1
|
Lu T, Peng H, Zhong L, Wu P, He J, Deng Z, Huang Y. The Tree Shrew as a Model for Cancer Research. Front Oncol 2021; 11:653236. [PMID: 33768009 PMCID: PMC7985444 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.653236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal disease models are necessary in medical research, and an appropriate animal model is of great importance for studies about the prevention or treatment of cancer. The most important thing in the selection of animal models is to consider the similarity between animals and humans. The tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) is a squirrel-like mammal which placed in the order Scandentia. Whole-genome sequencing has revealed that tree shrews are extremely similar to primate and humans than to rodents, with many highly conserved genes, which makes the data from studies that use tree shrews as models more convincing and the research outcomes more easily translatable. In tumor research, tree shrews are often used as animal models for hepatic and mammary cancers. As research has progressed, other types of tree shrew tumor models have been developed and exhibit clinical manifestations similar to those of humans. Combining the advantages of both rodents and primates, the tree shrew is expected to be the most powerful animal model for studying tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lu
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hongmei Peng
- Scientific Research and Education Department, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, China
| | - Liping Zhong
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Pan Wu
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jian He
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiming Deng
- The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, China
| | - Yong Huang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu ZC, Liang JY, Lan XQ, Li T, Zhang JR, Zhao F, Li G, Chen PY, Zhang Y, Lee WH, Zhao F. Comparative analysis of diverse toxins from a new pharmaceutical centipede, Scolopendra mojiangica. Zool Res 2020; 41:138-147. [PMID: 31945809 PMCID: PMC7109010 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
As the oldest venomous animals, centipedes use their venom as a weapon to attack prey and for protection. Centipede venom, which contains many bioactive and pharmacologically active compounds, has been used for centuries in Chinese medicine, as shown by ancient records. Based on comparative analysis, we revealed the diversity of and differences in centipede toxin-like molecules between Scolopendra mojiangica, a substitute pharmaceutical material used in China, and S. subspinipes mutilans. More than 6 000 peptides isolated from the venom were identified by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and inferred from the transcriptome. As a result, in the proteome of S. mojiangica, 246 unique proteins were identified: one in five were toxin-like proteins or putative toxins with unknown function, accounting for a lower percentage of total proteins than that in S. mutilans. Transcriptome mining identified approximately 10 times more toxin-like proteins, which can characterize the precursor structures of mature toxin-like peptides. However, the constitution and quantity of the toxin transcripts in these two centipedes were similar. In toxicity assays, the crude venom showed strong insecticidal and hemolytic activity. These findings highlight the extensive diversity of toxin-like proteins in S. mojiangica and provide a new foundation for the medical-pharmaceutical use of centipede toxin-like proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ethnic Medical Resources Research and Southeast Asian International Cooperation of Yunnan Universities, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Puer University, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China.,Engineering Research Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Leech Resources in Universities of Yunnan Province, School of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan 650214, China
| | - Jin-Yang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Xin-Qiang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Ethnic Medical Resources Research and Southeast Asian International Cooperation of Yunnan Universities, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Puer University, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Ethnic Medical Resources Research and Southeast Asian International Cooperation of Yunnan Universities, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Puer University, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China.,Key Laboratory of Active Molecules and Drug Development, Puer University, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China
| | - Jia-Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Nanshan College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ethnic Medical Resources Research and Southeast Asian International Cooperation of Yunnan Universities, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Puer University, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China.,Key Laboratory of Active Molecules and Drug Development, Puer University, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China.,Institute of Comparative Study of Traditional Materia Medica, Institute of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Geng Li
- Key Laboratory of Ethnic Medical Resources Research and Southeast Asian International Cooperation of Yunnan Universities, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Puer University, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China.,Key Laboratory of Active Molecules and Drug Development, Puer University, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China
| | - Pei-Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ethnic Medical Resources Research and Southeast Asian International Cooperation of Yunnan Universities, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Puer University, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China.,Key Laboratory of Active Molecules and Drug Development, Puer University, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China. E-mail:
