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Tang YY, Xu WD, Fu L, Liu XY, Huang AF. Synergistic effects of BTN3A1, SHP2, CD274, and STAT3 gene polymorphisms on the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a multifactorial dimensional reduction analysis. Clin Rheumatol 2024; 43:489-499. [PMID: 37688767 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus is a complex autoimmune disorder, and evidence supports the significance of genetic polymorphisms in SLE genetic susceptibility. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of BTN3A1 (butyrophilin 3A1), SHP2 (Src homology-2 containing protein tyrosine phosphatase), CD274 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1), and STAT3 (signal transducer-activator of transcription 3) gene interactions on SLE risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred and ninety patients diagnosed with SLE and 370 healthy controls were recruited. A multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) approach was used to determine the epistasis among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the BTN3A1 (rs742090), SHP2 (rs58116261), CD174 (rs702275), and STAT3 (rs8078731) genes. The best risk prediction model was identified in terms of precision and cross-validation consistency. RESULTS Allele A and genotype AA were negatively related to genetic susceptibility of SLE for BTN3A1 rs742090 (OR = 0.788 (0.625-0.993), P = 0.044; OR = 0.604 (0.372-0.981), P = 0.040). For STAT3 rs8078731, allele A and genotype AA were positively related to the risk of SLE (OR = 1.307 (1.032-1.654), P = 0.026; OR = 1.752 (1.020-3.010), P = 0.041). MDR analysis revealed the most significant interaction between BTN3A1 rs742090 and SHP2 rs58116261. The best risk prediction model was a combination of BTN3A1 rs742090, SHP2 rs58116261, and STAT3 rs8078731 (accuracy = 0.5866, consistency = 10/10, OR = 1.9870 (1.5964-2.4731), P = 0.001). CONCLUSION These data indicate that risk prediction models formed by gene interactions (BTN3A1, SHP2, STAT3) can identify susceptible populations of SLE. Key Points • BTN3A1 rs742090 polymorphism was a protective factor for systemic lupus erythematosus, while STAT3 rs8078731 polymorphism was a risk factor. • There was a strong synergistic effect of BTN3A1 rs742090 and SHP2 rs58116261, and interaction among BTN3A1 rs742090, SHP2 rs58116261, and STAT3 rs8078731 constructed the best model to show association with SLE risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Tang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lu Fu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - An-Fang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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Hendriks WJAJ, van Cruchten RTP, Pulido R. Hereditable variants of classical protein tyrosine phosphatase genes: Will they prove innocent or guilty? Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1051311. [PMID: 36755664 PMCID: PMC9900141 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1051311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases, together with protein tyrosine kinases, control many molecular signaling steps that control life at cellular and organismal levels. Impairing alterations in the genes encoding the involved proteins is expected to profoundly affect the quality of life-if compatible with life at all. Here, we review the current knowledge on the effects of germline variants that have been reported for genes encoding a subset of the protein tyrosine phosphatase superfamily; that of the thirty seven classical members. The conclusion must be that the newest genome research tools produced an avalanche of data that suggest 'guilt by association' for individual genes to specific disorders. Future research should face the challenge to investigate these accusations thoroughly and convincingly, to reach a mature genotype-phenotype map for this intriguing protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiljan J. A. J. Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,*Correspondence: Wiljan J. A. J. Hendriks,
| | | | - Rafael Pulido
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Wang H, Wang W, Xue Y, Aweya JJ, Yang X, Zhu Z. Functional STR within PTPN11: a novel potential risk factor for colorectal cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:11710-11716. [PMID: 31966531 PMCID: PMC6966064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PTPN11 was previously regarded as a proto-oncogene, but recent reports have found that it acts as a tumor repressor in hepatocellular carcinogenesis and a prognostic predictor for colorectal carcinoma (CRC), although, its role in colorectal carcinogenesis is still unclear. This hospital-based case-control study with 830 CRC cases and 878 controls was carried out to determine the effect of the short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphism, located in the 3'UTR, on CRC risk in the study population of Chinese adults. Distribution of the genotypic frequency between CRC cases and controls in the Xuzhou study center revealed that the risk of CRC decreased as the repeat numbers increased. Compared with the 11/12 genotype, those with the 13/14 genotype were conferred reduced risk of CRC (OR=0.74, 95% CI=0.59-0.95, P=0.02), while carriers with the 15/16 genotype showed a marked reduction in CRC risk (OR=0.50, 95% CI=0.34-0.74, P=0.0004). A similar trend in genotype and allelic frequency was also observed in the Suining study center as well as in the pooled results. Using RT-qPCR analysis, longer alleles were found to upregulate the expression of PTPN11 in both tumor tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues, with the expression of PTPN11 in non-CRC tissues observed to be 2.5-fold higher than those of CRC tissues. In the gain-of-function in vitro studies, it was found that constructs with allele 14 had the highest luciferase expression, while the allele 12 constructs had much lower expression, indicating that the STR polymorphism could influence the transcriptional activity and therefore was able to modulate PTPN11 expression. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the STR polymorphism located in PTPN11 modulates colorectal carcinogenesis probably through a motif change in the 3'UTR. Further studies with more study centers and the inclusion of other ethnic Chinese populations would have to be carried in the future so as to substantiate this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Wang
