Diagnostic accuracy of Ber-EP4 for metastatic adenocarcinoma in serous effusions: a meta-analysis

Veillonella Bacteremia in a Patient With Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma

Colorectal carcinoma has increasingly been reported to be associated with gut microbial dysbiosis. Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Blautia, etc., are gut microbes commonly associated with colorectal carcinoma. Gut microbial dysregulation secondary to infectious, inflammatory, toxin exposure or change in dietary habits coupled with the disruption of the inner mucosal layer overlying the luminal epithelium is hypothesized as the inciting events leading to microbial invasion and subsequent tumorigenesis. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, disruption of normal host responses like inflammation, apoptosis, cellular proliferation, free radical injury, production of oncogenic toxins, etc., is postulated to play a role. We report a case of Veillonella bacteremia in a patient with metastatic colorectal carcinoma without a preceding history of periodontal disease. The patient was managed with ampicillin-sulbactam, which was followed by subsequent negative blood cultures. This case report signifies the association of gut microbiota like Veillonella with colorectal carcinoma and the importance of subsequent screening for colorectal cancer following Veillonella bacteremia.

Searching for the source: Extraovarian primary peritoneal carcinoma presenting as chest wall masses

Background

Extraovarian primary peritoneal carcinoma (EOPPC) is a rare form of epithelial adenocarcinoma arising from the peritoneal lining with little to no ovarian involvement. To date, very few cases of EOPPC with primary tumors outside of the peritoneum have been described, the majority of which present with a primary tumor in the retroperitoneum. No cases have been reported with primary presentation as a chest wall mass.

Case report

This case describes a 64-year-old woman referred for the evaluation of PAX8 positive chest wall masses. Biopsies of these masses demonstrated tumor architecture that was predominantly micropapillary with rare psammomatous calcifications. Immunohistochemically, the tumor was PAX8, CK7, ER, MOC31, and BerEP4 positive, with a mutational pattern of p53. This was consistent with Mullerian adenocarcinoma markers and suggestive of high-grade serous carcinoma. The patient was diagnosed with a unique presentation of EOPPC and is currently alive at 36 months post initial diagnosis. She has been treated with a combination of diagnostic surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of EOPPC presenting with a primary tumor of the chest wall. This case highlights the importance of pathology, immunohistology, and interdisciplinary collaboration in diagnosing and treating rare malignancies.

Utility of BerEp4/calretinin and desmin/epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) dual immunocytochemical staining in effusion cytology

BACKGROUND

Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is typically diagnosed late during the disease. Earlier detection can increase the chance of effective therapy. Recurrent pleural effusions are the earliest symptoms displaying an array of cytomorphological changes from reactive atypia to malignancy. Diagnosis is possible on effusion cytology by applying molecular and immunocytochemical markers, the main difficulty being when to suspect PM and to differentiate PM from metastatic adenocarcinoma and reactive mesothelial proliferations.

METHODS

We evaluated the diagnostic performance of two immunocytochemical dual stains (BerEp4/Calretinin and Desmin/Epithelial Membrane Antigen (EMA)) on 149 ethanol-fixed cytospin preparation as an initial step to solve the mentioned diagnostic difficulty. The immunocytochemical reactivity pattern was evaluated by two independent investigators. The final diagnosis corresponded to PM (n = 20), metastatic adenocarcinoma (n = 83), and mesotheliosis (n = 46) in these cases.

RESULTS

Calretinin had 99% specificity and 98% sensitivity for indicating a mesothelial phenotype, while BerEp4 distinguished the adenocarcinoma cases with 98% specificity and 99% sensitivity. EMA displayed 96% specificity and 99% sensitivity in malignant cases, while Desmin without EMA present showed 99% specificity and 96% sensitivity for indicating benign mesothelial proliferation.

CONCLUSIONS

Interpretation of the four immunoreactions is improved when performed as dual stains. The dual staining is a useful tool in the initial handling of atypical effusions and guides the subsequent choice of antibody panels for more detailed subclassification of malignant effusions.

Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio predicts lymph node metastasis in patients with gastric cancer

OBJECTIVE

To identify the independent risk factors of gastric cancer (GC) lymph node metastasis and to determine whether the preoperative neutrophil and lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet and lymphocyte ratio (PLR) can be used as the indicators of gastric cancer lymph node metastasis.

METHODS

The pathological data of 221 patients with gastric cancer were retrospectively analyzed, and the risk factors of lymph node metastasis were evaluated. The relationship between preoperative NLR and PLR and the clinical pathology of patients were analyzed, and the effect of these two indexes on lymph node metastasis was predicted through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

RESULTS

Lymph node metastasis correlated with tumor diameter, depth of invasion, Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage, preoperative NLR and preoperative PLR (all P<0.05), but not with gender, age and tumor location (all P>0.05). According to the result of multivariate analysis, the degree of differentiation, depth of invasion, TNM staging and NLR were independent risk factors for GC lymph node metastasis.