| | - Wen-Hui Lee
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China. E-mail: leewh@mail. kiz.ac.cn
| | - Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ethnic Medical Resources Research and Southeast Asian International Cooperation of Yunnan Universities, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Puer University, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China.,Key Laboratory of Active Molecules and Drug Development, Puer University, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China.,Institute of Comparative Study of Traditional Materia Medica, Institute of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schäfer M, Fan Y, Gu T, Heydeck D, Stehling S, Ivanov I, Yao YG, Kuhn H. The lipoxygenase pathway of Tupaia belangeri representing Scandentia. Genomic multiplicity and functional characterization of the ALOX15 orthologs in the tree shrew. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158550. [PMID: 31676437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) is a rat-sized mammal, which is more closely related to humans than mice and rats. However, the use of tree shrew to explore the patho-mechanisms of human inflammatory disorders has been limited since nothing is known about eicosanoid metabolism in this mammalian species. Eicosanoids are important lipid mediators exhibiting pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, which are biosynthesized via lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways. When we searched the tree shrew genome for the presence of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase isoforms we found copies of functional COX1, COX2 and LOX genes. Interestingly, we identified four copies of ALOX15 genes, which encode for four structurally distinct ALOX15 orthologs (tupALOX15a-d). To explore the catalytic properties of these enzymes we expressed tupALOX15a and tupALOX15c as catalytically active proteins and characterized their enzymatic properties. As predicted by the Evolutionary Hypothesis of ALOX15 specificity we found that the two enzymes converted arachidonic acid predominantly to 12S-HETE and they also exhibited membrane oxygenase activities. However, their reaction kinetic properties (KM for arachidonic acid and oxygen, T- and pH-dependence) and their substrate specificities were remarkably different. In contrast to mice and humans, tree shrew ALOX15 isoforms are highly expressed in the brain suggesting a role of these enzymes in cerebral function. The genomic multiplicity and the tissue expression patterns of tree shrew ALOX15 isoforms need to be considered when the results of in vivo inflammation studies obtained in this animal are translated into the human situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjann Schäfer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Tianle Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Stehling
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor Ivanov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Vernadskogo pr. 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Z, Tong X, Su Y, Wang D, Du X, Zhao F, Wang D, Zhao F. In-depth profiles of bioactive large molecules in saliva secretions of leeches determined by combining salivary gland proteome and transcriptome data. J Proteomics 2019; 200:153-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
5
|
Zhao Y, Liu Y, Yuan J, Dai X, Niu M, Sun X, Kuang D, Wang W, Tong P, Li N, Xiang L, Jia Y, Dai J, Chen H. Regeneration of islet β-cells in tree shrews and rats. Animal Model Exp Med 2018; 1:152-161. [PMID: 30891560 PMCID: PMC6388076 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD Current understanding of injury and regeneration of islet β-cells in diabetes is mainly based on rodent studies. The tree shrew is now generally accepted as being among the closest living relatives of primates, and has been widely used in animal experimentation. However, there are few reports on islet cell composition and regeneration of β-cells in tree shrews. METHODS In this study, we examined the changes in islet cell composition and regeneration of β-cells after streptozotocin (STZ) treatment in tree shrews compared with Sprague-Dawley rats. Injury and regeneration of islet β-cells were observed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical staining for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and PDX-1. RESULTS Our data showed that in rats islet injury was most obvious on day 3 after injection, and islet morphologies were significantly restored by day 21. Regeneration of islet β-cells was very pronounced in rats, and mainly involved regeneration of centro-acinar cells and transformation of extra-islet ductal cells. In tree shrews, the regeneration of islet β-cells was not as significant. On days 3 and 7, only scattered regenerated cells were observed in the remaining islets. Further, no regeneration of centro-acinar cells was observed. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the repair mechanism of islet β-cells in tree shrews is similar to that of humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Qiong Zhao
- Chinese PLA General HospitalLaboratory Animal CenterBeijingChina
| | - Ya‐Qian Liu
- Chinese PLA General HospitalLaboratory Animal CenterBeijingChina
| | - Ji‐Fang Yuan
- Chinese PLA General HospitalLaboratory Animal CenterBeijingChina
| | - Xin Dai
- Chinese PLA General HospitalLaboratory Animal CenterBeijingChina
| | - Miao‐Miao Niu
- Chinese PLA General HospitalLaboratory Animal CenterBeijingChina
| | - Xiao‐Mei Sun
- The Institute of Medical BiologyThe Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious DiseasesCenter of Tree Shrew Germplasm ResourcesKunmingChina
| | - De‐Xuan Kuang
- The Institute of Medical BiologyThe Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious DiseasesCenter of Tree Shrew Germplasm ResourcesKunmingChina
| | - Wen‐Guang Wang
- The Institute of Medical BiologyThe Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious DiseasesCenter of Tree Shrew Germplasm ResourcesKunmingChina
| | - Pin‐Fen Tong
- The Institute of Medical BiologyThe Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious DiseasesCenter of Tree Shrew Germplasm ResourcesKunmingChina
| | - Na Li
