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Xiao L, Labandeira CC, Wu Y, Shih C, Ren D, Wang Y. Middle Jurassic insect mines on gymnosperms provide missing links to early mining evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2803-2816. [PMID: 38184785 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the mining mode of insect feeding, involving larval consumption of a plant's internal tissues, from the Middle Jurassic (165 million years ago) Daohugou locality of Northeastern China. Documentation of mining from the Jurassic Period is virtually unknown, and results from this time interval would address mining evolution during the temporal gap of mine-seed plant diversifications from the previous Late Triassic to the subsequent Early Cretaceous. Plant fossils were examined with standard microscopic procedures for herbivory and used the standard functional feeding group-damage-type system of categorizing damage. All fossil mines were photographed and databased. We examined 2014 plant specimens, of which 27 occurrences on 14 specimens resulted in eight, new, mine damage types (DTs) present on six genera of bennettitalean, ginkgoalean, and pinalean gymnosperms. Three conclusions emerge from this study. First, these mid-Mesozoic mines are morphologically conservative and track plant host anatomical structure rather than plant phylogeny. Second, likely insect fabricators of these mines were three basal lineages of polyphagan beetles, four basal lineages of monotrysian moths, and a basal lineage tenthredinoid sawflies. Third, the nutrition hypothesis, indicating that miners had greater access to nutritious, inner tissues of new plant lineages, best explains mine evolution during the mid-Mesozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, China
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Tenth St. and Constitution Ave, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Conrad C Labandeira
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Tenth St. and Constitution Ave, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
- Department of Entomology and BEES Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yuekun Wu
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - ChungKun Shih
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Tenth St. and Constitution Ave, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, China
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Adroit B, Hazra T, Denk T, Kumar Sarkar S, Khan MA. Rich specialized insect damage on Pliocene leaves from the Mahuadanr Valley (India) growing under a warm climate with weak seasonality. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11114. [PMID: 38469042 PMCID: PMC10927363 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-insect interactions play a crucial role in shaping terrestrial ecosystems, influencing abundance and distribution of plant species. In the present study, we investigated leaf-mining patterns on fossil leaves from Pliocene strata of the Mahuadanr Valley, Jharkhand, eastern India, deposited under a seasonal tropical climate, and reported complex interactions between plants and insects. We identified 11 distinct mining morphotypes. These morphotypes were mainly found on Dipterocarpaceae, Fabaceae, Lauraceae, and Moraceae; similar mining traces were also observed in the contemporary vegetation surrounding the fossil site. Although mining richness was relatively high, only 2.6% of all leaves in the fossil assemblage were mined. We compared mining richness and abundance values with previously reported values for galling. While richness was slightly lower for galling, almost 50% of all fossil leaves were galled. A literature survey on mining and galling patterns in modern vegetation suggests that there is no global explanation for richness of mining or gall-inducing insects. Thus, low nutrient availability in the ancient forest, dominance of semideciduous leaves with hard texture, and different habitats in the same forest ecosystem, such as well-drained forests and riparian stands, may all have favored different types of specialized plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Adroit
- Department of PalaeobiologySwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
- IMBE, Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRDMarseilleFrance
| | - Taposhi Hazra
- Palaeobotany‐Palynology Laboratory, Department of BotanySidho‐Kanho‐Birsha UniversityPuruliaIndia
| | - Thomas Denk
- Department of PalaeobiologySwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
| | - Subhankar Kumar Sarkar
- Entomology Laboratory, Department of ZoologyUniversity of KalyaniKalyani, NadiaWest BengalIndia
| | - Mahasin Ali Khan
- Palaeobotany‐Palynology Laboratory, Department of BotanySidho‐Kanho‐Birsha UniversityPuruliaIndia
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Azevedo-Schmidt L, Currano ED. Leaf traits linked to structure and palatability drive plant-insect interactions within three forested ecosystems. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16263. [PMID: 38014690 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plant traits and insect herbivory have been highly studied within the modern record but only to a limited extent within the paleontological. Preservation influences what can be measured within the fossil record, but modern methods are also not compatible with paleobotanical methods. To remedy this knowledge gap, a comparable framework was created here using modern and paleobotanical methods, allowing for future comparisons within the fossil record. METHODS Insect feeding damage on selected tree species at Harvard Forest, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and La Selva were characterized using the damage type system prevalent within paleobotanical studies and compared with leaf traits. Linear models and random forest analyses tested the influence of leaf traits on total, specialized, gall, and mine frequency and diversity. RESULTS Structural