CONCLUSION

The sensitivity and specificity of PLR, tumor staging and tumor size are lower than NLR. Preoperative NLR can be used as an independent risk factor for the prediction of lymph node metastasis, and one of the effective indicators for predicting the prognosis of patients. Preoperative NLR may be an effective auxiliary tool to assess lymph nodes in GC patients.

Cell-blocks and immunohistochemistry

The interpretation of results on immunostained cell-block sections has to be compared with the cumulative published data derived predominantly from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. Because of this, it is important to recognize that the fixation and processing protocol should not be different from the routinely processed FFPE surgical pathology tissue. Exposure to non-formalin fixatives or reagents may interfere with the diagnostic immunoreactivity pattern. The immunoprofile observed on such cell-blocks, which are not processed in a manner similar to the surgical pathology specimens, may not be representative resulting in aberrant results. The field of immunohistochemistry (IHC) is advancing continuously with the standardization of many immunomarkers. A variety of technical advances such as multiplex IHC with refined methodologies and automation is increasing its role in clinical applications. The recent addition of rabbit monoclonal antibodies has further improved sensitivity. As compared to the mouse monoclonal antibodies, the rabbit monoclonal antibodies have 10 to 100 fold higher antigen affinity. Most of the scenarios involve the evaluation of coordinate immunostaining patterns in cell-blocks with relatively scant diagnostic material without proper orientation which is usually retained in most of the surgical pathology specimens. These challenges are addressed if cell-blocks are prepared with some dedicated methodologies such as NextGen CelBloking™ (NGCB) kits. Cell-blocks prepared by NGCB kits also facilitate the easy application of the SCIP (subtractive coordinate immunoreactivity pattern) approach for proper evaluation of coordinate immunoreactivity. Various cell-block and IHC-related issues are discussed in detail.

Ber-EP4 staining in effusion cytology: A potential source of false positives

The distinction between reactive mesothelium and carcinoma in serous effusions can be very difficult. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) is the most widely used tool to improve the diagnostic accuracy of body fluid cytology, with several ICC markers being proposed. Ber-EP4 antibody has shown high sensitivity and specificity rates for diagnosing metastatic carcinoma. In our department, we have detected Ber-EP4 positivity in mesothelium in some cytological specimens. We reviewed all articles on Ber-EP4 staining in effusion cytology, summarized current findings and analyzed the staining pattern of all cases expressing Ber-EP4. Some cases showing Ber-EP4 positivity in mesothelium have been reported, most of which showed only weak Ber-EP4 staining or staining of less than 50% of mesothelial cells. However, some cases may show strong positivity both in cytological and histological specimens. Clinicians and pathologists should be aware of this source of misdiagnosis, and ICC results in mesothelium should be always interpreted cautiously and correlated with clinical tests, other ICC markers and patient's previous history.

Utility of Claudin-4 versus BerEP4 and B72.3 in pleural fluids with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma

INTRODUCTION

Lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) is the most common occult primary in patients presenting with a malignant pleural effusion. Distinguishing metastatic LADC from reactive mesothelial cells (RMC) and malignant mesothelioma (MM) based on morphology alone has been a persistent diagnostic challenge in cytopathology. Claudin-4, a major functional constituent of tight junctions, has been shown to help distinguish LADC from RMC and MM in surgical specimens. Our goal was to further validate and assess the utility of Claudin-4 in comparison to BerEP4 and B72.3 in malignant effusions with a focus on metastatic LADC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We evaluated 58 pleural effusions (40 LADC, 10 RCM, and 8 MM). Immunohistochemistry was performed using Claudin-4, Ber-EP4, and B72.3 on cell blocks. Staining patterns, quantity of tumor cells, and intensity of staining (weak, moderate, or strong) were assessed.

RESULTS

All cases of LADC were positive for Claudin-4 with an overall sensitivity of 100% (40 of 40) and specificity of 100% (18 of 18). In addition, Claudin-4 showed the highest quantity and quality of staining with 3+ staining intensity in 73% (29 of 40) of cases, compared with 35% (14 of 40) of cases using BerEP4 and 52% (21 of 40) of cases using B72.3. The sensitivity and specificity for BerEP4 were 90% and 78%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for B72.3 were 87.5% and 100%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, Claudin-4 performed superiorly compared to BerEP4 and B72.3 in distinguishing lung adenocarcinoma from RMC or MM in pleural effusions. Our results show Claudin-4 is a useful marker for distinguishing RMC and MM from lung adenocarcinoma, with high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%), compatible with studies shown in the literature.

Diagnostic Value of the EZH2 Immunomarker in Malignant Effusion Cytology

BACKGROUND

Differentiating reactive mesothelial cells from metastatic carcinoma in effusion cytology is a challenging task. The application of at least 4 monoclonal antibodies including 2 epithelial markers (Ber-EP4, MOC-31, CEA, or B72.3) and 2 mesothelial markers (calretinin, WT-1, CK5/6, or HBME-1) are often useful in this distinction; however, it is not readily available in many resource-limited developing countries. Aberrant immunoexpression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a transcriptional repressor involved in cancer progression, is observed widely in various malignancy. In this study, we evaluate the diagnostic value of EZH2 as a single reliable immunomarker for malignancy in effusion samples.

