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Suh M, Park JY, Ko GB, Kim JY, Hwang DW, Rees L, Conway GE, Doak SH, Kang H, Lee N, Hyeon T, Lee YS, Lee DS. Optimization of micelle-encapsulated extremely small sized iron oxide nanoparticles as a T1 contrast imaging agent: biodistribution and safety profile. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:419. [PMID: 39014410 PMCID: PMC11253436 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for various clinical applications, such as tumor-targeted imaging, hyperthermia therapy, drug delivery, and live-cell tracking. However, the application of IONPs as T1 contrast agents has been restricted due to their high r2 values and r2/r1 ratios, which limit their effectiveness in T1 contrast enhancement. Notably, IONPs with diameters smaller than 5 nm, referred to as extremely small-sized IONPs (ESIONs), have demonstrated potential in overcoming these limitations. To advance the clinical application of ESIONs as T1 contrast agents, we have refined a scale-up process for micelle encapsulation aimed at improving the hydrophilization of ESIONs, and have carried out comprehensive in vivo biodistribution and preclinical toxicity assessments. RESULTS The optimization of the scale-up micelle-encapsulation process, specifically employing Tween60 at a concentration of 10% v/v, resulted in ESIONs that were uniformly hydrophilized, with an average size of 9.35 nm and a high purification yield. Stability tests showed that these ESIONs maintained consistent size over extended storage periods and dispersed effectively in blood and serum-mimicking environments. Relaxivity measurements indicated an r1 value of 3.43 mM- 1s- 1 and a favorable r2/r1 ratio of 5.36, suggesting their potential as T1 contrast agents. Biodistribution studies revealed that the ESIONs had extended circulation times in the bloodstream and were primarily cleared via the hepatobiliary route, with negligible renal excretion. We monitored blood clearance and organ distribution using positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Additionally, MRI signal variations in a dose-dependent manner highlighted different behaviors at varying ESIONs concentrations, implying that optimal dosages might be specific to the intended imaging application. Preclinical safety evaluations indicated that ESIONs were tolerable in rats at doses up to 25 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS This study effectively optimized a scale-up process for the micelle encapsulation of ESIONs, leading to the production of hydrophilic ESIONs at gram-scale levels. These optimized ESIONs showcased properties conducive to T1 contrast imaging, such as elevated r1 relaxivity and a reduced r2/r1 ratio. Biodistribution study underscored their prolonged bloodstream presence and efficient clearance through the liver and bile, without significant renal involvement. The preclinical toxicity tests affirmed the safety of the ESIONs, supporting their potential use as T1 contrast agent with versatile clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseok Suh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yong Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Guen Bae Ko
- Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Brightonix Imaging Inc, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- The Interdisciplinary Program of Cancer Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Won Hwang
- Research and Development Center, THERABEST Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Louis Rees
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Gillian E Conway
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Hyelim Kang
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nohyun Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
- Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Medical Science and Engineering, School of Convergence Science and Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea.
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Yan Y, Liu Y, Li T, Liang Q, Thakur A, Zhang K, Liu W, Xu Z, Xu Y. Functional roles of magnetic nanoparticles for the identification of metastatic lymph nodes in cancer patients. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:337. [PMID: 37735449 PMCID: PMC10512638 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Staging lymph nodes (LN) is crucial in diagnosing and treating cancer metastasis. Biotechnologies for the specific localization of metastatic lymph nodes (MLNs) have attracted significant attention to efficiently define tumor metastases. Bioimaging modalities, particularly magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) such as iron oxide nanoparticles, have emerged as promising tools in cancer bioimaging, with great potential for use in the preoperative and intraoperative tracking of MLNs. As radiation-free magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes, MNPs can serve as alternative MRI contrast agents, offering improved accuracy and biological safety for nodal staging in cancer patients. Although MNPs' application is still in its initial stages, exploring their underlying mechanisms can enhance the sensitivity and multifunctionality of lymph node mapping. This review focuses on the feasibility and current application status of MNPs for imaging metastatic nodules in preclinical and clinical development. Furthermore, exploring novel and promising MNP-based strategies with controllable characteristics could lead to a more precise treatment of metastatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanhong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tongfei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiuju Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kui Zhang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, 271000, Taian, Shandong, China.