traits like leaf dry mass per area and palatability traits, including lignin and phosphorus concentrations, are important variables affecting gall and mine damage. The significance and strength of trait-herbivory relationships varied across forest types, which is likely driven by differences in local insect populations. CONCLUSIONS This work addresses the persistent gap between modern and paleoecological studies focusing on the influence of leaf traits on insect herbivory. This is important as modern climate change alters our understanding of plant-insect interactions, providing a need for contextualizing these relationships within evolutionary time. The fossil record provides information on terrestrial response to past climatic events and, thus, should be implemented when considering how to preserve biodiversity under current and future global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Azevedo-Schmidt
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Ellen D Currano
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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Santos Filho EBD, Brum AS, Souza GADE, Figueiredo RG, Usma CD, Ricetti JHZ, Trevisan C, Leppe M, Sayão JM, Lima FJ, Oliveira GR, Kellner AWA. First record of insect-plant interaction in Late Cretaceous fossils from Nelson Island (South Shetland Islands Archipelago), Antarctica. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20231268. [PMID: 38088643 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320231268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormous paleobotanical record on different islands of the Antarctic Peninsula, the evidence of insect activity associated with fossilized plants is scarce. Here we report the first evidence of insect-plant interaction from Cretaceous deposits, more precisely from a new locality at the Rip Point area, Nelson Island (Antarctic Peninsula). The macrofossil assemblage includes isolated Nothofagus sp. leaf impressions, a common component of the Antarctic paleoflora. Two hundred leaves were examined, of which 15 showed evidence of insect activity, displaying variations in size, shape, and preservation. Two types of interaction damage, galls and mines, were identified. A single specimen retained a circular scar recognized as galling scar, while meandering tracks were considered mines. These traces of herbivore insect activity, correspond to the oldest known record of this type of interaction of West Antarctica and the oldest record of insect-plant interaction in Nothofagus sp. reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilson B Dos Santos Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Arthur S Brum
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s/n, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Museu Nacional/ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Laboratório de Paleobiologia e Paleogeografia Antártica, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Geovane A DE Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s/n, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Museu Nacional/ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Laboratório de Paleobiologia e Paleogeografia Antártica, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G Figueiredo
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, Alto Universitário, s/n, Guararema, 29500-000 Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Cristian D Usma
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Núcleo de Estudos Geoquímicos, Laboratório de Isótopos Estáveis, NEG-LABISE/CTG, Av. Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, 50740-530 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - João Henrique Z Ricetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Geociências, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91509-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Universidade do Contestado, Centro de Pesquisas Paleontológicas, Av. Pres. Nereu Ramos, 1071, 89304-076 Mafra, SC, Brazil
| | - Cristine Trevisan
- Antarctic and Patagonia Paleobiology Laboratory, Chilean Antarctic Institute-INACH, Lautaro Navarro 1245, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Marcelo Leppe
- Antarctic and Patagonia Paleobiology Laboratory, Chilean Antarctic Institute-INACH, Lautaro Navarro 1245, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Juliana M Sayão
- Museu Nacional/ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Laboratório de Paleobiologia e Paleogeografia Antártica, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flaviana J Lima
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Plantas do Gondwana, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Rua do Alto Reservatório, s/n, Bela Vista, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Paleontologia e Sistemática, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Alexander W A Kellner
- Museu Nacional/ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Laboratório de Paleobiologia e Paleogeografia Antártica, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Laboratório de Sistemática e Tafonomia de Vertebrados Fósseis, Quinta da Boa Vista, s/n, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Roháček J, Hoffeins C. A New Species of Hemilauxania Hennig (Lauxaniidae) from the Lower Eocene Oise Amber-The Oldest Record of Schizophora (Diptera)? INSECTS 2023; 14:835. [PMID: 37999034 PMCID: PMC10671899 DOI: 10.3390/insects14110835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Hemilauxania parvula sp. nov., a new fossil species of the family Lauxaniidae (Diptera: Acalyptratae), is described and illustrated from Oise amber, France (Eocene, lower Ypresian, ca 53 Ma), and its relationship is discussed. Inasmuch as this first finding of a member of Schizophora in Oise amber probably represents the oldest known record of this group of Diptera, the age of Schizophora, based on the known fossil records, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřich Roháček
