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Greguš M, Ivanov AR, Wilson SR. Ultralow flow liquid chromatography and related approaches: A focus on recent bioanalytical applications. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300440. [PMID: 37528733 PMCID: PMC11087205 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultralow flow LC employs ultra-narrow bore columns and mid-range pL/min to low nL/min flow rates (i.e., ≤20 nL/min). The separation columns that are used under these conditions are typically 2-30 μm in inner diameter. Ultralow flow LC systems allow for exceptionally high sensitivity and frequently high resolution. There has been an increasing interest in the analysis of scarce biological samples, for example, circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, organelles, and single cells, and ultralow flow LC was efficiently applied to such samples. Hence, advances towards dedicated ultralow flow LC instrumentation, technical approaches, and higher throughput (e.g., tens-to-hundreds of single cells analyzed per day) were recently made. Here, we review the types of ultralow flow LC technology, followed by a discussion of selected representative ultralow flow LC applications, focusing on the progress made in bioanalysis of amount-limited samples during the last 10 years. We also discuss several recently reported high-sensitivity applications utilizing flow rates up to 100 nL/min, which are below commonly used nanoLC flow rates. Finally, we discuss the path forward for future developments of ultralow flow LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Greguš
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander R. Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Borsatto JVB, Lanças FM. Recent Trends in Graphene-Based Sorbents for LC Analysis of Food and Environmental Water Samples. Molecules 2023; 28:5134. [PMID: 37446796 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of recent advancements in applying graphene-based materials as sorbents for liquid chromatography (LC) analysis. Graphene-based materials are promising for analytical chemistry, including applications as sorbents in liquid chromatography. These sorbents can be functionalized to produce unique extraction or stationary phases. Additionally, graphene-based sorbents can be supported in various materials and have consequently been applied to produce various devices for sample preparation. Graphene-based sorbents are employed in diverse applications, including food and environmental LC analysis. This review summarizes the application of graphene-based materials in food and environmental water analysis in the last five years (2019 to 2023). Offline and online sample preparation methods, such as dispersive solid phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, pipette tip solid phase extraction, in-tube solid-phase microextraction, and others, are reviewed. The review also summarizes the application of the columns produced with graphene-based materials in separating food and water components and contaminants. Graphene-based materials have been reported as stationary phases for LC columns. Graphene-based stationary phases have been reported in packed, monolithic, and open tubular columns and have been used in LC and capillary electrochromatography modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V B Borsatto
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry at Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, P.O. Box 780, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Lanças
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry at Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, P.O. Box 780, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
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3
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Aydoğan C, Beltekin B, Alharthi S, Ağca CA, Erdoğan İY. Nano-liquid chromatography with monolithic stationary phase based on naphthyl monomer for proteomics analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1690:463804. [PMID: 36689803 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic poly(2-vinylnaphthalene-co-divinylbenzene) columns were introduced, for the first time, and were evaluated as the separation media for nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC). These columns were prepared by in-situ polymerization of 2-vinylnaphthalene (2-VNA) as the functional monomer and divinylbenzene (DVB) as the crosslinker in a fused silica capillary column of 50 µm i.d. Various porogenic solvents, including tetrahydrofuran (THF), dodecanol and toluene were used for morphology optimization. Final monolithic column (referred to as VNA column) was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chromatographic analyses. Alkylbenzenes (ABs), and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were separated using the VNA column while the column offered excellent hydrophobic and π-π interactions under reversed-phase conditions. Theoretical plates number up to 41,200 plates/m in isocratic mode for ethylbenzene could be achieved. The potential of the final VNA column was demonstrated with a gradient elution in the separation of six intact proteins, including ribonuclease A (RNase A), cytochrome C (Cyt C), lysozyme (Lys), β-lactoglobulin (β-lac), myoglobin (My) and α-chymotrypsinogen (α-chym) in nano LC system. The column was then applied to the peptide analysis of trypsin digested cytochrome C, allowing a high peak capacity up to 1440 and the further proteomics analysis of COS-7 cell line was attempted applying the final monolithic column in nano-LC UV system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Aydoğan
- Food Analysis and Research Laboratory, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye; Department of Food Engineering, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye; Department of Chemistry, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye.
