environmental stress or behave as opportunistic weak pathogens potentially competing with more harmful ones. New molecular techniques are available for studying the complete tree endobiome under the influence of global change stressors from the landscape to the intercontinental level. Given that exotic tree diseases have both ecologic and economic consequences, we call for increased interdisciplinary collaboration in the coming decades between forest pathologists and researchers studying endophytes with tree geneticists, evolutionary and landscape ecologists, biogeographers, conservation biologists and global change scientists and outline interdisciplinary research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pautasso
- Forest Pathology & Dendrology, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland,
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