1
|
Steppe L, Krüger B, Tschaffon-Müller MEA, Ramge JM, Schoppa A, Ignatius A, Haffner-Luntzer M. Activation function 2 (AF2) domain of estrogen receptor-α regulates mechanotransduction during bone fracture healing in estrogen-competent mice. Bone 2023; 172:116781. [PMID: 37100360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
External mechanostimulation applied by whole-body low-magnitude high-frequency vibration (LMHFV) was demonstrated to cause no or negative effects on fracture healing in estrogen-competent rodents, while in ovariectomized (OVX), estrogen-deficient rodents bone formation after fracture was improved. Using mice with an osteoblast-specific deletion of the estrogen receptor α (ERα), we demonstrated that ERα signaling in osteoblasts is required for both the anabolic and catabolic effects of LMHFV during bone fracture healing in OVX and non-OVX mice, respectively. Because the vibration effects mediated by ERα were strictly dependent on the estrogen status, we hypothesized different roles of ligand-dependent and -independent ERα signaling. To investigate this assumption in the present study, we used mice with a deletion of the C-terminal activation function (AF) domain-2 of the ERα receptor, which mediated ligand-dependent ERα signaling (ERαAF-20). OVX and non-OVX ERαAF-20 animals were subjected to femur osteotomy followed by vibration treatment. We revealed that estrogen-competent mice lacking the AF-2 domain were protected from LMHFV-induced impaired bone regeneration, while the anabolic effects of vibration in OVX mice were not affected by the AF-2 knockout. RNA sequencing further showed that genes involved in Hippo/Yap1-Taz and Wnt signaling were significantly downregulated upon LMHFV in the presence of estrogen in vitro. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the AF-2 domain is crucial for the negative effects of vibration during bone fracture healing in estrogen-competent mice suggesting that the osteoanabolic effects of vibration are rather mediated by ligand-independent ERα signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Steppe
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Krüger
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jan-Moritz Ramge
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Astrid Schoppa
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Landscape of Well-Coordinated Fracture Healing in a Mouse Model Using Molecular and Cellular Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043569. [PMID: 36834981 PMCID: PMC9964763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of fracture healing relies on overlapping but coordinated cellular and molecular events. Characterizing an outline of differential gene regulation throughout successful healing is essential for identifying crucial phase-specific markers and may serve as the basis for engineering these in challenging healing situations. This study analyzed the healing progression of a standard closed femoral fracture model in C57BL/6N (age = 8 weeks) wild-type male mice. The fracture callus was assessed across various days post fracture (D = days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28) by microarray, with D0 serving as a control. Histological analyses were carried out on samples from D7 until D28 to support the molecular findings. Microarray analysis revealed a differential regulation of immune response, angiogenesis, ossification, extracellular matrix regulation, mitochondrial and ribosomal genes during healing. In-depth analysis showed differential regulation of mitochondrial and ribosomal genes during the initial phase of healing. Furthermore, the differential gene expression showed an essential role of Serpin Family F Member 1 over the well-known Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in angiogenesis, especially during the inflammatory phase. The significant upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 13 and bone sialoprotein from D3 until D21 asserts their importance in bone mineralization. The study also shows type I collagen around osteocytes located in the ossified region at the periosteal surface during the first week of healing. Histological analysis of matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein and extracellular signal-regulated kinase stressed their roles in bone homeostasis and the physiological bone-healing process. This study reveals previously unknown and novel candidates, that could serve as a target for specific time points in healing and to remedy cases of impaired healing.