| | - Büşra Beltekin
- Food Analysis and Research Laboratory, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye
| | - Sarah Alharthi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Can Ali Ağca
- Department of Molecular Biology, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye
| | - İbrahim Y Erdoğan
- Department of Chemistry, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye; Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye
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4
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Rainer T, Egger AS, Zeindl R, Tollinger M, Kwiatkowski M, Müller T. 3D-Printed High-Pressure-Resistant Immobilized Enzyme Microreactor (μIMER) for Protein Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8580-8587. [PMID: 35678765 PMCID: PMC9218953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Additive manufacturing
(3D printing) has greatly revolutionized
the way researchers approach certain technical challenges. Despite
its outstanding print quality and resolution, stereolithography (SLA)
printing is cost-effective and relatively accessible. However, applications
involving mass spectrometry (MS) are few due to residual oligomers
and additives leaching from SLA-printed devices that interfere with
MS analyses. We identified the crosslinking agent urethane dimethacrylate
as the main contaminant derived from SLA prints. A stringent washing
and post-curing protocol mitigated sample contamination and rendered
SLA prints suitable for MS hyphenation. Thereafter, SLA printing was
used to produce 360 μm I.D. microcolumn chips with excellent
structural properties. By packing the column with polystyrene microspheres
and covalently immobilizing pepsin, an exceptionally effective microscale
immobilized enzyme reactor (μIMER) was created. Implemented
in an online liquid chromatography-MS/MS setup, the protease microcolumn
enabled reproducible protein digestion and peptide mapping with 100%
sequence coverage obtained for three different recombinant proteins.
Additionally, when assessing the μIMER digestion efficiency
for complex proteome samples, it delivered a 144-fold faster and significantly
more efficient protein digestion compared to 24 h for bulk digestion.
The 3D-printed μIMER withstands remarkably high pressures above
130 bar and retains its activity for several weeks. This versatile
platform will enable researchers to produce tailored polymer-based
enzyme reactors for various applications in analytical chemistry and
beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Rainer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Sophia Egger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ricarda Zeindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Tollinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marcel Kwiatkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Şeker S, Alharthi S, Aydoğan C. Open tubular nano-liquid chromatography with a new polylysine grafted on graphene oxide stationary phase for the separation and determination of casein protein variants in milk. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1667:462885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wouters B, Currivan S, Abdulhussain N, Hankemeier T, Schoenmakers P. Immobilized-enzyme reactors integrated into analytical platforms: Recent advances and challenges. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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McKitterick N, Bicak TC, Switnicka-Plak MA, Cormack PAG, Reubsaet L, Halvorsen TG. On-line duplex molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for analysis of low-abundant biomarkers in human serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462490. [PMID: 34479097 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a pair of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) targeting distinct peptide targets were packed into trap columns and combined for automated duplex analysis of two low abundant small cell lung cancer biomarkers (neuron-specific enolase [NSE] and progastrin-releasing peptide [ProGRP]). Optimization of the on-line molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) protocol ensured that the MIPs had the necessary affinity and selectivity towards their respective signature peptide targets - NLLGLIEAK (ProGRP) and ELPLYR (NSE) - in serum. Two duplex formats were evaluated: a physical mixture of the two MIPs (1:1 w/w ratio) inside a single trap column, and two separate MIP trap columns connected in series. Both duplex formats enabled the extraction of the peptides from serum. However, the trap columns in series gave superior extraction efficiency (85.8±3.8% and 49.1±6.7% for NLLGLIEAK and ELPLYR, respectively). The optimized protocol showed satisfactory intraday (RSD≤23.4 %) and interday (RSD≤14.6%) precision. Duplex analysis of NSE and ProGRP spiked into digested human serum was linear (R2≥0.98) over the disease range (0.3-30 nM). The estimated limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.11 nM and 0.37 nM, respectively, for NSE, and 0.06 nM and 0.2 nM, respectively, for ProGRP. Both biomarkers were determined at clinically relevant levels. To the best of our knowledge, the present work is the first report of an automated MIP duplex biomarker analysis. It represents a proof of concept for clinically viable duplex analysis of low abundant biomarkers present in human serum or other biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas McKitterick
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tugrul Cem Bicak
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, UK
| | - Magdalena A Switnicka-Plak
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter A G Cormack
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, UK.