- Entomology, Silesian Museum, Nádražní okruh 31, 746 01 Opava, Czech Republic
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Azevedo-Schmidt L, Swain A, Shoemaker LG, Currano ED. Landscape-level variability and insect herbivore outbreak captured within modern forests provides a framework for interpreting the fossil record. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9701. [PMID: 37322107 PMCID: PMC10272219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal patterns of plant-insect interactions are readily observed within fossil datasets but spatial variability is harder to disentangle without comparable modern methods due to limitations in preservation. This is problematic as spatial variability influences community structure and interactions. To address this we replicated paleobotanical methods within three modern forests, creating an analogous dataset that rigorously tested inter- and intra-forest plant-insect variability. Random mixed effects models, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations, and bipartite network- and node-level metrics were used. Total damage frequency and diversity did not differ across forests but differences in functional feeding groups (FFGs) were observed across forests, correlating with plant diversity, evenness, and latitude. Overall, we found higher generalized herbivory within the temperate forests than the wet-tropical, a finding also supported by co-occurrence and network analyses at multiple spatial scales. Intra-forest analyses captured consistent damage type communities, supporting paleobotanical efforts. Bipartite networks captured the feeding outbreak of Lymantria dispar caterpillars; an exciting result as insect outbreaks have long been unidentifiable within fossil datasets. These results support paleobotanical assumptions about fossil insect herbivore communities, provide a comparative framework between paleobotanical and modern communities, and suggest a new analytical framework for targeting modern and fossil outbreaks of insect feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Azevedo-Schmidt
- Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, 04469, USA.
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, 82071, USA.
| | - Anshuman Swain
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, USA
| | | | - Ellen D Currano
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, 82071, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, 82071, USA
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Donovan MP, Wilf P, Iglesias A, Cúneo NR, Labandeira CC. Insect herbivore and fungal communities on Agathis (Araucariaceae) from the latest Cretaceous to Recent. PHYTOKEYS 2023; 226:109-158. [PMID: 37274755 PMCID: PMC10239022 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.226.99316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Agathis (Araucariaceae) is a genus of broadleaved conifers that today inhabits lowland to upper montane rainforests of Australasia and Southeast Asia. A previous report showed that the earliest known fossils of the genus, from the early Paleogene and possibly latest Cretaceous of Patagonian Argentina, host diverse assemblages of insect and fungal associations, including distinctive leaf mines. Here, we provide complete documentation of the fossilized Agathis herbivore communities from Cretaceous to Recent, describing and comparing insect and fungal damage on Agathis across four latest Cretaceous to early Paleogene time slices in Patagonia with that on 15 extant species. Notable fossil associations include various types of external foliage feeding, leaf mines, galls, and a rust fungus. In addition, enigmatic structures, possibly armored scale insect (Diaspididae) covers or galls, occur on Agathis over a 16-million-year period in the early Paleogene. The extant Agathis species, throughout the range of the genus, are associated with a diverse array of mostly undescribed damage similar to the fossils, demonstrating the importance of Agathis as a host of diverse insect herbivores and pathogens and their little-known evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Donovan
- Geological Collections, Gantz Family Collections Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USANational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstitutionWashingtonUnited States of America
- Department of Paleobotany and Paleoecology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH 44106, USAGeological Collections, Gantz Family Collections Center, Field Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoUnited States of America
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USAPennsylvania State UniversityPennsylvaniaUnited States of America
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USACleveland Museum of Natural HistoryClevelandUnited States of America
| | - Peter Wilf
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USACleveland Museum of Natural HistoryClevelandUnited States of America
| | - Ari Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, ArgentinaUniversidad Nacional del ComahueRío NegroArgentina
| | - N. Rubén Cúneo
- CONICET-Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Trelew, Chubut 9100, ArgentinaMuseo Paleontológico Egidio FeruglioTrelewArgentina
| | - Conrad C. Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USAPennsylvania State UniversityPennsylvaniaUnited States of America
- Department of Entomology and Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USAUniversity of MarylandMarylandUnited States of America
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, ChinaCapital Normal UniversityBeijingChina