- New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy Key Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Genetics, College of Biomedical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital of Development ZoneHeze, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanzhi Xue
- Department of General Surgery, Shehong Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSuining, Sichuan, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhansheng Zhu
- Department of Pathology, College of Biomedical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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An insertion/deletion polymorphism within 3'UTR of RYR2 modulates sudden unexplained death risk in Chinese populations. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 270:165-172. [PMID: 27987400 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sudden unexplained death (SUD) constitutes a part of the overall sudden death that can not be underestimated. Over the last years, genetic testing on SUD has revealed that inherited channelopathies might play important roles in the pathophysiology of this disease. Ryanodine receptor type-2 (RYR2) is a kind of ion channel extensively distributed in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of myocardium. Studies on RYR2 have suggested that either dysfunction or abnormal expression of it could lead to arrhythmia, which may cause cardiac arrest. In this study, we conducted a case-control study to evaluate the association of a 4-base pair (4-bp) Indel polymorphism (rs10692285) in the 3'UTR of RYR2 with the risk of SUD and sudden cardiac death induced by coronary heart disease (SCD-AS) in a Chinese population. Logistic regression analysis showed that the insertion allele of rs10692285 had significantly increased the risk of SUD [OR=2.03; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.08-3.77; P=0.0161; statistical power=0.743]. No relevance was observed between rs10692285 and SCD-AS. Further genotype-phenotype association analysis suggested that the expression level of RYR2 in human myocardium tissues with the insertion allele was higher than that with the deletion allele at both mRNA and protein levels. Dual-Luciferase activity assay system was used to detect the effect of rs10692285 on the transcription activity of RYR2. As expected, the result indicated that the transcription activity of RYR2 with the ins/ins genotype was higher than that with the del/del genotype. Finally, in-silico prediction revealed that different alleles of rs10692285 could alter the local structure of RYR2 mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) binding. In summary, our findings provided evidence that rs10692285 might contribute to SUD susceptibility through affecting the expression of RYR2, which suggest that abnormal ion channel activity is very likely to be the underlying mechanism of SUD, but not for SCD-AS. Thus, rs10692285 may become a potential marker for molecular diagnosis and genetic counseling of SUD.
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Li JJ, Luo J, Lu JN, Liang XN, Luo YH, Liu YR, Yang J, Ding H, Qin GH, Yang LH, Dang YW, Yang H, Chen G. Relationship between TRAF6 and deterioration of HCC: an immunohistochemical and in vitro study. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:76. [PMID: 27708550 PMCID: PMC5041287 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the relationship between tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and the clinicopathological features in HCC as well as its biological function. Methods Totally, 412 liver tissues were collected, including 171 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their corresponding non-tumor tissues, 37 cirrhosis and 33 normal liver tissues. The expression of TRAF6 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Then, analysis of the correlations between TRAF6 expression and clinicopathological parameters in HCC was conducted. Furtherer, in vitro experiments on HepG2 and Hep3B cells were performed to validate the biological function of TRAF6 on HCC cells. TRAF6 siRNA was transfected into HepG2 and Hep3B cell lines and TRAF6 expression was evaluated with RT-qPCR and western blot. The assays of cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis and caspase-3/7 activity were carried out to investigate the effects of TRAF6 on HCC cells with RNA interference. Cell viability was assessed with Cell Titer-Blue kit. Cell proliferation was tested with MTS kit. Cell apoptosis was checked through morphologic detection with fluorescence microscope, as well as caspase-3/7 activity was measured with fluorogenic substrate detection. Results The positive expression rate of TRAF6 protein was 49.7 % in HCC, significantly higher than that of normal liver (12.1 %), cirrhosis (21.6 %) and adjacent non-cancerous tissues (36.3 %, all P < 0.05). Upregulated TRAF6 was detected in groups with metastasis (Z = −2.058, P = 0.04) and with low micro-vessel density (MVD) expression (Z = −2.813, P = 0.005). Spearman correlation analysis further showed that the expression of TRAF6 was positively correlated with distant metastasis (r = 0.158, P = 0.039) and negatively associated with MVD (r = −0.249, P = 0.004). Besides, knock-down of TRAF6 mRNA in HCC cell lines HepG2 and Hep3B both resulted in cell viability and proliferation inhibition, also cell apoptosis induction and caspase-3/7 activity activation. Conclusions TRAF6 may contribute to metastasis and deterioration of the HCC via influencing cell growth and apoptosis. Thus, TRAF6 might become a predictive and therapeutic biomarker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Western Branch, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ning Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Na Liang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Huan Luo
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ru Liu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Ding
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Hui Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Wu Dang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