| | - Léon Reubsaet
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Grønhaug Halvorsen
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Røberg-Larsen H, Lundanes E, Nyman TA, Berven FS, Wilson SR. Liquid chromatography, a key tool for the advancement of single-cell omics analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1178:338551. [PMID: 34482862 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis can allow for an in-depth understanding of diseases, diagnostics, and aid the development of therapeutics. However, single-cell analysis is challenging, as samples are both extremely limited in size and complex. But the concept is gaining promise, much due to novel sample preparation approaches and the ever-improving field of mass spectrometry. The mass spectrometer's output is often linked to the preceding compound separation step, typically being liquid chromatography (LC). In this review, we focus on LC's role in single-cell omics. Particle-packed nano LC columns (typically 50-100 μm inner diameter) have traditionally been the tool of choice for limited samples, and are also used for single cells. Several commercial products and systems are emerging with single cells in mind, featuring particle-packed columns or miniaturized pillar array systems. In addition, columns with inner diameters as narrow as 2 μm are being explored to maximize sensitivity. Hence, LC column down-scaling is a key focus in single-cell analysis. But narrow columns are associated with considerable technical challenges, while single cell analysis may be expected to become a "routine" service, requiring higher degrees of robustness and throughput. These challenges and expectations will increase the need and attention for the development (and even the reinvention) of alternative nano LC column formats. Therefore, monolith columns and even open tubular columns may finally find their "killer-application" in single cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Frode S Berven
- Department of Biomedicine, Proteomics Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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9
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Vargas Medina DA, Pereira Dos Santos NG, da Silva Burato JS, Borsatto JVB, Lanças FM. An overview of open tubular liquid chromatography with a focus on the coupling with mass spectrometry for the analysis of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461989. [PMID: 33611115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Open tubular liquid chromatography (OT-LC) can provide superior chromatographic performance and more favorable mass spectrometry (MS) detection conditions. These features could provide enhanced sensitivity when coupled with electrospray ionization sources (ESI-) and lead to unprecedented detection capabilities if interfaced with a highly structural informative electron ionization (EI) source. In the past, the exploitation of OT columns in liquid chromatography evolved slowly. However, the recent instrumental developments in capillary/nanoLC-MS created new opportunities in developing and applying OT-LC-MS. Currently, the analytical advantages of OT-LC-MS are mainly exploited in the fields of proteomics and biosciences analysis. Nevertheless, under the right conditions, OT-LC-MS can also offer superior chromatographic performance and enhanced sensitivity in analyzing small molecules. This review will provide an overview of the latest developments in OT-LC-MS, focusing on the wide variety of employed separation mechanisms, innovative stationary phases, emerging column fabrication technologies, and new OT formats. In the same way, the OT-LC's opportunities and shortcomings coupled to both ESI and EI will be discussed, highlighting the complementary character of those two ionization modes to expand the LC's detection boundaries in the performance of targeted and untargeted studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Ali F, Cheong WJ, Rafique A, AlOthman ZA, Sadia M, Muhammad M. Particle packed mixed-mode chromatographic stationary phase for the separation of peptide in liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1430-1439. [PMID: 33492780 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A particle-based stationary phase has been prepared for the separation of five synthetic peptides and a mixture containing tryptic digest of cytochrome C in liquid chromatography. Particles originating from silica monolith were differentially sedimented to obtain 1-2 μm particles. A stationary phase was achieved by the coating of poly(styrene-methacrylic acid-N-phenylacrylamide) copolymer onto the particles via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization reaction. Stainless steel column (30 cm long and 1 mm internal diameter) was packed with stationary phase. Very high separation efficiency (ca. 351 000 plates/m) was achieved for five commercial peptides with a percent relative standard deviation of less than 1%. Protocol for the synthesis and modification of silica monolith particles has been well optimized with a good reproducibility both in particle and pore size. The column resolved about 21 peptide components from a mixture containing tryptic digest of cytochrome C, under the elution conditions of acetonitrile/15 mM ammonium format (65/35 v/v%) with a flow rate of 28 μL/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.,Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Won Jo Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Aamra Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of The Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Zeid A AlOthman
- Advanced Materials Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Sadia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mian Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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11