- The Institute of Medical BiologyThe Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious DiseasesCenter of Tree Shrew Germplasm ResourcesKunmingChina
| | - Lei Xiang
- Chinese PLA General HospitalLaboratory Animal CenterBeijingChina
| | - Yun‐Xiao Jia
- Chinese PLA General HospitalLaboratory Animal CenterBeijingChina
| | - Jie‐Jie Dai
- The Institute of Medical BiologyThe Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious DiseasesCenter of Tree Shrew Germplasm ResourcesKunmingChina
| | - Hua Chen
- Chinese PLA General HospitalLaboratory Animal CenterBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney DiseasesChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Atlas of the Striatum and Globus Pallidus in the Tree Shrew: Comparison with Rat and Mouse. Neurosci Bull 2018; 34:405-418. [PMID: 29508249 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The striatum and globus pallidus are principal nuclei of the basal ganglia. Nissl- and acetylcholinesterase-stained sections of the tree shrew brain showed the neuroanatomical features of the caudate nucleus (Cd), internal capsule (ic), putamen (Pu), accumbens, internal globus pallidus, and external globus pallidus. The ic separated the dorsal striatum into the Cd and Pu in the tree shrew, but not in rats and mice. In addition, computer-based 3D images allowed a better understanding of the position and orientation of these structures. These data provided a large-scale atlas of the striatum and globus pallidus in the coronal, sagittal, and horizontal planes, the first detailed distribution of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells in the tree shrew, and the differences in morphological characteristics and density of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons between tree shrew and rat. Our findings support the tree shrew as a potential model for human striatal disorders.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) is a promising laboratory animal that possesses a closer genetic relationship to primates than to rodents. In addition, advantages such as small size, easy breeding, and rapid reproduction make the tree shrew an ideal subject for the study of human disease. Numerous tree shrew disease models have been generated in biological and medical studies in recent years. Here we summarize current tree shrew disease models, including models of infectious diseases, cancers, depressive disorders, drug addiction, myopia, metabolic diseases, and immune-related diseases. With the success of tree shrew transgenic technology, this species will be increasingly used in biological and medical studies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Xiao
- Medical Faculty of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Ce-Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis), a squirrel-like and rat-sized mammal, has a wide distribution in Southeast Asia, South and Southwest China and has many unique characteristics that make it suitable for use as an experimental animal. There have been many studies using the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) aimed at increasing our understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms and for the modeling of human diseases and therapeutic responses. The recent release of a publicly available annotated genome sequence of the Chinese tree shrew and its genome database (www.treeshrewdb.org) has offered a solid base from which it is possible to elucidate the basic biological properties and create animal models using this species. The extensive characterization of key factors and signaling pathways in the immune and nervous systems has shown that tree shrews possess both conserved and unique features relative to primates. Hitherto, the tree shrew has been successfully used to create animal models for myopia, depression, breast cancer, alcohol-induced or non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, to name a few. The recent successful genetic manipulation of the tree shrew has opened a new avenue for the wider usage of this animal in biomedical research. In this opinion paper, I attempt to summarize the recent research advances that have used the Chinese tree shrew, with a focus on the new knowledge obtained by using the biological properties identified using the tree shrew genome, a proposal for the genome-based approach for creating animal models, and the genetic manipulation of the tree shrew. With more studies using this species and the application of cutting-edge gene editing techniques, the tree shrew will continue to be under the spot light as a viable animal model for investigating the basis of many different human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiang LP, Shen QS, Yang CP, Chen YB. Establishment of basal cell carcinoma animal model in Chinese tree shrew ( Tupaia belangeri chinensis). Zool Res 2018; 38:180-190. [PMID: 28825448 PMCID: PMC5571474 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer worldwide, with incidence rates continuing to increase. Ultraviolet radiation is the major environmental risk factor and dysregulation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been identified in most BCCs. The treatment of locally advanced and metastatic BBCs is still a challenge and requires a better animal model than the widely used rodents for drug development and testing. Chinese tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) are closely related to primates, bearing many physiological and biochemical advantages over rodents for characterizing human diseases. Here, we successfully established a Chinese tree shrew BCC model by infecting tail skins with lentiviral SmoA1, an active form of Smoothened (Smo) used to constitutively activate the Hh signaling pathway. The pathological characteristics were verified by immunohistochemical analysis. Interestingly, BCC progress was greatly enhanced by the combined usage of lentiviral SmoA1 and shRNA targeting Chinese tree shrew p53. This work provides a useful animal model for further BCC studies and future drug discoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Qiu-Shuo Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Cui-Ping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650204, China.