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Labandeira CC, Wappler T. Arthropod and Pathogen Damage on Fossil and Modern Plants: Exploring the Origins and Evolution of Herbivory on Land. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:341-361. [PMID: 36689301 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120120-102849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of the functional feeding group-damage type system for analyzing arthropod and pathogen interactions with plants has transformed our understanding of herbivory in fossil plant assemblages by providing data, analyses, and interpretation of the local, regional, and global patterns of a 420-Myr history. The early fossil record can be used to answer major questions about the oldest evidence for herbivory, the early emergence of herbivore associations on land plants, and later expansion on seed plants. The subsequent effects of the Permian-Triassic ecological crisis on herbivore diversity, the resulting formation of biologically diverse herbivore communities on gymnosperms, and major shifts in herbivory ensuing from initial angiosperm diversification are additional issues that need to be addressed. Studies ofherbivory resulting from more recent transient spikes and longer-term climate trends provide important data that are applied to current global change and include herbivore community responses to latitude, altitude, and habitat. Ongoing paleoecological themes remaining to be addressed include the antiquity of modern interactions, differential herbivory between ferns and angiosperms, and origins of modern tropical forests. The expansion of databases that include a multitude of specimens; improvements in sampling strategies; development of new analytical methods; and, importantly, the ability to address conceptually stimulating ecological and evolutionary questions have provided new impetus in this rapidly advancing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad C Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA;
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Torsten Wappler
- Natural History Department, Hessisches Landesmuseum, Darmstadt, Germany;
- Paleontology Section, Institute of Geosciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Santos AA, Sender LM, Wappler T, Diez JB. Plant-Insect Interactions on Aquatic and Terrestrial Angiosperms from the Latest Albian (Early Cretaceous) of Estercuel (Northeastern Spain) and Their Paleoenvironmental Implications. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:508. [PMID: 36771593 PMCID: PMC9919284 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fossils of plant-insect interactions are direct evidence of paleoecological relationships between these two dominant groups in terrestrial ecosystems. We present a variety of plant-insect interactions from the late Early Cretaceous (latest Albian) in the Estercuel locality in northeastern Spain (Iberian Peninsula), affecting two types of terrestrial angiosperms and the basal eudicot Klitzschophyllites, which is one of the oldest putative members of aquatic Ranunculales found to date. The study of these interactions revealed 23 different damage types belonging to eight functional feeding groups (hole feeding, margin feeding, skeletonization, surface feeding, piercing and sucking, mining, oviposition and galling), suggesting these angiosperms were an important source of food and lodging for insects in the Iberian ecosystems during the late Early Cretaceous. Notably, the diversity of damage in the leaves of angiosperms suggests a diverse community of herbivorous insects and a variety of strategies of interactions with plants at the end of the Early Cretaceous in the southwestern Tethys realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artai A. Santos
- Departamento de Xeociencias Mariñas e Ordenación do Territorio, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo (CIM-UVIGO), 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Luis M. Sender
- Fundación Conjunto Paleontológico de Teruel-Dinópolis/Museo Aragonés de Paleontología, 44002 Teruel, Spain
| | - Torsten Wappler
- Department of Natural History, Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Friedensplatz 1, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
- Section Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - José B. Diez
- Departamento de Xeociencias Mariñas e Ordenación do Territorio, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo (CIM-UVIGO), 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Spatially associated or composite life traces from Holocene paleosols and dune sands provide evidence for past biotic interactions. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2023; 110:9. [PMID: 36809360 PMCID: PMC9944729 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-023-01837-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Biotic interactions (e.g., predation, competition, commensalism) where organisms directly or indirectly influenced one another are of great interest to those studying the history of life but have been difficult to ascertain from fossils. Considering the usual caveats about the temporal resolution of paleontological data, traces and trace fossils in the sedimentary record can record co-occurrences of organisms or their behaviours with relatively high spatial fidelity in a location. Neoichnological studies and studies on recently buried traces, where direct trophic links or other connections between tracemakers are well-known, may help interpret when and where overlapping traces represented true biotic interactions. Examples from Holocene paleosols and other buried continental sediments in Poland include the tight association between mole and earthworm burrows, forming an ichnofabric representing a predator-prey relationship, and that of intersecting insect and root traces demonstrating the impact of trees as both ecosystem engineers and the basis for food chains. Trampling by ungulates, which leaves hoofprints and other sedimentary disturbances, may result in amensal or commensal effects on some biota in the short term and create heterogeneity that later trace-making organisms, such as invertebrate burrowers, can also respond to in turn, though such modified or composite traces may be challenging to interpret.