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Olsen C, Skottvoll FS, Brandtzaeg OK, Schnaars C, Rongved P, Lundanes E, Wilson SR. Investigating Monoliths (Vinyl Azlactone-co-Ethylene Dimethacrylate) as a Support for Enzymes and Drugs, for Proteomics and Drug-Target Studies. Front Chem 2019; 7:835. [PMID: 31850321 PMCID: PMC6902630 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to mass spectrometry, on-line sample preparation can be beneficial to reduce manual steps, increase speed, and enable analysis of limited sample amounts. For example, bottom-up proteomics sample preparation and analysis can be accelerated by digesting proteins to peptides in an on-line enzyme reactor. We here focus on low-backpressure 100 μm inner diameter (ID) × 160 mm, 180 μm ID × 110 mm or 250 μm ID × 140 mm vinyl azlactone-co-ethylene dimethacrylate [poly(VDM-co-EDMA)] monoliths as supports for immobilizing of additional molecules (i.e., proteases or drugs), as the monolith was expected to have few unspecific interactions. For on-line protein digestion, monolith supports immobilized with trypsin enzyme were found to be suited, featuring the expected characteristics of the material, i.e., low backpressure and low carry-over. Serving as a functionalized sample loop, the monolith units were very simple to connect on-line with liquid chromatography. However, for on-line target deconvolution, the monolithic support immobilized with a Wnt pathway inhibitor was associated with numerous secondary interactions when exploring the possibility of selectively trapping target proteins by drug-target interactions. Our initial observations suggest that (poly(VDM-co-EDMA)) monoliths are promising for e.g., on-line bottom-up proteomics, but not a "fit-for-all" material. We also discuss issues related to the repeatability of monolith-preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christian Schnaars
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Rongved
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Lin A, Sved Skottvoll F, Rayner S, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Sullivan G, Krauss S, Ray Wilson S, Harrison S. 3D cell culture models and organ-on-a-chip: Meet separation science and mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:56-64. [PMID: 31544246 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vitro derived simplified 3D representations of human organs or organ functionalities are predicted to play a major role in disease modeling, drug development, and personalized medicine, as they complement traditional cell line approaches and animal models. The cells for 3D organ representations may be derived from primary tissues, embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells and come in a variety of formats from aggregates of individual or mixed cell types, self-organizing in vitro developed "organoids" and tissue mimicking chips. Microfluidic devices that allow long-term maintenance and combination with other tissues, cells or organoids are commonly referred to as "microphysiological" or "organ-on-a-chip" systems. Organ-on-a-chip technology allows a broad range of "on-chip" and "off-chip" analytical techniques, whereby "on-chip" techniques offer the possibility of real time tracking and analysis. In the rapidly expanding tool kit for real time analytical assays, mass spectrometry, combined with "on-chip" electrophoresis, and other separation approaches offer attractive emerging tools. In this review, we provide an overview of current 3D cell culture models, a compendium of current analytical strategies, and we make a case for new approaches for integrating separation science and mass spectrometry in this rapidly expanding research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Lin
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Frøydis Sved Skottvoll
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon Rayner
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gareth Sullivan
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Unit for Cell Signaling, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sean Harrison
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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13
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Ahmed MA, Felisilda BMB, Quirino JP. Recent advancements in open-tubular liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography during 2014-2018. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1088:20-34. [PMID: 31623713 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review critically discusses the developments on open-tubular liquid chromatography (OT-LC) and open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) during 2014-2018. An appropriate Scopus search revealed 5 reviews, 4 theoretical papers on open-tubular format chromatography, 29 OT-LC articles, 68 OT-CEC articles and 4 OT-LC/OT-CEC articles, indicating a sustained interest in these areas. The open-tubular format typically uses a capillary column with inner walls that are coated with an ample layer or coating of solid stationary phase material. The ratio between the capillary internal diameter and coating thickness (CID/CT) is ideally ≤ 100 for appropriate chromatographic retention. We, therefore, approximated the CID/CT ratios and found that 22 OT-LC papers have CID/CT ratios ≤100. The other 7 OT-LC papers have CID/CT ratio >100 but have clearly demonstrated chromatographic retention. These 29 papers utilised reversed phase or ion exchange mechanisms using known or innovative solid stationary phase materials (e.g. metal organic frameworks), stationary pseudophases from ionic surfactants or porous supports. On the other hand, we found that 68 OT-CEC papers, 7 OT-LC papers and 4 OT-LC & OT-CEC papers have CID/CT ratios >100. Notably, 44 papers (42 OT-CEC and 2 OT-LC & OT-CEC) did not report the retention factor and/or effective electrophoretic mobility of analytes. Considering all covered papers, the most popular activity was on the development of new chromatographic materials as coatings. However, we encourage OT-CEC researchers to not only characterise changes in the electroosmotic flow but also verify the interaction of the analytes with the coating. In addition, the articles reported were largely driven by stationary phase or support development and not by practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Adel Ahmed
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Bren Mark B Felisilda
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia.