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Gregor A, Fujino K, Bernards N, Kinoshita T, Motooka Y, Inage T, Ishiwata T, Chen Z, Ujiie H, Lee CY, Yasufuku K. Rabbit VX2 lung tumor models can form early nodal metastases. World J Surg Oncol 2019; 17:231. [PMID: 31884965 PMCID: PMC6936139 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-019-1774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rabbit squamous cell cancer line, VX2, has been used to generate various tumor models in rabbits. It is notable for its ability to generate nodal metastases. However, the timing and extent of nodal metastases vary by primary inoculation site and methodology. The development of metastases specifically in lung cancer models has not been well-described. We sought to characterize the generation of nodal metastases in rabbit transbronchial VX2 lung tumor models. Methods Rabbit VX2 lung tumor models were created in the right lung via transbronchial injection and serially imaged by computed tomography. Rabbits (n = 15) were sacrificed from between 5 and 24 days post-inoculation for collection of the ipsilateral and contralateral paratracheal lymph nodes. These underwent histopathological evaluation for metastases using hematoxylin and eosin as well as cytokeratin AE1/AE3 immunohistochemical staining. Results Nodal metastases were detectable as early as 1 week after inoculation but were more prevalent with longer inoculation; all rabbits at > 2 weeks post-inoculation had nodal metastases. Contralateral metastases were in general seen later than ipsilateral metastases. Lymph node volume did not predict the likelihood of nodal metastases (p = 0.4 and p = 0.07 for ipsilateral and contralateral nodal metastases, respectively), but primary tumor volume was significantly associated with the likelihood of nodal metastases (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005 for ipsilateral and contralateral nodal metastases, respectively). Ipsilateral metastases were detectable at a tumor diameter of 1 cm; contralateral metastases were more variable but in general required a tumor diameter of 2 cm. Conclusions Rabbit transbronchial VX2 lung tumor models generate nodal metastases relatively early after inoculation. These results suggest such models may be valuable tools in the investigation of novel therapeutic modalities relevant for the treatment of both early-stage and locally advanced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gregor
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, 9N-957, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada
| | - Kosuke Fujino
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, 9N-957, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada
| | - Nicholas Bernards
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, 9N-957, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada
| | - Tomonari Kinoshita
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, 9N-957, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada
| | - Yamato Motooka
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, 9N-957, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada
| | - Terunaga Inage
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, 9N-957, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada
| | - Tsukasa Ishiwata
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, 9N-957, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada
| | - Zhenchian Chen
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, 9N-957, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada
| | - Hideki Ujiie
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, 9N-957, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada
| | - Chang Young Lee
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, 9N-957, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada
| | - Kazuhiro Yasufuku
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, 9N-957, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada.
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Obinu A, Gavini E, Rassu G, Maestri M, Bonferoni MC, Giunchedi P. Nanoparticles in detection and treatment of lymph node metastases: an update from the point of view of administration routes. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:1117-1126. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1537260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Obinu
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marcello Maestri
- IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Yoon SH, Lee C, Park J, Goo JM, Park JY. In-vivo Visualization of Iron Oxide Enhancement in Focal Pulmonary Inflammatory Lesions Using a Three-Dimensional Radial Gradient-Echo-Based Ultrashort Echo Time Sequence: A Preliminary Study. Korean J Radiol 2018; 19:153-157. [PMID: 29354012 PMCID: PMC5768497 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2018.19.1.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To preliminarily evaluate technical feasibility of a dual-echo ultrashort echo time (UTE) subtraction MR imaging by using concurrent dephasing and excitation (CODE) sequence for visualization of iron-oxide enhancement in focal inflammatory pulmonary lesions. Materials and Methods A UTE pulmonary MR imaging before and after the injection of clinically usable superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles, ferumoxytol, was conducted using CODE sequence with dual echo times of 0.14 ms for the first echo and 4.15 ms for the second echo on 3T scanner in two rabbits concurrently having granulomatous lung disease and lung cancer in separate lobes. A mean ratio of standardized signal intensity (SI) was calculated for comparison of granulomatous lesion and cancer at first echo, second echo, and subtracted images. Lesions were pathologically evaluated with Prussian blue and immunohistochemistry staining. Results Post-contrast subtracted CODE images visualized exclusive enhancement of iron oxide in granulomatous disease, but not in the cancer (mean ratio of SI, 2.15 ± 0.68 for granulomatous lesion versus 1.00 ± 0.07 for cancer; p value = 0.002). Prussian blue and corresponding anti-rabbit macrophage IgG-staining suggested an intracellular uptake of iron-oxide nanoparticles in macrophages of granulomatous lesions. Conclusion Dual-echo UTE subtraction MR imaging using CODE sequence depicts an exclusive positive enhancement of iron-oxide nanoparticle in rabbits in focal granulomatous inflammatory lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Ho Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Chanhee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jinil Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jin Mo Goo
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jang-Yeon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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Kim SH, Oh SN, Choi HS, Lee HS, Jun J, Nam Y, Lee SH, Lee JK, Lee HG. USPIO enhanced lymph node MRI using 3D multi-echo GRE in a rabbit model. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2016; 11:544-549. [PMID: 27976506 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasmallsuperparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) has been suggested to be a negative MR contrast agent to detect metastatic lymph nodes. Previously reported studies have evaluated the diagnostic performance of USPIO-enhanced MR lymph node imaging based on signal intensity. In this study, we investigate the specific performance of three different parametric approaches (normalized signal intensity, R2 * and susceptibility) using 3D multi-echo gradient echo to quantify the USPIO particles in lymph nodes. Nine rabbits with VX2 tumor implants were scanned before and after USPIO injection. From 3D multi-echo GRE magnitude and phase data, we generated multi-echo combined T2 *-weighted images, an R2 * map, and a quantitative susceptibility map. Eighteen lymph nodes (nine reactive and nine metastatic) were evaluated and showed remarkable signal drops in the area of USPIO accumulation. On parametric analysis, the R2 * difference before and after USPIO injection was significantly different (p < 0.05) between reactive and metastatic lymph nodes; in contrast, the normalized signal intensity and susceptibility were not significantly different between the nodes. Our study showed the potential utility of USPIO-enhanced MRI using R2* mapping from 3D multi-echo GRE for the detection of lymph node metastasis and parametric analysis of lymph node status in a rabbit model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon Nam Oh
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Sil Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeseop Jun
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoonho Nam
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Hak Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Kwon Lee
- Department of surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Changwon Gyeongsang National University of Hospital, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Hae Giu Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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