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Wojciechowski P, Andrzejewski K, Kaczyńska K. Intracerebroventricular Neuropeptide FF Diminishes the Number of Apneas and Cardiovascular Effects Produced by Opioid Receptors' Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238931. [PMID: 33255594 PMCID: PMC7728097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The opioid-induced analgesia is associated with a number of side effects such as addiction, tolerance and respiratory depression. The involvement of neuropeptide FF (NPFF) in modulation of pain perception, opioid-induced tolerance and dependence was well documented in contrast to respiratory depression. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the potency of NPFF to block post-opioid respiratory depression, one of the main adverse effects of opioid therapy. Urethane-chloralose anaesthetized Wistar rats were injected either intravenously (iv) or intracerebroventricularly (icv) with various doses of NPFF prior to iv endomorphin-1 (EM-1) administration. Iv NPFF diminished the number of EM-1-induced apneas without affecting their length and without influence on the EM-1 induced blood pressure decline. Icv pretreatment with NPFF abolished the occurrence of post-EM-1 apneas and reduced also the maximal drop in blood pressure and heart rate. These effects were completely blocked by the NPFF receptor antagonist RF9, which was given as a mixture with NPFF before systemic EM-1 administration. In conclusion, our results showed that centrally administered neuropeptide FF is effective in preventing apnea evoked by stimulation of μ-opioid receptors and the effect was due to activation of central NPFF receptors. Our finding indicates a potential target for reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression.
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Xu B, Zhang M, Shi X, Zhang R, Chen D, Chen Y, Wang Z, Qiu Y, Zhang T, Xu K, Zhang X, Liedtke W, Wang R, Fang Q. The multifunctional peptide DN-9 produced peripherally acting antinociception in inflammatory and neuropathic pain via μ- and κ-opioid receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 177:93-109. [PMID: 31444977 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Considerable effort has recently been directed at developing multifunctional opioid drugs to minimize the unwanted side effects of opioid analgesics. We have developed a novel multifunctional opioid agonist, DN-9. Here, we studied the analgesic profiles and related side effects of peripheral DN-9 in various pain models. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Antinociceptive effects of DN-9 were assessed in nociceptive, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain. Whole-cell patch-clamp and calcium imaging assays were used to evaluate the inhibitory effects of DN-9 to calcium current and high-K+ -induced intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ) on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons respectively. Side effects of DN-9 were evaluated in antinociceptive tolerance, abuse, gastrointestinal transit, and rotarod tests. KEY RESULTS DN-9, given subcutaneously, dose-dependently produced antinociception via peripheral opioid receptors in different pain models without sex difference. In addition, DN-9 exhibited more potent ability than morphine to inhibit calcium current and high-K+ -induced [Ca2+ ]i in DRG neurons. Repeated treatment with DN-9 produced equivalent antinociception for 8 days in multiple pain models, and DN-9 also maintained potent analgesia in morphine-tolerant mice. Furthermore, chronic DN-9 administration had no apparent effect on the microglial activation of spinal cord. After subcutaneous injection, DN-9 exhibited less abuse potential than morphine, as was gastroparesis and effects on motor coordination. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS DN-9 produces potent analgesia with minimal side effects, which strengthen the candidacy of peripherally acting opioids with multifunctional agonistic properties to enter human studies to alleviate the current highly problematic misuse of classic opioids on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuerui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Run Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zilong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kangtai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wolfgang Liedtke
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Quan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Zhang R, Xu B, Zhang MN, Zhang T, Wang ZL, Zhao G, Zhao GH, Li N, Fang Q, Wang R. Peripheral and central sites of action for anti-allodynic activity induced by the bifunctional opioid/NPFF receptors agonist BN-9 in inflammatory pain model. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 813:122-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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MCRT, a chimeric peptide based on morphiceptin and PFRTic-NH2, regulates the depressor effects induced by endokinin A/B. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 792:33-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wang ZL, Pan JX, Song JJ, Tang HH, Yu HP, Li XH, Li N, Zhang T, Zhang R, Zhang MN, Xu B, Fang Q, Wang R. Structure-Based Optimization of Multifunctional Agonists for Opioid and Neuropeptide FF Receptors with Potent Nontolerance Forming Analgesic Activities. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10198-10208. [PMID: 27798836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang
West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jia-Xin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang
West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Song
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang
West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Hong-Hai Tang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang
West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Hong-Ping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang
West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xu-Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang
West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang
West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang
West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Run Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang
West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Meng-Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang
West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Biao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang
West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Quan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang
West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang
West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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Wang ZL, Li N, Wang P, Tang HH, Han ZL, Song JJ, Li XH, Yu HP, Zhang T, Zhang R, Xu B, Zhang MN, Fang Q, Wang R. Pharmacological characterization of EN-9, a novel chimeric peptide of endomorphin-2 and neuropeptide FF that produces potent antinociceptive activity and limited tolerance. Neuropharmacology 2016; 108:364-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Li N, Han ZL, Wang ZL, Xing YH, Sun YL, Li XH, Song JJ, Zhang T, Zhang R, Zhang MN, Xu B, Fang Q, Wang R. BN-9, a chimeric peptide with mixed opioid and neuropeptide FF receptor agonistic properties, produces nontolerance-forming antinociception in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1864-80. [PMID: 27018797 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) behaves as an endogenous opioid-modulating peptide. In the present study, the opioid and NPFF pharmacophore-containing chimeric peptide BN-9 was synthesized and pharmacologically characterized. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Agonist activities of BN-9 at opioid and NPFF receptors were characterized in in vitro cAMP assays. Antinociceptive activities of BN-9 were evaluated in the mouse tail-flick and formalin tests. Furthermore, its side effects were investigated in rotarod, antinociceptive tolerance, reward and gastrointestinal transit tests. KEY RESULTS BN-9 acted as a novel multifunctional agonist at μ, δ, κ, NPFF1 and NPFF2 receptors in cAMP assays. In the tail-flick test, BN-9 produced dose-related antinociception and was approximately equipotent to morphine; this antinociception was blocked by μ and κ receptor antagonists, but not by the δ receptor antagonist. In the formalin test, supraspinal administration of BN-9 produced significant analgesia. Notably, repeated administration of BN-9 produced analgesia without loss of potency over 8 days. In contrast, repeated i.c.v. co-administration of BN-9 with the NPFF receptor antagonist RF9 produced significant antinociceptive tolerance. Furthermore, i.c.v. BN-9 induced conditioned place preference. When given by the same routes, BN-9 had a more than eightfold higher ED50 value for gastrointestinal transit inhibition compared with the ED50 values for antinociception. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS BN-9 produced a robust, nontolerance-forming analgesia with limited inhibition of gastrointestinal transit. As BN-9 is able to activate both opioid and NPFF systems, this provides an interesting approach for the development of novel analgesics with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Lan Han
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zi-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Long Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xu-Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Song
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Run Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meng-Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Biao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Quan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Mudgal A, Kumar K, Mollereau C, Pasha S. NPYFa, A Chimeric Peptide of Met-Enkephalin, and NPFF Induces Tolerance-Free Analgesia. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 87:885-94. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annu Mudgal
- Peptide Synthesis Laboratory; CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB); New Delhi India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-IGIB Campus; New Delhi India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Peptide Synthesis Laboratory; CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB); New Delhi India
- Department of Chemistry; Motilal Nehru College; University of Delhi; Delhi 110021 India
| | - Catherine Mollereau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale; Toulouse Cedex France
- Laboratoire Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse; Toulouse Cedex France
| | - Santosh Pasha
- Peptide Synthesis Laboratory; CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB); New Delhi India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-IGIB Campus; New Delhi India
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants). This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Pan JX, Wang ZL, Li N, Zhang N, Wang P, Tang HH, Zhang T, Yu HP, Zhang R, Zheng T, Fang Q, Wang R. Effects of neuropeptide FF and related peptides on the antinociceptive activities of VD-hemopressin(α) in naive and cannabinoid-tolerant mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 767:119-25. [PMID: 26472125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) system has recently been reported to modulate cannabinoid-induced antinociception. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the roles of NPFF system in the antinociceptive effects induced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of mouse VD-hemopressin(α), a novel endogenous agonist of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, in naive and VD-hemopressin(α)-tolerant mice. The effects of NPFF system on the antinociception induced by VD-hemopressin(α) were investigated in the radiant heat tail-flick test in naive mice and VD-hemopressin(α)-tolerant mice. The cannabinoid-tolerant mice were produced by given daily injections of VD-hemopressin(α) (20 nmol, i.c.v.) for 5 days and the antinociception was measured on day 6. In naive mice, intracerebroventricular injection of NPFF dose-dependently attenuated central analgesia of VD-hemopressin(α). In contrast, neuropeptide VF (NPVF) and D.NP(N-Me)AFLFQPQRF-NH2 (dNPA), two highly selective agonists for Neuropeptide FF1 and Neuropeptide FF2 receptors, enhanced VD-hemopressin(α)-induced antinociception in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the VD-hemopressin(α)-modulating activities of NPFF and related peptides were antagonized by the Neuropeptide FF receptors selective antagonist 1-adamantanecarbonyl-RF-NH2 (RF9). In VD-hemopressin(α)-tolerant mice, NPFF failed to modify VD-hemopressin(α)-induced antinociception. However, both neuropeptide VF and dNPA dose-dependently potentiated the antinociception of VD-hemopressin(α) and these cannabinoid-potentiating effects were reduced by RF9. The present works support the cannabinoid-modulating character of NPFF system in naive and cannabinoid-tolerant mice. In addition, the data suggest that a chronic cannabinoid treatment modifies the pharmacological profiles of NPFF, but not the cannabinoid-potentiating effects of neuropeptide VF and dNPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Zi-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Pei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Hong-Hai Tang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Hong-Ping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Run Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Quan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
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