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14
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Lam SC, Sanz Rodriguez E, Haddad PR, Paull B. Recent advances in open tubular capillary liquid chromatography. Analyst 2019; 144:3464-3482. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00329k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review covers advances and applications of open tubular capillary liquid chromatography (OT-LC) over the period 2007–2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Chung Lam
- ASTech
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Tasmania
| | - Estrella Sanz Rodriguez
- ASTech
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Tasmania
| | - Paul R. Haddad
- ASTech
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Tasmania
| | - Brett Paull
- ASTech
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Tasmania
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15
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Abstract
Nano liquid chromatography (nanoLC), with columns having an inner diameter (ID) of ≤100 μm, can provide enhanced sensitivity and enable analysis of limited samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- Oslo
- Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence
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16
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Levernæs MCS, Brandtzaeg OK, Amundsen SF, Reubsaet L, Lundanes E, Halvorsen TG, Wilson SR. Selective Fishing for Peptides with Antibody-Immobilized Acrylate Monoliths, Coupled Online with NanoLC-MS. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13860-13866. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maren C. S. Levernæs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316, Norway
| | | | - Sunniva Furre Amundsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316, Norway
| | - Léon Reubsaet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316, Norway
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine G. Halvorsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316, Norway
| | - Steven R. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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17
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Naldi M, Tramarin A, Bartolini M. Immobilized enzyme-based analytical tools in the -omics era: Recent advances. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:222-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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18
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Skjærvø Ø, Halvorsen TG, Reubsaet L. Smart blood spots for whole blood protein analysis. Analyst 2018; 143:3184-3190. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A reactor for whole blood sampling integrated with instant protein digestion in a “lab-on-paper” format is introduced here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Skjærvø
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Oslo
- NO-0316 Oslo
- Norway
| | | | - Léon Reubsaet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Oslo
- NO-0316 Oslo
- Norway
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19
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LI RN, WANG YN, PENG MH, WANG XY, GUO GS. Preparation and Application of Porous Layer Open Tubular Capillary Columns with Narrow Bore in Liquid Chromatography. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(17)61057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Yi L, Piehowski PD, Shi T, Smith RD, Qian WJ. Advances in microscale separations towards nanoproteomics applications. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:40-48. [PMID: 28765000 PMCID: PMC6042839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Microscale separation (e.g., liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) has become the primary tool for advanced proteomics, an indispensable technology for gaining understanding of complex biological processes. In recent decades significant advances have been achieved in MS-based proteomics. However, the current proteomics platforms still face an analytical challenge in overall sensitivity towards nanoproteomics applications for starting materials of less than 1μg total proteins (e.g., cellular heterogeneity in tissue pathologies). Herein, we review recent advances in microscale separation techniques and integrated sample processing strategies that improve the overall sensitivity and proteome coverage of the proteomics workflow, and their contributions towards nanoproteomics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Yi
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Paul D Piehowski
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Tujin Shi
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States.