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Coulombe G, Rivard N. New and Unexpected Biological Functions for the Src-Homology 2 Domain-Containing Phosphatase SHP-2 in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 2:11-21. [PMID: 28174704 PMCID: PMC4980741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SHP-2 is a tyrosine phosphatase expressed in most embryonic and adult tissues. SHP-2 regulates many cellular functions including growth, differentiation, migration, and survival. Genetic and biochemical evidence show that SHP-2 is required for rat sarcoma viral oncogene/extracellular signal-regulated kinases mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation by most tyrosine kinase receptors, as well as by G-protein-coupled and cytokine receptors. In addition, SHP-2 can regulate the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription, nuclear factor-κB, phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase/Akt, RhoA, Hippo, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Emerging evidence has shown that SHP-2 dysfunction represents a key factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases, in particular in chronic inflammation and cancer. Variations within the gene locus encoding SHP-2 have been associated with increased susceptibility to develop ulcerative colitis and gastric atrophy. Furthermore, mice with conditional deletion of SHP-2 in intestinal epithelial cells rapidly develop severe colitis. Similarly, hepatocyte-specific deletion of SHP-2 induces hepatic inflammation, resulting in regenerative hyperplasia and development of tumors in aged mice. However, the SHP-2 gene initially was suggested to be a proto-oncogene because activating mutations of this gene were found in pediatric leukemias and certain forms of liver and colon cancers. Moreover, SHP-2 expression is up-regulated in gastric and hepatocellular cancers. Notably, SHP-2 functions downstream of cytotoxin-associated antigen A (CagA), the major virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori, and is associated with increased risks of gastric cancer. Further compounding this complexity, most recent findings suggest that SHP-2 also coordinates carbohydrate, lipid, and bile acid synthesis in the liver and pancreas. This review aims to summarize current knowledge and recent data regarding the biological functions of SHP-2 in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Key Words
- CagA, cytotoxin-associated gene A
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- GI, gastrointestinal
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cell
- JMML, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
- KO, knockout
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- PI3K, phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase
- PTP, protein tyrosine phosphatase
- PTPN11
- RAS, rat sarcoma viral oncogene
- epithelium
- gastrointestinal cancer
- inflammation
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathalie Rivard
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Nathalie Rivard, PhD, 3201, Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1E4K8.3201Jean Mignault, SherbrookeQuebecCanada, J1E4K8
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Han T, Xiang DM, Sun W, Liu N, Sun HL, Wen W, Shen WF, Wang RY, Chen C, Wang X, Cheng Z, Li HY, Wu MC, Cong WM, Feng GS, Ding J, Wang HY. PTPN11/Shp2 overexpression enhances liver cancer progression and predicts poor prognosis of patients. J Hepatol 2015; 63:651-60. [PMID: 25865556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We have previously reported that Shp2, a tyrosine phosphatase previously known as a pro-leukemogenic molecule, suppresses the initiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of Shp2 in HCC progression remains obscure. METHODS Shp2 expression was determined in human HCC using real-time PCR, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Clinical significance of Shp2 expression was analyzed in 301 HCC tissues with clinico-pathological characteristics and follow-up information. Short hairpin RNA was utilized to investigate the function of Shp2 in hepatoma cell behavior. Role of Shp2 in HCC progression was monitored through nude mice xenograft assay. Kinase activity assay and co-immunoprecipitation were used for mechanism analysis. RESULTS Elevated expression of Shp2 was detected in 65.9% (394/598) of human HCCs, and its levels were even higher in metastasized foci. Overexpression of Shp2 correlated well with the malignant clinico-pathological characteristics of HCC and predicted the poor prognosis of patients. Interference of Shp2 expression suppressed the proliferation of hepatoma cells in vitro and inhibited the growth of HCC xenografts in vivo. Down-regulation of Shp2 attenuated the adhesion and migration of hepatoma cells and diminished metastasized HCC formation in mice. Our data demonstrated that Shp2 promotes HCC growth and metastasis by coordinately activating Ras/Raf/Erk pathway and PI3-K/Akt/mTOR cascade. Moreover, down-regulation of Shp2 enhanced the sensitivity of hepatoma cells upon sorafenib treatment, and patients with low Shp2 expression exhibited superior prognosis to sorafenib. CONCLUSIONS Shp2 promotes the progression of HCC and may serve as a prognostic biomarker for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Han
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dai-Min Xiang
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wen Sun
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Na Liu
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huan-Lin Sun
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wen Wen
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei-Feng Shen
- The Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Wang
- The Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xue Wang
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhuo Cheng
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Heng-Yu Li
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meng-Chao Wu
- The Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wen-Ming Cong
- The Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jin Ding
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 200433, China.
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