| | - Yong-Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650204, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao F, Lan X, Li T, Xiang Y, Zhao F, Zhang Y, Lee WH. Proteotranscriptomic Analysis and Discovery of the Profile and Diversity of Toxin-like Proteins in Centipede. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:709-720. [PMID: 29339413 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Centipedes are one of the oldest venomous animals and use their venoms as weapons to attack prey or protect themselves. Their venoms contain various components with different biomedical and pharmacological properties. However, little attention has been paid to the profiles and diversity of their toxin-like proteins/peptides. In this study, we used a proteotranscriptomic approach to uncover the diversity of centipede toxin-like proteins in Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans Nine hundred twenty-three and 6,736 peptides, which were separately isolated from venom and torso tissues, respectively, were identified by ESI-MS/MS and deduced from their transcriptomes. Finally, 1369 unique proteins were identified in the proteome, including 100 proteins that exhibited overlapping expression in venom and torso tissues. Of these proteins, at least 40 proteins were identified as venom toxin-like proteins. Meanwhile, transcriptome mining identified ∼10-fold more toxin-like proteins and enabled the characterization of the precursor architecture of mature toxin-like peptides. Importantly, combined with proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, 25 toxin-like proteins/peptides (neurotoxins accounted for 50%) were expressed outside the venom gland and involved in gene recruitment processes. These findings highlight the extensive diversity of centipede toxin-like proteins and provide a new foundation for the medical-pharmaceutical use of centipede toxin-like proteins. Moreover, we are the first group to report the gene recruitment activity of venom toxin-like proteins in centipede, similar to snakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- From the ‡Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiao-Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; .,§Key Laboratory of Subtropical Medicinal Edible Resources Development and Utilization in Yunnan Province, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Puer University, 6 Xueyuan Road, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China.,¶Institute of Comparative Study of Traditional Materia Medica, Institute of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Xinqiang Lan
- From the ‡Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiao-Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,‖Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Tao Li
- §Key Laboratory of Subtropical Medicinal Edible Resources Development and Utilization in Yunnan Province, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Puer University, 6 Xueyuan Road, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China.,¶Institute of Comparative Study of Traditional Materia Medica, Institute of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Yang Xiang
- From the ‡Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiao-Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- §Key Laboratory of Subtropical Medicinal Edible Resources Development and Utilization in Yunnan Province, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Puer University, 6 Xueyuan Road, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China.,¶Institute of Comparative Study of Traditional Materia Medica, Institute of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Yun Zhang
- From the ‡Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiao-Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; .,**Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lee
- From the ‡Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiao-Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tong Y, Hao J, Tu Q, Yu H, Yan L, Li Y, Lv L, Wang F, Iavarone A, Zhao X. A tree shrew glioblastoma model recapitulates features of human glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:17897-17907. [PMID: 28199986 PMCID: PMC5392295 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tupaia belangeri (tree shrew), an animal species whose genome has significantly higher similarity to primates than rodents, has been used in biomedical research. To generate animal models that reproduce the human tumors more faithfully than rodents, we present the first report of a cancer model mimicking human tumor genetics in tree shrew. By engineering a lentiviral system for the transduction of mutant H-Ras and a shRNA against tree shrew p53, we successfully generated malignant glioma in tree shrew. The tree shrew glioma exhibited aggressive behavior and a relatively short latency, and markedly reduced animal survival. Remarkably, the biological features of human high-grade glioma (necrosis, microvascular proliferation, pseudopalisading) were all present in tree shrew glioma. Furthermore, genetic analysis of tree shrew glioma revealed that the tumors were clustered within the mesenchymal subgroup of human glioblastoma multiforme. Compared with the corresponding mouse glioma, tree shrew gliomas were markedly more similar to human glioblastoma at gene expression profile. The tree shrew glioma model provides colleagues working in the field of gliomas and cancer in general with a more accurate animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Tong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Junjun Hao
