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Arifian H, Maharani R, Megantara S, Gazzali AM, Muchtaridi M. Amino-Acid-Conjugated Natural Compounds: Aims, Designs and Results. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217631. [PMID: 36364457 PMCID: PMC9654077 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein is one of the essential macronutrients required by all living things. The breakdown of protein produces monomers known as amino acids. The concept of conjugating natural compounds with amino acids for therapeutic applications emerged from the fact that amino acids are important building blocks of life and are abundantly available; thus, a greater shift can result in structural modification, since amino acids contain a variety of sidechains. This review discusses the data available on amino acid–natural compound conjugates that were reported with respect to their backgrounds, the synthetic approach and their bioactivity. Several amino acid–natural compound conjugates have shown enhanced pharmacokinetic characteristics, including absorption and distribution properties, reduced toxicity and increased physiological effects. This approach could offer a potentially effective system of drug discovery that can enable the development of pharmacologically active and pharmacokinetically acceptable molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanggara Arifian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmacochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda 75119, Indonesia
| | - Rani Maharani
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Sandra Megantara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
| | - Amirah Mohd Gazzali
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Saisn Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
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2
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Dey S, Kumar BK, Johri S, Faheem, Murugesan S. Design and study of novel chromone and thiochromone derivatives as PfLDH inhibitors — computational approach. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-01974-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Rathnakar B, Sinha KK, Prasad SR, Khan MI, Narsaiah C, Rameshwar N, Satyanarayana M. Design, Synthesis of Biaryl Piperidine Derivatives and Their Evaluation as Potential Antileishmanial Agents against Leishmania donovani Strain Ag83. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100105. [PMID: 34036717 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new series of simple biaryl piperidine derivatives (11-19) based on biaryl naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid Ealamine-A. The target compounds were synthesized, analyzed by spectral data, and evaluated for antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani strain Ag83 by MTT assay. The compounds have shown the best to moderate antileishmanial activity. The 5'-fluoro-2'-methoxyphenyl derivative 14 and 3',5'-difluorophenyl derivative 16 have inhibited the promastigotes by 86 % and 85 % after 24 h and 92 % and 91 % after 48 h incubation, respectively, at 400 μM concentration. The % inhibition was lower with the lowering of the concentration and increased with the incubation time. Compounds 12, 15, and 18 have solubility issues and proved to be less active than the rest of the compounds. Molecular docking studies were performed on selective active compounds and the results indicate that these compounds may act by binding to the Leishmanolysin and the docking scores are in good correlation with the antileishmanial activity. These results provide an initial insight into the design of new therapeutics for neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethi Rathnakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Telangana University, Dichpally, Nizamabad, 503322, India
| | - Kislay Kumar Sinha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Surendra Rajit Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Mohd Imran Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Chelimela Narsaiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Telangana University, Dichpally, Nizamabad, 503322, India
| | - Nimma Rameshwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Telangana University, Dichpally, Nizamabad, 503322, India
| | - Mavurapu Satyanarayana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Telangana University, Dichpally, Nizamabad, 503322, India
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4
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Metabolite Biomarkers of Leishmania Antimony Resistance. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051063. [PMID: 33946139 PMCID: PMC8146733 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites cause leishmaniasis, one of the most epidemiologically important neglected tropical diseases. Leishmania exhibits a high ability of developing drug resistance, and drug resistance is one of the main threats to public health, as it is associated with increased incidence, mortality, and healthcare costs. The antimonial drug is the main historically implemented drug for leishmaniasis. Nevertheless, even though antimony resistance has been widely documented, the mechanisms involved are not completely understood. In this study, we aimed to identify potential metabolite biomarkers of antimony resistance that could improve leishmaniasis treatment. Here, using L. tropica promastigotes as the biological model, we showed that the level of response to antimony can be potentially predicted using 1H-NMR-based metabolomic profiling. Antimony-resistant parasites exhibited differences in metabolite composition at the intracellular and extracellular levels, suggesting that a metabolic remodeling is required to combat the drug. Simple and time-saving exometabolomic analysis can be efficiently used for the differentiation of sensitive and resistant parasites. Our findings suggest that changes in metabolite composition are associated with an optimized response to the osmotic/oxidative stress and a rearrangement of carbon-energy metabolism. The activation of energy metabolism can be linked to the high energy requirement during the antioxidant stress response. We also found that metabolites such as proline and lactate change linearly with the level of resistance to antimony, showing a close relationship with the parasite's efficiency of drug resistance. A list of potential metabolite biomarkers is described and discussed.