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11
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Rossetto‐Harris G, Stiles E, Wilf P, Donovan MP, Zou X. Rapid character scoring and tabulation of large leaf-image libraries using Adobe Bridge. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2022; 10:e11500. [PMID: 36518947 PMCID: PMC9742824 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Premise Digital image libraries are an integral part of specimen-based research. However, coding and extracting metadata for hundreds of specimens on a personal computer can be complex. In addition, most existing workflows require downsampling or platform switching and do not link character data directly to the images. Methods and Results We demonstrate a method to code and embed into images the standard leaf architecture and insect-damage characters that are widely used in paleobotany. Using the visual file browser Adobe Bridge, customizable and searchable keywords can be applied directly and reversibly to individual full-resolution images, and the data can be extracted and formatted into a matrix using scripts. Conclusions Our approach is intuitive and acts as a digital mimic and complement to the experience of sorting and analyzing specimens in-person. Keywords can be easily customized for other data types that require visual sorting using image libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Stiles
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania16802USA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington98105USA
| | - Peter Wilf
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania16802USA
| | - Michael P. Donovan
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania16802USA
- Department of Paleobotany and PaleoecologyCleveland Museum of Natural HistoryClevelandOhio44106USA
| | - Xiaoyu Zou
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania16802USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia92093USA
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Imada Y, Oyama N, Shinoda K, Takahashi H, Yukawa H. Oldest leaf mine trace fossil from East Asia provides insight into ancient nutritional flow in a plant-herbivore interaction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5254. [PMID: 35347200 PMCID: PMC8960907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Late Triassic saw a flourish of plant–arthropod interactions. By the Late Triassic, insects had developed all distinct strategies of herbivory, notably including some of the earliest occurrences of leaf-mining. Herein we describe exceptionally well-preserved leaf-mine trace fossils on a Cladophlebis Brongniart fern pinnule from the Momonoki Formation, Mine Group, Japan (Middle Carnian), representing the oldest unequivocal leaf-mines from East Asia. The mines all display a distinctive frass trail—a continuous meandering line, which later becomes a broad band containing spheroidal particles—demonstrating larval development. Although the shapes of the frass trails are generally comparable to those of Lepidoptera or Coleoptera, they cannot be unequivocally assigned to a specific extant leaf-mining taxon. Furthermore, elemental analyses by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) reveals that the frass trail comprises phosphate coprolites. The quantitative variations in P, S, and Si between coprolites and leaf veins may reflect physiological processes (e.g., consumption, absorption, and excretion) mediated by plant chemicals. Our findings reinforce the idea that leaf-mining had become a pervasive feeding strategy of herbivorous insects by the Late Triassic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yume Imada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Nozomu Oyama
- Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenji Shinoda
- Department of Construction, Agriculture, and Forestry, Mine City Office, 326-1 Higashibun, Omine-Cho, Mine, Yamaguchi, 759-2292, Japan
| | - Humio Takahashi
- Mine City Museum of History and Folklore, 279-1 Higashibun, Omine-Cho, Mine, Yamaguchi, 759-2212, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yukawa
- Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum, 51-11 Terao, Muroko, Katsuyama, Fukui, 911-8601, Japan
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Maccracken SA, Miller IM, Johnson KR, Sertich JM, Labandeira CC. Insect herbivory on Catula gettyi gen. et sp. nov. (Lauraceae) from the Kaiparowits Formation (Late Cretaceous, Utah, USA). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261397. [PMID: 35061696 PMCID: PMC8782542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian Stage) Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah, USA, preserves abundant plant, invertebrate, and vertebrate fossil taxa. Taken together, these fossils indicate that the ecosystems preserved in the Kaiparowits Formation were characterized by high biodiversity. Hundreds of vertebrate and invertebrate species and over 80 plant morphotypes are recognized from the formation, but insects and their associations with plants are largely undocumented. Here, we describe a new fossil leaf taxon, Catula gettyi gen et. sp. nov. in the family Lauraceae from the Kaiparowits Formation. Catula gettyi occurs at numerous localities in this deposit that represent ponded and distal floodplain environments. The type locality for C. gettyi has yielded 1,564 fossil leaf specimens of this species, which provides the opportunity to circumscribe this new plant species. By erecting this new genus and species, we are able to describe ecological associations on C. gettyi and place these interactions within a taxonomic context. We describe an extensive archive of feeding damage on C. gettyi caused by herbivorous insects, including more than 800 occurrences of insect damage belonging to five functional feeding groups indicating that insect-mediated damage on this taxon is both rich and abundant. Catula gettyi is one of the best-sampled host plant taxa from the Mesozoic Era, a poorly sampled time interval, and its insect damage is comparable to other Lauraceae taxa from the younger Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Flora of North Dakota, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Augusta Maccracken