- State Key Lab of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Qiu Tu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Hualin Yu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Lanzhen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.,Kunming Primate Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.,Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Longbao Lv
- Kunming Primate Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.,Kunming Primate Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shang W, Yang X, Ju X, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Lee WH. Characterization of an insulinotropic peptide from skin secretions of Odorrana andersonii. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:707-715. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Shang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650223 Yunnan China
- Institute of Health Sciences; Anhui University; 111 Jiulong Road 230601 Hefei China
| | - Xinwang Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science; Kunming Medical University; Kunming 650500 China
| | - Xiaoman Ju
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650223 Yunnan China
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical Science; Soochow University; 215123 Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Yueying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650223 Yunnan China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650223 Yunnan China
| | - Wen-Hui Lee
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650223 Yunnan China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu X, Yuan L, Yuan Q, Zhang Y, Wu K, Zhang T, Wu Y, Hou W, Wang T, Liu P, Shih JWK, Cheng T, Xia N. Detection and analysis of tupaia hepatocytes via mAbs against tupaia serum albumin. Exp Anim 2015; 65:117-23. [PMID: 26597317 PMCID: PMC4873480 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
On the basis of its close phylogenetic relationship with primates, the development of
Tupaia belangeri as an infection animal model and drug metabolism model
could provide a new option for preclinical studies, especially in hepatitis virus
research. As a replacement for primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), primary tupaia
hepatocytes (PTHs) have been widely used. Similar to human serum albumin, tupaia serum
albumin (TSA) is the most common liver synthesis protein and is an important biomarker for
PTHs and liver function. However, no detection or quantitative method for TSA has been
reported. In this study, mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 4G5 and 9H3 against TSA were
developed to recognize PTHs, and they did not show cross-reactivity with serum albumin
from common experimental animals, such as the mouse, rat, cow, rabbit, goat, monkey, and
chicken. The two mAbs also exhibited good performance in fluorescence activated cell
sorting (FACS) analysis and immunofluorescence (IF) detection of PTHs. A chemiluminescent
enzyme immune assay method using the two mAbs, with a linear range from 96.89 pg/ml to
49,609.38 pg/ml, was developed for the quantitative detection of TSA. The mAbs and the
CLEIA method provide useful tools for research on TSA and PTHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen W, Wu Y, Shimizu A, Lian Y, Tasaki M, Villani V, Moran S, Xia J, Yamada K, Qi Z. Rat-to-Chinese tree shrew heart transplantation is a novel small animal model to study non-Gal-mediated discordant xenograft humoral rejection. Xenotransplantation 2015; 22:468-75. [PMID: 26589781 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Since α-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GalT-KO) pigs became available, there has been an increasing interest in non-Gal natural antibody (nAb)-mediated xenograft rejection. To better understand mechanisms of non-Gal nAb-mediated rejection, a simple small animal model without gene manipulation would be extremely valuable. Here, we tested whether the Chinese tree shrew (CTS), which is a small-sized mammal that is phylogenetically close to primates, could serve as a model for discordant xenograft rejection. METHODS Study 1: Expression of α-Gal antigens in hearts and kidneys of CTSs and rats was assessed by IB4 lectin binding. Presence of anti-Gal and anti-non-Gal IgM and IgG nAb in CTS sera was tested by FACS using Gal+ and GalTKO PBMC as well as BSA-ELISA. Study 2: Rat hearts were transplanted into CTS recipients (group 1, n = 7), and CTS hearts were transplanted in rats [n = 10; seven received no immunosuppression (group 2) and three received FK506 + leflunomide (group 3)]. RESULTS Study 1: Both CTSs and rats had α-Gal expression in hearts and kidneys. ELISA showed CTSs do not have anti-Gal nAb, and flow cytometry indicated CTSs have anti-non-Gal IgM and IgG nAb in serum. Study 2: Rat hearts in CTSs were uniformly rejected within 35 mins, while CTS hearts in rats continued beating until day 5 without immunosuppression, and up to day 8 with immunosuppression. CONCLUSION Rat-to-CTS heart transplantation is a discordant xenotransplant model, CTS-to-Rat heart transplantation is a concordant xenotransplant model. CTSs are valuable small animals to study mechanisms and strategies to avoid non-Gal nAb-mediated xenograft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- WeiLi Chen