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Elmahallawy EK, Alkhaldi AAM. Insights into Leishmania Molecules and Their Potential Contribution to the Virulence of the Parasite. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8020033. [PMID: 33672776 PMCID: PMC7924612 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected parasitic diseases affect millions of people worldwide, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Among other parasitic diseases, leishmaniasis remains an important public health problem caused by the protozoa of the genus Leishmania, transmitted by the bite of the female sand fly. The disease has also been linked to tropical and subtropical regions, in addition to being an endemic disease in many areas around the world, including the Mediterranean basin and South America. Although recent years have witnessed marked advances in Leishmania-related research in various directions, many issues have yet to be elucidated. The intention of the present review is to give an overview of the major virulence factors contributing to the pathogenicity of the parasite. We aimed to provide a concise picture of the factors influencing the reaction of the parasite in its host that might help to develop novel chemotherapeutic and vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
- Correspondence: (E.K.E.); (A.A.M.A.)
| | - Abdulsalam A. M. Alkhaldi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (E.K.E.); (A.A.M.A.)
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6
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Meshram RJ, Bagul KT, Aouti SU, Shirsath AM, Duggal H, Gacche RN. Modeling and simulation study to identify threonine synthase as possible drug target in Leishmania major. Mol Divers 2020; 25:1679-1700. [PMID: 32737682 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases that demand immediate attention to the identification of new drug targets and effective drug candidates. The present study demonstrates the possibility of using threonine synthase (TS) as a putative drug target in leishmaniasis disease management. We report the construction of an effective homology model of the enzyme that appears to be structurally as well as functionally well conserved. The 200 nanosecond molecular dynamics data on TS with and without pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) shed light on mechanistic details of PLP-induced conformational changes. Moreover, we address some important structural and dynamic interactions in the PLP binding region of TS that are in good agreement with previously speculated crystallographic estimations. Additionally, after screening more than 44,000 compounds, we propose 10 putative inhibitor candidates for TS based on virtual screening data and refined Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area calculations. We expect that structural and functional dynamics data disclosed in this study will help initiate experimental endeavors toward establishing TS as an effective antileishmanial drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan J Meshram
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
| | - Kamini T Bagul
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Snehal U Aouti
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Akshay M Shirsath
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Harleen Duggal
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Rajesh N Gacche
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
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7
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Meshram RJ, Shirsath A, Aouti S, Bagul K, Gacche RN. Molecular modeling and simulation study of homoserine kinase as an effective leishmanial drug target. J Mol Model 2020; 26:218. [PMID: 32720228 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04473-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a tropical neglected disease that imposes major health concerns in many endemic countries worldwide and requires urgent attention to the identification of new drug targets as well as drug candidates. In the current study, we propose homoserine kinase (HSK) inhibition as a strategy to induce pathogen mortality via generating threonine deficiency. We introduce a homology-based molecular model of leishmanial HSK that appears to possess all conserved structural as well as functional features in the GHMP kinase family. Furthermore, 200 ns molecular dynamics data of the enzyme in open and closed state attempts to provide the mechanistic details involved in the substrate as well as phosphate binding to this enzyme. We discuss the structural and functional significance of movements involved in various loops (motif 1, 2, 3) and lips (upper and lower) in the transition of leishmanial HSK from closed to open state. Virtual screening data of more than 40,000 compounds from the present investigation tries to identify a few potential HSK inhibitors that possess important features to act as efficient HSK inhibitors. These compounds can be considered an effective starting point for the identification of novel drug-like scaffolds. We hope the structural wealth that is offered in this report will be utilized in designing competent experimental and therapeutic interventions for leishmaniasis management. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan J Meshram
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
| | - Akshay Shirsath
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Snehal Aouti
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Kamini Bagul
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Rajesh N Gacche
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
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8