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21
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An automated and self-cleaning nano liquid chromatography mass spectrometry platform featuring an open tubular multi-hole crystal fiber solid phase extraction column and an open tubular separation column. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1518:104-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Lynch KB, Chen A, Liu S. Miniaturized high-performance liquid chromatography instrumentation. Talanta 2017; 177:94-103. [PMID: 29108588 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturized high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has attracted increasing attention for its potential in high-throughput analyses and point-of-care applications. In this review we highlight the recent advancements in HPLC system miniaturization. We focus on the major components that constitute these instruments along with their respective advantages and drawbacks as well as present a few representative miniaturized HPLC systems. We discuss briefly some of the applications and also anticipate the future development trends of these instrumental platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B Lynch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, USA.
| | - Apeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, USA
| | - Shaorong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, USA
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23
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Brandtzaeg OK, Røen BT, Enger S, Lundanes E, Wilson SR. Multichannel Open Tubular Enzyme Reactor Online Coupled with Mass Spectrometry for Detecting Ricin. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8667-8673. [PMID: 28783436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For counterterrorism purposes, a selective nano liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS) platform was developed for detecting the highly lethal protein ricin from castor bean extract. Manual sample preparation steps were omitted by implementing a trypsin/Lys-C enzyme-immobilized multichannel reactor (MCR) consisting of 126 channels (8 μm inner diameter in all channels) that performed online digestion of proteins (5 min reaction time, instead of 4-16 h in previous in-solution methods). Reduction and alkylation steps were not required. The MCR allowed identification of ricin by signature peptides in all targeted mode injections performed, with a complete absence of carry-over in blank injections. The MCRs (interior volume ≈ 1 μL) have very low backpressure, allowing for trivial online coupling with commercial nanoLC-MS systems. The open tubular nature of the MCRs allowed for repeatable within/between-reactor preparation and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bent-Tore Røen
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) , P.O. Box 25, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Siri Enger
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) , P.O. Box 25, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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24
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Vehus T. Performing Quantitative Determination of Low-Abundant Proteins by Targeted Mass Spectrometry Liquid Chromatography. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.68713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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25
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Piehowski PD, Zhao R, Moore RJ, Clair G, Ansong C. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Mass Limited Tissue Samples for Spatially Resolved Tissue Profiling. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1788:269-277. [PMID: 28980276 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2017_78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, proteomic studies have been carried out on whole tissues or organs enabling the profiling of thousands of proteins within a single LC-MS analysis. A disadvantage of this approach is that proteomes generated from whole tissues are an "average" that represents a blend of cell types and distinct anatomical regions which can obscure important biological phenomena. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is an elegant method that allows tissue features of interest, as small as a single cell, to be identified and isolated for downstream analysis. Herein we describe an approach that utilizes an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) coupled directly to nanoLC-MS/MS for highly sensitive, automated, quantitative proteomic analysis of the microscopic tissue specimens generated by LCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Piehowski
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ronald J Moore
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Geremy Clair
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Charles Ansong
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
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26
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Clair G, Piehowski PD, Nicola T, Kitzmiller JA, Huang EL, Zink EM, Sontag RL, Orton DJ, Moore RJ, Carson JP, Smith RD, Whitsett JA, Corley RA, Ambalavanan N, Ansong C. Spatially-Resolved Proteomics: Rapid Quantitative Analysis of Laser Capture Microdissected Alveolar Tissue Samples. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39223. [PMID: 28004771 PMCID: PMC5177886 DOI: 10.1038/srep39223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Laser capture microdissection (LCM)-enabled region-specific tissue analyses are critical to better understand complex multicellular processes. However, current proteomics workflows entail several manual sample preparation steps and are challenged by the microscopic mass-limited samples generated by LCM, impacting measurement robustness, quantification and throughput. Here, we coupled LCM with a proteomics workflow that provides fully automated analysis of proteomes from microdissected tissues. Benchmarking against the current state-of-the-art in ultrasensitive global proteomics (FASP workflow), our approach demonstrated significant improvements in quantification (~2-fold lower variance) and throughput (>5 times faster). Using our approach we for the first time characterized, to a depth of >3,400 proteins, the ontogeny of protein changes during normal lung development in microdissected alveolar tissue containing only 4,000 cells. Our analysis revealed seven defined modules of coordinated transcription factor-signaling molecule expression patterns, suggesting a complex network of temporal regulatory control directs normal lung development with epigenetic regulation fine-tuning pre-natal developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geremy Clair