METHODS

A total of 108 pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial effusions/washings diagnosed as unequivocally reactive (n = 41) and metastatic carcinoma (n = 67) by cytomorphology over 18 months were reviewed. Among the metastatic carcinoma cases, 54 were adenocarcinoma and others were squamous cell carcinoma (n = 1), carcinosarcoma (n = 1), and carcinoma of undefined histological subtypes (n = 11). Cell block sections were immunostained by EZH2 (Cell Marque, USA). The percentages of EZH2-immunolabeled cells over the total cells of interest were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the optimal cut-off score to define EZH2 immunopositivity.

RESULTS

A threshold of 8% EZH2-immunolabeled cells allows distinction between malignant and reactive mesothelial cells, with 95.5% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, and 93.2% negative predictive value (p < 0.0001). The area under the curve was 0.988.

CONCLUSION

EZH2 is a promising diagnostic biomarker for malignancy in effusion cytology which is inexpensive yet trustworthy and could potentially be used routinely in countries under considerable economic constraints.

Anti-EpCAM antibodies for detection of metastatic carcinoma in effusions and peritoneal wash

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) has been used as diagnostic/prognostic marker and therapeutic target. The aim of the present study was to compare immunoreactivity of antibodies against distinct epitopes in the ectodomain of EpCAM for detection of carcinoma from different primary sites and of different histological types in effusions and peritoneal wash. Two antibodies against epitopes in the EGF-like domain I (clones Moc-31 and Ber-EP4) and one antibody against the epitope in the cysteine-poor region (158210) of EpCAM were used (all commercially available). Independently of the clone used, EpCAM overexpression was observed in almost all samples when all the adenocarcinoma samples were analyzed together. By using Moc-31, EpCAM overexpression was observed in all samples of adenocarcinoma. Absence of EpCAM overexpression was observed in a few adenocarcinoma samples at some sites of tumor origin, including ovary, breast and stomach, when Ber-EP4 and 158210 were used. Regarding carcinomas aside from adenocarcinomas, histological types, such as squamous cell, urothelial and small cell carcinoma showed different degrees of EpCAM expression according to the antibody used. In squamous cell carcinoma, overexpression was observed only with the clone 158210. It was concluded that, overall, most samples of metastatic carcinoma from effusions showed overexpression of EpCAM. However, there are significant variations in its detection according to the primary site, histological type of the carcinoma and depending on the antibody used. Thus, the use of more than one type of anti-EpCAM antibody would increase the chance of its detection in metastatic carcinoma effusion.

Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the spleen

The commonly seen primary malignant neoplasms of the spleen are angiosarcoma and lymphoma. We present a case of serous cystadenocarcinoma of the spleen. It was presumed to be originated from dropped nonmalignant ovarian tissue, which was accidentally implanted to the splenic surface during hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomies for torsion of right fallopian tube 9 and half years ago and transformed into serous cystadenocarcinoma later. Computed tomography demonstrated a multilocular predominantly cystic tumor with internal soft tissue components in the spleen.

Human epididymis protein 4 immunostaining of malignant ascites differentiates cancer of Müllerian origin from gastrointestinal cancer

BACKGROUND

An accurate diagnosis of cancer of Müllerian origin is required before the initiation of treatment. An overlap in clinical presentation and cytological, histological, or imaging studies with other nongynecological tumors does occur. Therefore, immunocytochemistry markers are used to determine tumor origin. Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is overexpressed in tissue of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). It has shown to be a sensitive and specific serum marker for EOC and to be of value for the differentiation between EOC and ovarian metastases of gastrointestinal origin. The objective of the current study was to evaluate HE4 immunocytochemistry in malignant ascites for differentiation between cancer of Müllerian origin, including EOC, and adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract.

METHODS

Cytological specimens of 115 different adenocarcinomas (45 EOCs, 46 cases of gastric cancer, and 24 cases of colorectal cancer) were stained for HE4, paired box 8 (PAX8), and other specific markers.

RESULTS

91% of the ascites samples from patients with EOC stained for both HE4 and PAX8. The 4 samples without HE4 staining were a clear cell carcinoma, a low-grade serous adenocarcinoma, an undifferentiated adenocarcinoma, and a neuroendocrine carcinoma. All high-grade serous adenocarcinomas (n = 37, 100%) stained with HE4, compared with 94% that stained positively for PAX8. In cases of gastric or colorectal cancer, 25% and 21% of cases, respectively, stained positive for HE4. No PAX8 staining was observed in colorectal or gastric adenocarcinomas.

CONCLUSIONS

HE4 staining in ascites is feasible and appears to have a high sensitivity for high-grade serous ovarian cancer. HE4 is a useful addition to the current panel of immunocytochemistry markers for the diagnosis of EOC and for differentiation with gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:197-204. © 2016 American Cancer Society.