Collapse
|
3
|
Martínez-Gil N, Ugartondo N, Grinberg D, Balcells S. Wnt Pathway Extracellular Components and Their Essential Roles in Bone Homeostasis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010138. [PMID: 35052478 PMCID: PMC8775112 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway is involved in several processes essential for bone development and homeostasis. For proper functioning, the Wnt pathway is tightly regulated by numerous extracellular elements that act by both activating and inhibiting the pathway at different moments. This review aims to describe, summarize and update the findings regarding the extracellular modulators of the Wnt pathway, including co-receptors, ligands and inhibitors, in relation to bone homeostasis, with an emphasis on the animal models generated, the diseases associated with each gene and the bone processes in which each member is involved. The precise knowledge of all these elements will help us to identify possible targets that can be used as a therapeutic target for the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Steppe L, Krüger BT, Tschaffon MEA, Fischer V, Tuckermann J, Ignatius A, Haffner-Luntzer M. Estrogen Receptor α Signaling in Osteoblasts is Required for Mechanotransduction in Bone Fracture Healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:782355. [PMID: 34950644 PMCID: PMC8689144 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.782355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical stimulation by whole-body low-magnitude high-frequency vibration (LMHFV) has demonstrated to provoke anabolic effects on bone metabolism in both non-osteoporotic and osteoporotic animals and humans. However, preclinical studies reported that vibration improved fracture healing and bone formation in osteoporotic, ovariectomized (OVX) mice representing an estrogen-deficient hormonal status, but impaired bone regeneration in skeletally healthy non-OVX mice. These effects were abolished in general estrogen receptor α (ERα)-knockout (KO) mice. However, it remains to be elucidated which cell types in the fracture callus are targeted by LMHFV during bone healing. To answer this question, we generated osteoblast lineage-specific ERα-KO mice that were subjected to ovariectomy, femur osteotomy and subsequent vibration. We found that the ERα specifically on osteoblastic lineage cells facilitated the vibration-induced effects on fracture healing, because in osteoblast lineage-specific ERα-KO (ERαfl/fl; Runx2Cre) mice the negative effects in non-OVX mice were abolished, whereas the positive effects of vibration in OVX mice were reversed. To gain greater mechanistic insights, the influence of vibration on murine and human osteogenic cells was investigated in vitro by whole genome array analysis and qPCR. The results suggested that particularly canonical WNT and Cox2/PGE2 signaling is involved in the mechanotransduction of LMHFV under estrogen-deficient conditions. In conclusion, our study demonstrates a critical role of the osteoblast lineage-specific ERα in LMHFV-induced effects on fracture healing and provides further insights into the molecular mechanism behind these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Steppe
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Thilo Krüger
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Verena Fischer
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang L, Gao Z, Liu C, Li J. Potential biomarkers of abnormal osseointegration of implants in type II diabetes mellitus. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:583. [PMID: 34794414 PMCID: PMC8603511 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an important risk factor for osseointegration of implants. The aim of this study was to explore key genes of T2DM affecting bone metabolism through bioinformatic analysis of published RNA sequencing data, identify potential biomarkers, and provide a reference for finding the molecular mechanism of abnormal osseointegration caused by T2DM. Methods We identified differentially expressed mRNAs and miRNAs from the Gene Expression Omnibus database using the R package ‘limma’ and analysed the predicted target genes using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis and Gene Ontology analysis. At the same time, miRNA–mRNA interactions were explored using miRWalk 2.0. Results We constructed an miRNA-gene regulatory network and a protein–protein interaction network. The enrichment pathways of differentially expressed mRNAs included extracellular matrix receptor interactions, protein digestion and absorption, the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, chemokine signalling pathways, and haematopoietic cell lineage functions. We analysed the expression of these differentially expressed mRNAs and miRNAs in T2DM rats and normal rats with bone implants and identified Smpd3, Itga10, and rno-mir-207 as possible key players in osseointegration in T2DM. Conclusion Smpd3, Itga10, and rno-mir-207 are possible biomarkers of osseointegration in T2DM. This study sheds light on the possible molecular mechanism of abnormal osseointegration caused by bone metabolism disorder in T2DM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01939-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, No. 4 Tian Tan Xi Li, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Gao
- Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, No. 4 Tian Tan Xi Li, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Changying Liu