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Paul D Piehowski
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Teodora Nicola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA
| | - Joseph A Kitzmiller
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Eric L Huang
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Erika M Zink
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Ryan L Sontag
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Daniel J Orton
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Ronald J Moore
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - James P Carson
- Texas Advanced Computing Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Richard A Corley
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | | | - Charles Ansong
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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27
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Moore S, Hess S, Jorgenson J. Characterization of an immobilized enzyme reactor for on-line protein digestion. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1476:1-8. [PMID: 27876348 PMCID: PMC5136339 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the developments for faster liquid chromatographic and mass spectral detection techniques, the standard in-solution protein digestion for proteomic analyses has remained relatively unchanged. The typical in-solution trypsin protein digestion is usually the slowest part of the workflow, albeit one of the most important. The development of a highly efficient immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) with rapid performance for on-line protein digestion would greatly decrease the analysis time involved in a proteomic workflow. Presented here is the development of a silica based IMER for on-line protein digestion, which produced rapid digestions in the presence of organic mobile phase for both model proteins and a complex sample consisting of the insoluble portion of a yeast cell lysate. Protein sequence coverage and identifications evaluated between the IMER and in-solution digestions were comparable. Overall, for a yeast cell lysate with only a 10s volumetric residence time on-column, the IMER identified 507 proteins while the in-solution digestion identified 490. There were no significant differences observed based on identified protein's molecular weight or isoelectric point between the two digestion methods. Implementation of the IMER into the proteomic workflow provided similar protein identification results, automation for sample analysis, and reduced the analysis time by 15h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Moore
- Chemistry Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Stephanie Hess
- Chemistry Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - James Jorgenson
- Chemistry Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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28
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Ali F, Cheong WJ. High Efficiency Robust Open Tubular Capillary Electrochromatography Column for the Separation of Peptides. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ali
- Department of Chemistry; Inha University; Incheon 402-751 South Korea
| | - Won Jo Cheong
- Department of Chemistry; Inha University; Incheon 402-751 South Korea
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29
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Huang EL, Piehowski PD, Orton DJ, Moore RJ, Qian WJ, Casey CP, Sun X, Dey SK, Burnum-Johnson KE, Smith RD. SNaPP: Simplified Nanoproteomics Platform for Reproducible Global Proteomic Analysis of Nanogram Protein Quantities. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1307-14. [PMID: 26745641 PMCID: PMC4769369 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Global proteomic analyses of complex protein samples in nanogram quantities require a fastidious approach to achieve in-depth protein coverage and quantitative reproducibility. Biological samples are often severely mass limited and can preclude the application of more robust bulk sample processing workflows. In this study, we present a system that minimizes sample handling by using online immobilized trypsin digestion and solid phase extraction to create a simple, sensitive, robust, and reproducible platform for the analysis of nanogram-size proteomic samples. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our simplified nanoproteomics platform, we used the system to analyze preimplantation blastocysts collected on day 4 of pregnancy by flushing the uterine horns with saline. For each of our three sample groups, blastocysts were pooled from three mice resulting in 22, 22, and 25 blastocysts, respectively. The resulting proteomic data provide novel insight into mouse blastocyst protein expression on day 4 of normal pregnancy because we characterized 348 proteins that were identified in at least two sample groups, including 59 enzymes and blastocyst specific proteins (eg, zona pellucida proteins). This technology represents an important advance in which future studies could perform global proteomic analyses of blastocysts obtained from an individual mouse, thereby enabling researchers to investigate interindividual variation as well as increase the statistical power without increasing animal numbers. This approach is also easily adaptable to other mass-limited sample types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Huang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (E.L.H., P.D.P., D.J.O., R.J.M., W.-J.Q., C.P.C., K.E.B.-J., R.D.S.), Richland, Washington 99352; and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (X.S., S.K.D.), Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Paul D Piehowski