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, CO, United States of America
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Ian M. Miller
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, CO, United States of America
- National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Kirk R. Johnson
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Sertich
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Conrad C. Labandeira
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, CO, United States of America
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
- BEES Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing,China
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Moiseeva MG, Kodrul TM, Tekleva MV, Maslova NP, Wu X, Jin J. Fossil Leaves of Meliosma (Sabiaceae) With Associated Pollen and a Eupodid Mite From the Eocene of Maoming Basin, South China. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.770687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A first occurrence of the genus Meliosma (Sabiaceae) is reported from the upper Eocene of the Maoming Basin of South China. This fossil is one of the oldest reliable records of the genus within its modern center of diversity. Fossil leaves are assigned to a new species, Meliosma eosinica sp. nov. based on leaf morphology and epidermal characters. The leaf epidermal anatomy of fossil Meliosma is illustrated for the first time. We also provide the first SEM observation of pollen grains associated with Meliosma. This study also documents an occurrence of mites within the leaf domatia previously unknown from the fossil record. We presume that the studied mite belongs to the superfamily Eupodoidea (Arthropoda), and probably the family Eupodidae, which comprises very small soft-bodied cosmopolitan mites occupying a wide range of terrestrial habitats. Additionally, we analyze the damage types on the fossil leaves of Meliosma. They exhibit exclusively external foliage feeding damage caused by arthropods and traces of probable fungal infection. A review of currently known fossil occurrences of leaves, fruits, and wood of Meliosma provides evidence for the geological and geographical distribution of the genus.
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Labandeira CC. Ecology and Evolution of Gall-Inducing Arthropods: The Pattern From the Terrestrial Fossil Record. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.632449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect and mite galls on land plants have a spotty but periodically rich and abundant fossil record of damage types (DTs), ichnotaxa, and informally described gall morphotypes. The earliest gall is on a liverwort of the Middle Devonian Period at 385 million years ago (Ma). A 70-million-year-long absence of documented gall activity ensues. Gall activity resumes during the Pennsylvanian Period (315 Ma) on vegetative and reproductive axial organs of horsetails, ferns, and probably conifers, followed by extensive diversification of small, early hemipteroid galler lineages on seed-plant foliage during the Permian Period. The end-Permian (P-Tr) evolutionary and ecological crisis extinguished most gall lineages; survivors diversified whose herbivore component communities surpassed pre-P-Tr levels within 10 million years in the mid-to late Triassic (242 Ma). During the late Triassic and Jurassic Period, new groups of galling insects colonized Ginkgoales, Bennettitales, Pinales, Gnetales, and other gymnosperms, but data are sparse. Diversifying mid-Cretaceous (125–90 Ma) angiosperms hosted a major expansion of 24 gall DTs organized as herbivore component communities, each in overlapping Venn-diagram fashion on early lineages of Austrobaileyales, Laurales, Chloranthales, and Eurosidae for the Dakota Fm (103 Ma). Gall diversification continued into the Ora Fm (92 Ma) of Israel with another 25 gall morphotypes, but as ichnospecies on a different spectrum of plant hosts alongside the earliest occurrence of parasitoid attack. The End-Cretaceous (K-Pg) extinction event (66 Ma) almost extinguished host–specialist DTs; surviving gall lineages expanded to a pre-K-Pg level 10 million years later at the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) (56 Ma), at which time a dramatic increase of land surface temperatures and multiplying of atmospheric pCO2 levels induced a significant level of increased herbivory, although gall diversity increased only after the PETM excursion and during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO). After the EECO, modern (or structurally convergent) gall morphotypes originate in the mid-Paleogene (49–40 Ma), evidenced by the Republic, Messel, and Eckfeld floras on hosts different from their modern analogs. During subsequent global aridification, the early Neogene (20 Ma) Most flora of the Czech Republic records several modern associations with gallers and plant hosts congeneric with their modern analogs. Except for 21 gall DTs in New Zealand flora, the gall record decreases in richness, although an early Pleistocene (3 Ma) study in France documents the same plant surviving as an endemic northern Iran but with decreasing associational, including gall, host specificity.