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, No. 4 Tian Tan Xi Li, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, No. 4 Tian Tan Xi Li, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mihara A, Yukata K, Seki T, Iwanaga R, Nishida N, Fujii K, Nagao Y, Sakai T. Effects of sclerostin antibody on bone healing. World J Orthop 2021; 12:651-659. [PMID: 34631449 PMCID: PMC8472444 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v12.i9.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Promoting bone healing after a fracture has been a frequent subject of research. Recently, sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) has been introduced as a new anabolic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis. Scl-Ab activates the canonical Wnt (cWnt)-β-catenin pathway, leading to an increase in bone formation and decrease in bone resorption. Because of its rich osteogenic effects, preclinically, Scl-Ab has shown positive effects on bone healing in rodent models; researchers have reported an increase in bone mass, mechanical strength, histological bone formation, total mineralized callus volume, bone mineral density, neovascularization, proliferating cell nuclear antigen score, and bone morphogenic protein expression at the fracture site after Scl-Ab administration. In addition, in a rat critical-size femoral-defect model, the Scl-Ab-treated group demonstrated a higher bone healing rate. On the other hand, two clinical reports have researched Scl-Ab in bone healing and failed to show positive effects in the femur and tibia. This review discusses why Scl-Ab appears to be effective in animal models of fracture healing and not in clinical cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mihara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kiminori Yukata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Seki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ryuta Iwanaga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Norihiro Nishida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kenzo Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Experimental agents to improve fracture healing: utilizing the WNT signaling pathway. Injury 2021; 52 Suppl 2:S44-S48. [PMID: 33234263 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The process of bone healing largely recapitulates bone development in the embryo and ideally achieves complete restoration of bone shape and structure. However, because successful fracture healing requires tight interactions of numerous cell types and signaling molecules, any disruption of this highly coordinated processes can result in delayed healing or even non-union formation. The rate of fracture healing complications in orthopedic patients is reported to be 5-20%. Therefore, there is a need for new therapeutic strategies to improve fracture healing in patients with healing complications. One treatment strategy would include the easy and safe application of a pharmacological agent inducing osteoanabolic effects during fracture healing. One potential promising molecular target is the osteoanabolic WNT signaling pathway. This pathway plays an important role during embryonic bone development, homeostasis, mechanotransduction, development of osteoporosis and bone regeneration. This review focuses on preclinical studies targeting WNT signaling molecules to accelerate fracture healing. The three main investigated antagonists of the WNT signaling pathway, which can be blocked experimentally by antibodies, are Sclerostin, Dickkopf-1 and Midkine. Treating animals with antibodies against these proteins enhanced bone formation in the fracture callus. This indicates a therapeutic potential for these antibodies to accelerate fracture healing in patients with orthopedic complications.
Collapse
|
8
|
Schupbach D, Comeau-Gauthier M, Harvey E, Merle G. Wnt modulation in bone healing. Bone 2020; 138:115491. [PMID: 32569871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have been instrumental in the field of orthopaedics for finding tools to improve the standard management of fractures and delayed unions. The Wnt signaling pathway that is crucial for development and maintenance of many organs also has a very promising pathway for enhancement of bone regeneration. The Wnt pathway has been shown to have a direct effect on stem cells during bone regeneration, making Wnt a potential target to stimulate bone repair after trauma. A more complete view of how Wnt influences animal bone regeneration has slowly come to light. This review article provides an overview of studies done investigating the modulation of the canonical Wnt pathway in animal bone regeneration models. This not only includes a summary of the recent work done elucidating the roles of Wnt and β-catenin in fracture healing, but also the results of thirty transgenic studies, and thirty-eight pharmacological studies. Finally, we discuss the discontinuation of sclerostin clinical trials, ongoing clinical trials with lithium, the results of Dkk antibody clinical trials, the shift into combination therapies and the future opportunities to enhance bone repair and regeneration through the modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew Schupbach
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A10-110, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada; Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A7-117, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Marianne Comeau-Gauthier
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A10-110, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada; Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A7-117, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Edward Harvey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A10-110, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Geraldine Merle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A10-110, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, 2500, chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Calciolari E, Donos N. Proteomic and Transcriptomic Approaches for Studying Bone Regeneration in Health and Systemically Compromised Conditions. Proteomics Clin Appl 2020; 14:e1900084. [PMID: 32131137 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone regeneration is a complex biological process, where the molecular mechanisms are only partially understood. In an ageing population, where the prevalence of chronic diseases with an impact on bone metabolism is increasing, it becomes crucial to identify new strategies that would improve regenerative outcomes also in medically compromised patients. In this context, omics are demonstrating a great potential, as they offer new insights on the molecular mechanisms regulating