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Mendonça DBD, Silva REC, Palace-Berl F, Takakura CF, Soares SRC, Braz LMA, Tavares LC, Lindoso JAL. Nitro-Heterocyclic compounds induce apoptosis-like effects in Leishmania (L). amazonensis promastigotes. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e144418. [PMID: 31130997 PMCID: PMC6521708 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-1444-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three drugs - pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B and pentamidine - are currently used for leishmaniasis treatment. They are administered for long periods, only parenterally, and have high cardiac, renal and hepatic toxicities. Therefore, the investigation of new compounds is required. Nitro-heterocyclic derivatives have been used as possible drug candidates to treat diseases caused by trypanosomatids. Methods Leishmania (L.) amazonensis promastigotes (MHO/BR/73/M2269), maintained in the Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia - Instituto de Medicina Tropical- USP, were exposed to five nitroheterocyclic derivatives, with differences at phenyl-ring position 4: BSF-C4H9, BSF-H, BSF-NO2, BSF-CH3 and BSF-Cl, for 48 hours. After analyzing viability (MTT assay), we evaluated cellular-morphology activity of compounds by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and measurement of apoptosis (phosphatidylserine expression) by flow cytometry. Results EC50 of amphotericin B and BSF-CH3 were 0.50 (M and 0.39 (M respective. Other nitro-heterocyclic compounds presented EC50 higher than amphotericin B. All compounds showed greater AV- and PI-positive expression than amphotericin B at 100 (M, except BSF-NO2. TEM showed complete nuclear disfigurement with 100 (M of BSF-NO2, 25 and 6.25 (M of BSF-H, and 6.25 (M BSF-Cl; presence of vesicles within the flagellar pocket with 25 (M BSF-H; alteration of the kinetoplast with 25 (M BSF-C4H9, 25 (M of BSF-H, 6.25 (M BSF-CH3 and 6.25 (M of BSF-Cl. Conclusions Nitro-heterocyclic compounds have shown activity against promastigotes of L. amazonensis, at lower concentrations. However, improvement of compound scaffolds are needed to assist the elucidation of the mechanism of action and to achieve greater activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Barros Dias Mendonça
- Laboratory of Serum Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Ellen Costa Silva
- Laboratory of Serum Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fanny Palace-Berl
- Laboratory of Planning and Development of Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biochemical-Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleusa Fh Takakura
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina C Soares
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucia Maria Almeida Braz
- Laboratory of Serum Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leoberto Costa Tavares
- Laboratory of Planning and Development of Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biochemical-Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Angelo Lauletta Lindoso
- Laboratory of Serum Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Infectology Emilio Ribas, Secretary of State for Health, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil
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Sayé M, Fargnoli L, Reigada C, Labadie GR, Pereira CA. Evaluation of proline analogs as trypanocidal agents through the inhibition of a Trypanosoma cruzi proline transporter. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2913-2921. [PMID: 28844978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, uses proline as its main carbon source, essential for parasite growth and stage differentiation in epimastigotes and amastigotes. Since proline is involved in many essential biological processes in T. cruzi, its transport and metabolism are interesting drug targets. METHODS Four synthetic proline analogues (ITP-1B/1C/1D/1G) were evaluated as inhibitors of proline transport mediated through the T. cruzi proline permease TcAAAP069. The trypanocidal activity of the compounds was also assessed. RESULTS The compounds ITP-1B and ITP-1G inhibited proline transport mediated through TcAAAP069 permease in a dose-dependent manner. The analogues ITP-1B, -1D and -1G had trypanocidal effect on T. cruzi epimastigotes with IC50 values between 30 and 40μM. However, only ITP-1G trypanocidal activity was related with its inhibitory effect on TcAAAP069 proline transporter. Furthermore, this analogue strongly inhibited the parasite stage differentiation from epimastigote to metacyclic trypomastigote. Finally, compounds ITP-1B and ITP-1G were also able to inhibit the transport mediated by other permeases from the same amino acid permeases family, TcAAAP. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to design synthetic amino acid analogues with trypanocidal activity. The compound ITP-1G is an interesting starting point for new trypanocidal drug design which is also an inhibitor of transport of amino acids and polyamines mediated by permeases from the TcAAAP family, such as proline transporter TcAAAP069 among others. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The Trypanosoma cruzi amino acid transporter family TcAAAP constitutes a multiple and promising therapeutic target for the development of new treatments against Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Sayé
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas "A. Lanari", IDIM-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Fargnoli
- Instituto de Química Rosario, UNR, CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Chantal Reigada
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas "A. Lanari", IDIM-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo R Labadie
- Instituto de Química Rosario, UNR, CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Claudio A Pereira
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas "A. Lanari", IDIM-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kellici TF, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Lee MS, Sayyad N, Geromichalou EG, Vrettos EI, Tsiailanis AD, Chi SW, Geromichalos GD, Mavromoustakos T, Tzakos AG. Rational design and structure–activity relationship studies of quercetin–amino acid hybrids targeting the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:7956-7976. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02045g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic proteins, like the Bcl-2 family proteins, present an important therapeutic cancer drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin F. Kellici
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina 45110
- Greece
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - Min-Sung Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center
- KRIBB
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - Nisar Sayyad
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina 45110
- Greece
| | - Elena G. Geromichalou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology
- Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- Athens 11527
- Greece
| | | | | | - Seung-Wook Chi
- Disease Target Structure Research Center
- KRIBB
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - George D. Geromichalos
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- GR-54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
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Geiger A, Bossard G, Sereno D, Pissarra J, Lemesre JL, Vincendeau P, Holzmuller P. Escaping Deleterious Immune Response in Their Hosts: Lessons from Trypanosomatids. Front Immunol 2016; 7:212. [PMID: 27303406 PMCID: PMC4885876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trypanosomatidae family includes the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania, protozoan parasites displaying complex digenetic life cycles requiring a vertebrate host and an insect vector. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania spp. are important human pathogens causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT or sleeping sickness), Chagas' disease, and various clinical forms of Leishmaniasis, respectively. They are transmitted to humans by tsetse flies, triatomine bugs, or sandflies, and affect millions of people worldwide. In humans, extracellular African trypanosomes (T. brucei) evade the hosts' immune defenses, allowing their transmission to the next host, via the tsetse vector. By contrast, T. cruzi and Leishmania sp. have developed a complex intracellular lifestyle, also preventing several mechanisms to circumvent the host's immune response. This review seeks to set out the immune evasion strategies developed by the different trypanosomatids resulting from parasite-host interactions and will focus on: clinical and epidemiological importance of diseases; life cycles: parasites-hosts-vectors; innate immunity: key steps for trypanosomatids in invading hosts; deregulation of antigen-presenting cells; disruption of efficient specific immunity; and the immune responses used for parasite proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Geiger
- UMR INTERTRYP, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Denis Sereno
- UMR INTERTRYP, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France
| | - Joana Pissarra
- UMR INTERTRYP, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Philippe Vincendeau
- UMR 177, IRD-CIRAD Université de Bordeaux Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- UMRCMAEE CIRAD-INRA TA-A15/G “Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes”, Montpellier, France
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12
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Prati F, Bergamini C, Molina MT, Falchi F, Cavalli A, Kaiser M, Brun R, Fato R, Bolognesi ML. 2-Phenoxy-1,4-naphthoquinones: From a Multitarget Antitrypanosomal to a Potential Antitumor Profile. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6422-34. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Prati
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Christian Bergamini
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Molina
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Falchi
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz
1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz
1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Romana Fato
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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13
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Vicentefranqueira R, Amich J, Laskaris P, Ibrahim-Granet O, Latgé JP, Toledo H, Leal F, Calera JA. Targeting zinc homeostasis to combat Aspergillus fumigatus infections. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:160. [PMID: 25774155 PMCID: PMC4343018 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is able to invade and grow in the lungs of immunosuppressed individuals and causes invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The concentration of free zinc in living tissues is much lower than that required for optimal fungal growth in vitro because most of it is tightly bound to proteins. To obtain efficiently zinc from a living host A. fumigatus uses the zinc transporters ZrfA, ZrfB, and ZrfC. The ZafA transcriptional regulator induces the expression of all these transporters and is essential for virulence. Thus, ZafA could be targeted therapeutically to inhibit fungal growth. The ZrfC transporter plays the major role in zinc acquisition from the host whereas ZrfA and ZrfB rather have a supplementary role to that of ZrfC. In addition, only ZrfC enables A. fumigatus to overcome the inhibitory effect of calprotectin, which is an antimicrobial Zn/Mn-chelating protein synthesized and released by neutrophils within the fungal abscesses of immunosuppressed non-leucopenic animals. Hence, fungal survival in these animals would be undermined upon blocking therapeutically the function of ZrfC. Therefore, both ZafA and ZrfC have emerged as promising targets for the discovery of new antifungals to treat Aspergillus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Vicentefranqueira
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Centro Mixto del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain ; Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jorge Amich
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Centro Mixto del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain ; Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain
| | - Paris Laskaris
- Unité de Recherche Cytokines and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur , Paris, France
| | | | - Jean P Latgé
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur , Paris, France
| | - Héctor Toledo
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Centro Mixto del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain ; Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain
| | - Fernando Leal
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Centro Mixto del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain ; Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain
| | - José A Calera
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Centro Mixto del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain ; Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain
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