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Wilf P, Wing SL, Meyer HW, Rose JA, Saha R, Serre T, Cúneo NR, Donovan MP, Erwin DM, Gandolfo MA, González-Akre E, Herrera F, Hu S, Iglesias A, Johnson KR, Karim TS, Zou X. An image dataset of cleared, x-rayed, and fossil leaves vetted to plant family for human and machine learning. PHYTOKEYS 2021; 187:93-128. [PMID: 35068970 PMCID: PMC8702526 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.187.72350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are the most abundant and visible plant organ, both in the modern world and the fossil record. Identifying foliage to the correct plant family based on leaf architecture is a fundamental botanical skill that is also critical for isolated fossil leaves, which often, especially in the Cenozoic, represent extinct genera and species from extant families. Resources focused on leaf identification are remarkably scarce; however, the situation has improved due to the recent proliferation of digitized herbarium material, live-plant identification applications, and online collections of cleared and fossil leaf images. Nevertheless, the need remains for a specialized image dataset for comparative leaf architecture. We address this gap by assembling an open-access database of 30,252 images of vouchered leaf specimens vetted to family level, primarily of angiosperms, including 26,176 images of cleared and x-rayed leaves representing 354 families and 4,076 of fossil leaves from 48 families. The images maintain original resolution, have user-friendly filenames, and are vetted using APG and modern paleobotanical standards. The cleared and x-rayed leaves include the Jack A. Wolfe and Leo J. Hickey contributions to the National Cleared Leaf Collection and a collection of high-resolution scanned x-ray negatives, housed in the Division of Paleobotany, Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C.; and the Daniel I. Axelrod Cleared Leaf Collection, housed at the University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley. The fossil images include a sampling of Late Cretaceous to Eocene paleobotanical sites from the Western Hemisphere held at numerous institutions, especially from Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument (late Eocene, Colorado), as well as several other localities from the Late Cretaceous to Eocene of the Western USA and the early Paleogene of Colombia and southern Argentina. The dataset facilitates new research and education opportunities in paleobotany, comparative leaf architecture, systematics, and machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wilf
- Department of Geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States of America
| | - Scott L. Wing
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USADepartment of Paleobiology, Smithsonian InstitutionWashington, DCUnited States of America
| | - Herbert W. Meyer
- Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, National Park Service, Florissant, CO 80816, USAFlorissant Fossil Beds National Monument, National Park ServiceFlorissantUnited States of America
| | - Jacob A. Rose
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USABrown UniversityProvidenceUnited States of America
| | - Rohit Saha
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USAMuseo Paleontológico E. FeruglioTrelewArgentina
| | - Thomas Serre
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USAMuseo Paleontológico E. FeruglioTrelewArgentina
| | - N. Rubén Cúneo
- CONICET-Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Trelew 9100, Chubut, Argentinaepartment of Paleobotany and Paleoecology, Cleveland Museum of Natural HistoryClevelandUnited States of America
| | - Michael P. Donovan
- Department of Paleobotany and Paleoecology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH 44106, USAUniversity of California-BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States of America
| | - Diane M. Erwin
- University of California-Berkeley, Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USACornell UniversityIthacaUnited States of America
| | - María A. Gandolfo
- LH Bailey Hortorium, Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USASmithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park,Front RoyalUnited States of America
| | - Erika González-Akre
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USANegaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoUnited States of America
| | - Fabiany Herrera
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USAYale UniversityNew HavenUnited States of America
| | - Shusheng Hu
- Division of Paleobotany, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USAInstituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Ambiente INIBIOMA, CONICET-UNComaSan Carlos de BarilocheArgentina
| | - Ari Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Ambiente INIBIOMA, CONICET-UNComa, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Río Negro, ArgentinaDepartment of Paleobiology, Smithsonian InstitutionWashingtonUnited States of America
| | - Kirk R. Johnson
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USADepartment of Paleobiology, Smithsonian InstitutionWashington, DCUnited States of America
| | - Talia S. Karim
- University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, Boulder, CO 80503, USAUniversity of Colorado Museum of Natural HistoryBoulderUnited States of America
| | - Xiaoyu Zou
- Department of Geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States of America