physiologic/pathologic bone healing and, at the same time, allow the identification of new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This review provides an overview on the current evidence on the use of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches in bone regeneration research, particularly in relation to type 1 diabetes and osteoporosis, and discusses future scenarios and potential benefits and limitations on the integration of multi-omics. It is suggested that future research will leverage the synergy of omics with statistical modeling and bioinformatics to prompt the understanding of the biology underpinning bone formation in health and medically compromised conditions. With an eye toward personalized medicine, new strategies combining the mining of large datasets and bioinformatic data with a detailed characterization of relevant phenotypes will need to be pursued to further the understanding of disease mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Calciolari
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine & Centre for Oral Clinical Research, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London, E1 2AD, UK.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Parma, via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Nikolaos Donos
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine & Centre for Oral Clinical Research, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London, E1 2AD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu D, Qin H, Yang J, Yang L, He S, Chen S, Bao Q, Zhao Y, Zong Z. Different effects of Wnt/β-catenin activation and PTH activation in adult and aged male mice metaphyseal fracture healing. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:110. [PMID: 32075627 PMCID: PMC7031971 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-3138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fractures in older men are not uncommon and need to be healed as soon as possible to avoid related complications. Anti-osteoporotic drugs targeting Wnt/β-catenin and PTH (parathyroid hormone) to promote fracture healing have become an important direction in recent years. The study is to observe whether there is a difference in adult and aged situations by activating two signal paths. Methods A single cortical hole with a diameter of 0.6 mm was made in the femoral metaphysis of Catnblox(ex3) mice and wild-type mice. The fracture healing effects of CA (Wnt/β-catenin activation) and PTH (activated by PTH (1–34) injections) were assessed by X-ray and CT imaging on days 7, 14, and 21 after fracture. The mRNA levels of β-catenin, PTH1R(Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor), and RUNX2(Runt-related transcription factor 2) in the fracture defect area were detected using RT-PCR. Angiogenesis and osteoblasts were observed by immunohistochemistry and osteoclasts were observed by TRAP (Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase). Result Adult CA mice and adult PTH mice showed slightly better fracture healing than adult wild-type (WT) mice, but there was no statistical difference. Aged CA mice showed better promotion of angiogenesis and osteoblasts and better fracture healing than aged PTH mice. Conclusion The application of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway drugs for fracture healing in elderly patients may bring better early effects than PTH signaling pathway drugs, but the long-term effects need to be observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daocheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Hao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jiazhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Sihao He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Sixu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Quanwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Zhaowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Duan X, Yang S, Zhang L, Yang T. V-ATPases and osteoclasts: ambiguous future of V-ATPases inhibitors in osteoporosis. Theranostics 2018; 8:5379-5399. [PMID: 30555553 PMCID: PMC6276090 DOI: 10.7150/thno.28391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar ATPases (V-ATPases) play a critical role in regulating extracellular acidification of osteoclasts and bone resorption. The deficiencies of subunit a3 and d2 of V-ATPases result in increased bone density in humans and mice. One of the traditional drug design strategies in treating osteoporosis is the use of subunit a3 inhibitor. Recent findings connect subunits H and G1 with decreased bone density. Given the controversial effects of ATPase subunits on bone density, there is a critical need to review the subunits of V-ATPase in osteoclasts and their functions in regulating osteoclasts and bone remodeling. In this review, we comprehensively address the following areas: information about all V-ATPase subunits and their isoforms; summary of V-ATPase subunits associated with human genetic diseases; V-ATPase subunits and osteopetrosis/osteoporosis; screening of all V-ATPase subunits variants in GEFOS data and in-house data; spectrum of V-ATPase subunits during osteoclastogenesis; direct and indirect roles of subunits of V-ATPases in osteoclasts; V-ATPase-associated signaling pathways in osteoclasts; interactions among V-ATPase subunits in osteoclasts; osteoclast-specific V-ATPase inhibitors; perspective of future inhibitors or activators targeting V-ATPase subunits in the treatment of osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Biology, Clinic of Oral Rare and Genetic Diseases, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Biology, Clinic of Oral Rare and Genetic Diseases, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Tielin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 West Xianning Road, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang T, Williams BO. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Proteins in Skeletal Development and Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1211-1228. [PMID: 28615463 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) provided a foundation for subsequent studies in lipoprotein metabolism, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and many other fundamental biological functions. The importance of the LDLR led to numerous studies that identified homologous molecules and ultimately resulted in the description of the LDL-receptor superfamily, a group of proteins that contain domains also found in the LDLR. Subsequent studies have revealed that members of the LDLR-related protein family play roles in regulating many aspects of signal transduction. This review is focused on the roles of selected members of this protein family in skeletal development and disease. We present background on the identification of this subgroup of receptors, discuss the phenotypes associated with alterations in their function in human patients and mouse models, and describe the current efforts to therapeutically target these proteins to treat human skeletal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Bart O Williams
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bao Q, Chen S, Qin H, Feng J, Liu H, Liu D, Li A, Shen Y, Zhao Y, Li J, Zong Z. An appropriate Wnt/β-catenin expression level during the remodeling phase is required for improved bone fracture healing in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2695. [PMID: 28578392 PMCID: PMC5457421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a dominant role in bone repair. However, the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the remodeling phase during bone fracture healing is currently unknown. In the present study, β-catenin was activated at different levels or deleted in mice at the late stage of fracture healing, and the effects on healing quality were investigated. Deletion of β-catenin disturbed bone remodeling, as confirmed by increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation, and significantly decreased bone strength compared with wildtype mice. In addition, the constitutive activation of β-catenin significantly increased the bone mass and delayed the bone remodeling process, resulting in slightly impaired bone strength. In contrast, a slight activation of β-catenin significantly increased bone formation and slightly hindered bone resorption. These effects lead to improved bone fracture healing quality compared with wildtype mice. In summary, the present study provides the first demonstration showing that Wnt/β-catenin signaling should be maintained at a slightly activated level during the late stage of fracture healing to ensure better bone fracture repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Sixu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Hao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Jianquan Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Huayu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Daocheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Yue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Zhaowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gao F, Xu F, Wu D, Cheng J, Xia P. Identification of novel genes associated with fracture healing in osteoporosis induced by Krm2 overexpression or Lrp5 deficiency. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3969-3976. [PMID: 28487939 PMCID: PMC5436207 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to screen potential key genes associated with osteoporotic fracture healing. The microarray data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database accession number GSE51686, were downloaded and used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in fracture callus tissue samples obtained from the femora of type I collagen (Col1a1)-kringle containing transmembrane protein 2 (Krm2) mice and low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5−/− (Lrp5−/−) transgenic mice of osteoporosis compared with those in wild-type (WT) mice. Enrichment analysis was performed to reveal the DEG function. In addition, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of DEGs were analyzed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database. The coexpression associations between hub genes in the PPI network were investigated, and a coexpression network was constructed. A total of 841 DEGs (335 upregulated and 506 downregulated) were identified in the Col1a1-Krm2 vs. the WT group, and 50 DEGs (16 upregulated and 34 downregulated) were identified in the Lrp5−/− vs. the WT group. The DEGs in Col1a1-Krm2 mice were primarily associated with immunity and cell adhesion (GO: 0007155) functions. By contrast, the DEGs in Lrp5−/− mice were significantly associated with muscle system process (GO: 0003012) and regulation of transcription (GO: 0006355). In addition, a series of DEGs demonstrated a higher score in the PPI network, and were observed to be coexpressed in the coexpression network, and included thrombospondin 2 (Thbs2), syndecan 2 (Sdc2), FK506 binding protein 10 (Fkbp10), 2–5-oligoadneylate synthase-like protein 2 (Oasl2), interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats (Ifit) 1 and Ifit2. Thbs2 and Sdc2 were significantly correlated with extracellular matrix-receptor interactions. The results suggest that Thbs2, Sdc2, Fkbp10, Oasl2, Ifit1 and Ifit2 may serve important roles during the fracture healing process in osteoporosis. In addition, this is the first study to demonstrate that Sdc2, Fkbp10, Oasl2, Ifit1 and Ifit2 may be associated with osteoporotic fracture healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dankai Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Jieping Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Seefried L, Baumann J, Hemsley S, Hofmann C, Kunstmann E, Kiese B, Huang Y, Chivers S, Valentin MA, Borah B, Roubenoff R, Junker U, Jakob F. Efficacy of anti-sclerostin monoclonal antibody BPS804 in adult patients with hypophosphatasia. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2148-2158. [PMID: 28436937 DOI: 10.1172/jci83731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare genetic disorder resulting in variable alterations of bone formation and mineralization that are caused by mutations in the ALPL gene, encoding the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme. METHODS In this phase IIA open-label, single-center, intra-patient, dose-escalating study, adult patients with HPP received 3 ascending intravenous doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg BPS804, a fully human anti-sclerostin monoclonal antibody, on days 1, 15, and 29, respectively. Patients were followed for 16 weeks after the last dose. We assessed the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, preliminary efficacy, and safety of BPS804 administrations at specified intervals during treatment and follow-up. RESULTS Eight patients (mean age 47.8 years) were enrolled in the study (6 females, 2 males). BPS804 treatment increased mean ALP and bone-specific ALP enzymatic activity between days 2 and 29. Transient increases in the bone formation markers procollagen type-I N-terminal propeptide (PINP), osteocalcin, and parathyroid hormone as well as a transient decrease in the bone resorption marker C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-1) were observed. Lumbar spine bone mineral density showed a mean increase by day 85 and at end of study. Treatment-associated adverse events were mild and transient. CONCLUSION BPS804 treatment was well tolerated and resulted in increases in bone formation biomarkers and bone mineral density, suggesting that sclerostin inhibition could be applied to enhance bone mineral density, stability, and regeneration in non-life-threatening clinical situations in adults with HPP. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01406977. FUNDING Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Seefried
- Orthopedic Center of Musculoskeletal Research, Orthopedic Department, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Baumann
- Orthopedic Center of Musculoskeletal Research, Orthopedic Department, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Hemsley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Erdmute Kunstmann
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Yue Huang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Chivers
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Anne Valentin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Babul Borah
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronenn Roubenoff
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Junker
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franz Jakob
- Orthopedic Center of Musculoskeletal Research, Orthopedic Department, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tran FH, Zheng JJ. Modulating the wnt signaling pathway with small molecules. Protein Sci 2017; 26:650-661. [PMID: 28120389 PMCID: PMC5368067 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a critical component during embryonic development and also plays an important role in regulating adult tissue homeostasis. Abnormal activation of Wnt signaling has been implicated in many cancers, while reduced activity of Wnt signaling leads to poor wound healing and structural formations. Thus, extensive efforts have been focused on developing small molecules that have potential to either inhibit or activate the pathway, hoping these molecules can offer leads for novel approaches in treating different human diseases. Many small-molecule inhibitors specifically target various elements, such as Frizzled, Disheveled, Porcupine, or Tankyrase, within the Wnt signaling pathways. These small molecules not only have the potential to be further developed as therapeutic reagents, but they may also be used as chemical probes to dissect the underlying mechanism of the Wnt signaling pathways. Therefore, their respective mechanisms and effective dosages are highly pertinent. Aiming to provide an overview of those molecules in a concise, easy-to-use manner, we summarize and organize the current research on them so that it may be helpful for utilization in different studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freddi Huan Tran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCalifornia90095
| | - Jie J. Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCalifornia90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCalifornia90095
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang C, Yu T, Tan L, Cheng J. Bioinformatics analysis of gene expression profile in callus tissues of osteoporotic phenotype mice induced by osteoblast-specific Krm2 overexpression. Int J Rheum Dis 2016; 19:1263-1271. [PMID: 26929007 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism of fracture healing in osteoporotic mice. METHODS The gene expression profiles of callus tissues of osteoporotic mice and controls were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their related biological function and pathways were investigated. In addition, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed for DEG encoding proteins and the differentially expressed transcriptional factor was screened. RESULTS There were 275 up-regulated genes and 347 down-regulated genes. The collagen metabolic process biological function was significantly enriched by down-regulated genes. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction was a significant pathway that was enriched by differentially expressed genes. In PPI (protein-protein interaction) network, Pcna was the significant node with highest connective degrees. Other hub nodes, such as Ccnb2 and Rrm2, were closely associated with the p53 signaling pathway. Tal1 and Smad6 were found to be differentially expressed transcription factors. CONCLUSION The dysregulated collagen metabolic process, ECM-receptor interaction and p53 signaling pathway may be responsible for impaired fracture healing of osteoporotic mice. The hub nodes (such as Ccnb2 and Rrm2) and differentially expressed TFs (such as Tal1 and Smad6) play a critical role in bone remodeling of osteoporotic individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengxue Wang
- Department of Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Tiecheng Yu
- Department of Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jieping Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|