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (E.L.H., P.D.P., D.J.O., R.J.M., W.-J.Q., C.P.C., K.E.B.-J., R.D.S.), Richland, Washington 99352; and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (X.S., S.K.D.), Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Daniel J Orton
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (E.L.H., P.D.P., D.J.O., R.J.M., W.-J.Q., C.P.C., K.E.B.-J., R.D.S.), Richland, Washington 99352; and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (X.S., S.K.D.), Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Ronald J Moore
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (E.L.H., P.D.P., D.J.O., R.J.M., W.-J.Q., C.P.C., K.E.B.-J., R.D.S.), Richland, Washington 99352; and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (X.S., S.K.D.), Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (E.L.H., P.D.P., D.J.O., R.J.M., W.-J.Q., C.P.C., K.E.B.-J., R.D.S.), Richland, Washington 99352; and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (X.S., S.K.D.), Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Cameron P Casey
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (E.L.H., P.D.P., D.J.O., R.J.M., W.-J.Q., C.P.C., K.E.B.-J., R.D.S.), Richland, Washington 99352; and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (X.S., S.K.D.), Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (E.L.H., P.D.P., D.J.O., R.J.M., W.-J.Q., C.P.C., K.E.B.-J., R.D.S.), Richland, Washington 99352; and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (X.S., S.K.D.), Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Sudhansu K Dey
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (E.L.H., P.D.P., D.J.O., R.J.M., W.-J.Q., C.P.C., K.E.B.-J., R.D.S.), Richland, Washington 99352; and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (X.S., S.K.D.), Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Kristin E Burnum-Johnson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (E.L.H., P.D.P., D.J.O., R.J.M., W.-J.Q., C.P.C., K.E.B.-J., R.D.S.), Richland, Washington 99352; and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (X.S., S.K.D.), Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Richard D Smith
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (E.L.H., P.D.P., D.J.O., R.J.M., W.-J.Q., C.P.C., K.E.B.-J., R.D.S.), Richland, Washington 99352; and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (X.S., S.K.D.), Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
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30
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Ali F, Cheong WJ. Open tubular capillary column for the separation of cytochrome C tryptic digest in capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3645-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ali
- Department of Chemistry; Inha University; Namku Incheon South Korea
| | - Won Jo Cheong
- Department of Chemistry; Inha University; Namku Incheon South Korea
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31
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Nazario CED, Silva MR, Franco MS, Lanças FM. Evolution in miniaturized column liquid chromatography instrumentation and applications: An overview. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1421:18-37. [PMID: 26381569 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to underline the miniaturized LC instrumental system and describe the evolution of commercially available systems by discussing their advantages and drawbacks. Nowadays, there are already many miniaturized LC systems available with a great variety of pump design, interface and detectors as well as efficient columns technologies and reduced connections devices. The solvent delivery systems are able to drive the mobile phase without flow splitters and promote gradient elution using either dual piston reciprocating or syringe-type pumps. The mass spectrometry as detection system is the most widely used detection system; among many alternative ionization sources direct-EI LC-MS is a promising alternative to APCI. In addition, capillary columns are now available showing many possibilities of stationary phases, inner diameters and hardware materials. This review provides a discussion about miniaturized LC demonstrating fundamentals and instrumentals' aspects of the commercially available miniaturized LC instrumental system mainly nano and micro LC formats. This review also covers the recent developments and trends in instrumentation, capillary and nano columns, and several applications of this very important and promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meire R Silva
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maraíssa S Franco
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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32
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Abstract
In proteomics, nano-LC is arguably the most common tool for separating peptides/proteins prior to MS. The main advantage of nano-LC is enhanced sensitivity, as compounds enter the MS in more concentrated bands. This is particularly relevant for determining low abundant compounds in limited samples. Nano-LC columns can produce peak capacities of 1000 or more, and very narrow columns can be used to perform proteomics of 1000 cells or less. Also, nano-LC can be coupled with online add-ons such as selective trap columns or enzymatic reactors, for faster and more automated analysis. Nano-LC is today an established tool for research laboratories; but can nano-LC-based systems soon be ready for more routine settings, such as in clinics?
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