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Persistent biotic interactions of a Gondwanan conifer from Cretaceous Patagonia to modern Malesia. Commun Biol 2020; 3:708. [PMID: 33239710 PMCID: PMC7689466 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant genera in the tropical West Pacific are survivors from the paleo-rainforests of Gondwana. For example, the oldest fossils of the Malesian and Australasian conifer Agathis (Araucariaceae) come from the early Paleocene and possibly latest Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina (West Gondwana). However, it is unknown whether dependent ecological guilds or lineages of associated insects and fungi persisted on Gondwanan host plants like Agathis through time and space. We report insect-feeding and fungal damage on Patagonian Agathis fossils from four latest Cretaceous to middle Eocene floras spanning ca. 18 Myr and compare it with damage on extant Agathis. Very similar damage was found on fossil and modern Agathis, including blotch mines representing the first known Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary crossing leaf-mine association, external foliage feeding, galls, possible armored scale insect (Diaspididae) covers, and a rust fungus (Pucciniales). The similar suite of damage, unique to fossil and extant Agathis, suggests persistence of ecological guilds and possibly the component communities associated with Agathis since the late Mesozoic, implying host tracking of the genus across major plate movements that led to survival at great distances. The living associations, mostly made by still-unknown culprits, point to previously unrecognized biodiversity and evolutionary history in threatened rainforest ecosystems.
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Labandeira CC. The Fossil Record of Insect Mouthparts: Innovation, Functional Convergence, and Associations with Other Organisms. INSECT MOUTHPARTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29654-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Schachat SR, Labandeira CC, Maccracken SA. The importance of sampling standardization for comparisons of insect herbivory in deep time: a case study from the late Palaeozoic. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171991. [PMID: 29657798 PMCID: PMC5882722 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sampling standardization has not been fully addressed for the study of insect herbivory in the fossil record. The effects of sampling within a single locality were explored almost a decade ago, but the importance of sampling standardization for comparisons of herbivory across space and time has not yet been evaluated. Here, we present a case study from the Permian in which we evaluate the impact of sampling standardization on comparisons of insect herbivory from two localities that are similar in age and floral composition. Comparisons of insect damage type (DT) diversity change dramatically when the number of leaves examined is standardized by surface area. This finding suggests that surface area should always be taken into account for comparisons of DT diversity. In addition, the three most common metrics of herbivory-DT diversity, proportion of leaves herbivorized and proportion of leaf surface area herbivorized-are inherently decoupled from each other. The decoupling of the diversity and intensity of insect herbivory necessitates a reinterpretation of published data because they had been conflated in previous studies. Future studies should examine the divergent ecological factors that underlie these metrics. We conclude with suggestions to guide the sampling and analysis of herbivorized leaves in the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R. Schachat
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Conrad C. Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - S. Augusta Maccracken
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Donovan MP, Iglesias A, Wilf P, Labandeira CC, Cúneo NR. Rapid recovery of Patagonian plant–insect associations after the end-Cretaceous extinction. Nat Ecol Evol 2016; 1:12. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-016-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nagler C, Haug JT. From Fossil Parasitoids to Vectors: Insects as Parasites and Hosts. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 90:137-200. [PMID: 26597067 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Within Metazoa, it has been proposed that as many as two-thirds of all species are parasitic. This propensity towards parasitism is also reflected within insects, where several lineages independently evolved a parasitic lifestyle. Parasitic behaviour ranges from parasitic habits in the strict sense, but also includes parasitoid, phoretic or kleptoparasitic behaviour. Numerous insects are also the host for other parasitic insects or metazoans. Insects can also serve as vectors for numerous metazoan, protistan, bacterial and viral diseases. The fossil record can report this behaviour with direct (parasite associated with its host) or indirect evidence (insect with parasitic larva, isolated parasitic insect, pathological changes of host). The high abundance of parasitism in the fossil record of insects can reveal important aspects of parasitic lifestyles in various evolutionary lineages. For a comprehensive view on fossil parasitic insects, we discuss here different aspects, including phylogenetic systematics, functional morphology and a direct comparison of fossil and extant species.
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