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - YinLong Lian
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Masayuki Tasaki
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vincenzo Villani
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shannon Moran
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - JunJie Xia
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Organ Replacement and Xenotransplantation Surgery, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science and Swine Research, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - ZhongQuan Qi
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection of Tree Shrews Differs from That of Mice in the Severity of Acute Infection and Viral Transcription in the Peripheral Nervous System. J Virol 2015; 90:790-804. [PMID: 26512084 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02258-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Studies of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections of humans are limited by the use of rodent models such as mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs. Tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) are small mammals indigenous to southwest Asia. At behavioral, anatomical, genomic, and evolutionary levels, tree shrews are much closer to primates than rodents are, and tree shrews are susceptible to HSV infection. Thus, we have studied herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection in the tree shrew trigeminal ganglion (TG) following ocular inoculation. In situ hybridization, PCR, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses confirm that HSV-1 latently infects neurons of the TG. When explant cocultivation of trigeminal ganglia was performed, the virus was recovered after 5 days of cocultivation with high efficiency. Swabbing the corneas of latently infected tree shrews revealed that tree shrews shed virus spontaneously at low frequencies. However, tree shrews differ significantly from mice in the expression of key HSV-1 genes, including ICP0, ICP4, and latency-associated transcript (LAT). In acutely infected tree shrew TGs, no level of ICP4 was observed, suggesting the absence of infection or a very weak, acute infection compared to that of the mouse. Immunofluorescence staining with ICP4 monoclonal antibody, and immunohistochemistry detection by HSV-1 polyclonal antibodies, showed a lack of viral proteins in tree shrew TGs during both acute and latent phases of infection. Cultivation of supernatant from homogenized, acutely infected TGs with RS1 cells also exhibited an absence of infectious HSV-1 from tree shrew TGs. We conclude that the tree shrew has an undetectable, or a much weaker, acute infection in the TGs. Interestingly, compared to mice, tree shrew TGs express high levels of ICP0 transcript in addition to LAT during latency. However, the ICP0 transcript remained nuclear, and no ICP0 protein could be seen during the course of mouse and tree shrew TG infections. Taken together, these observations suggest that the tree shrew TG infection differs significantly from the existing rodent models. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) establish lifelong infection in more than 80% of the human population, and their reactivation leads to oral and genital herpes. Currently, rodent models are the preferred models for latency studies. Rodents are distant from primates and may not fully represent human latency. The tree shrew is a small mammal, a prosimian primate, indigenous to southwest Asia. In an attempt to further develop the tree shrew as a useful model to study herpesvirus infection, we studied the establishment of latency and reactivation of HSV-1 in tree shrews following ocular inoculation. We found that the latent virus, which resides in the sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion, could be stress reactivated to produce infectious virus, following explant cocultivation and that spontaneous reactivation could be detected by cell culture of tears. Interestingly, the tree shrew model is quite different from the mouse model of HSV infection, in that the virus exhibited only a mild acute infection following inoculation with no detectable infectious virus from the sensory neurons. The mild infection may be more similar to human infection in that the sensory neurons continue to function after herpes reactivation and the affected skin tissue does not lose sensation. Our findings suggest that the tree shrew is a viable model to study HSV latency.
Collapse
|